Fate and recycling of carbon compounds

This article is a brief and selective introduction to the literature and concepts concerning the fate and recycling of carbon compounds in the marine environment. It provides a framework for the other papers in the session and emphasises the areas of ignorance and the implications to be drawn from them.The fate of carbon compounds in oceanic water columns and sediments is reviewed in terms of regions and processes. Particular attention is given to certain regions — surface film and associated zone, the water column and the upper layer of the bottom sediments — and processes — microbial activity, association of organic materials and minerals and the formation and diagenesis of particulate organic matter.Most of the organic matter in the ocean is rapidly recycled but the processes, rates and fluxes are poorly understood. Major areas of ignorance include the half-lives of individual compounds and of classes of compounds and the role of microorganisms, both in the water column and in the bottom sediments. Measurements and experiments need to be conducted in the oceans and in the laboratory. Chemical and biochemical changes in the short and long term require recognition if the residual organic matter of sediments is to be interpreted in terms of past oceanic conditions.     

南沙头通道及横沙通道对长江口深水航道的影响分析

根据长江口南沙头通道、横沙通道和南北槽分汊口的断面水深变化及长江口南北港和南北槽的分流比变化实测资料,分析了长江口北槽深水航道淤积的原因。结果表明,北槽深水航道上段淤积受多种因素影响,其中,南沙头通道和横沙通道的发展对深水航道影响最大。南沙头通道的发展在加大落潮流量的同时,对南港南岸会产生一定的冲刷,后经沙洲的阻挡,把泥沙带向南港北岸,在北槽进口段处落淤,直接影响了进入深水航道的落潮量;横沙通道由于直接贯通了北港北槽的水沙交换,因而削弱了南港和北槽之间的水沙交换,促使北槽深水航道上段产生淤积,这也是南槽河道上段刷深的一个主要原因,而南槽河道的发展必然减少了进入北槽的落潮量,进一步加剧了北槽深水航道上段的淤积。同时,科氏力与北槽南导堤分流口鱼咀工程对深水航道也造成了一定的不可忽视的影响。研究成果对治理北槽深水航道淤积问题保障深水航道正常运行具有十分重要的科学实践意义。     

Fluid Mud Measurement and Siltation Analysis in A Trial Excavated Channel in the Approach Channel of the Xiangshan Port

In order to clarify the distribution and variation of silt and fluid mud in the Waiganmen shallow section of the 50000-ton intake channel of the Xiangshan Port, and to understand the influence of the channel excavation on the surrounding flow conditions and the strength of the backsilting, especially the impact of typhoon on the sudden silting of the channel, so as to demonstrate the feasibility and stability of the channel excavation. The fluid mud,hydraulic, sediment and topographic measurements were carried out in the study area, and the thickness of the fluid mud layers, tidal current, sediment and topographic data were obtained. Dual-frequency sounder, gamma-ray densitometer and SILAS navigational fluid mud measurement system were used to monitor the fluid mud, and the results were compared and verified. The adaptability and accuracy of the three methods were analyzed. The SILAS navigational continuous density measurement system and gamma-ray fixed-point fluid mud measurement are used to detect the density, thickness and variation of the fluid mud accurately. Based on the hydrological observation data,the process of erosion and deposition in excavation channel and its influence mechanism are analyzed, and the distribution characteristics and evolution law of siltation in engineering area are given in the form of empirical formula. The research shows that the super typhoon can produce large siltation, which results in sudden siltation of the channel. The tidal current is the main dynamic factor of the change of erosion and siltation of the excavation trench. Under the influence of reciprocating tidal current and excavation topography, the trial excavation trench is silted on the whole. There is fluid mud in the monitoring area of the trench, and the distribution of fluid mud is different in space. The thickness of the fluid mud at the bottom of the trench is generally larger than that outside the trench and the slope of the trench, and the siltation of the trench tends to be slow. The research results can provide scientific evaluation for channel excavation and maintenance, and support for the implementation of the project.     

渤、黄海风生流场季节循环时空模态与变异

根据1978—2015年渤、黄海沿岸观测风应力场与二维非线性垂直平均风生流模式,以及旋转经验正交函数（REOF）、调和分析等方法,研究了渤、黄海月平均风生流速度势、流函数场季节循环时空模态与年际变异.渤、黄海月平均风生流速度势、流函数场主要有两种时空模态,季节周期分量是时空模态的主要分量.由于风应力场季节循环变异,渤海流函数场季节时空循环变异程度大于速度势场,速度势、流函数场第二模态是季节变异的主要分量,黄海速度势场季节时空循环变异程度大于流函数场,速度势场第二模态是季节变异的主要分量.由于月平均风应力场强度年际变化显著线性减弱,渤、黄海季节平均风生流场强度年际变化也显著减弱.渤、黄海暖流与冷水团季节生消是风生流水平环流与垂直对流对冷 暖水体输送与汇集共同作用的结果,渤、黄海春、夏季辐合上升环流延缓及减弱了浅层暖水向深层传播,是春、夏季冷水团与温跃层形成的重要动力因素,因此,速度势是研究渤、黄海风生流场十分重要的因素.冬季渤海中部、黄海东部反气旋型及辐散下沉环流与黄海中部气旋型环流、辐合上升环流是黄海暖流季节转换与强度的主要动力控制因素,夏季黄海东部气旋型环流、辐合上升环流与黄海中部反气旋型环流、辐散下沉环流是黄海冷水团季节转换与强度的主要动力控制因素.     

原始影像管理及质量分析系统的设计与实现

为了适应摄影测量与遥感技术的快速发展,满足测绘生产的需求现状,针对原始影像的管理与质量分析进行了深入的研究与探讨,并在现有的研究成果和设备的基础上,设计和实现了一套适应于作业部门需求的原始影像管理及质量分析系统。此系统不仅面向测绘生产者提供数据,而且也面向用户提供影像的初级产品———附有内外方位元素的原始影像,为实现原始影像的快速分发和共享提供了良好的服务平台。     

莺歌海盆地新构造运动与超压体系喷溢油气成藏作用

莺歌海盆地是在岩石圈伸展减薄和红河断裂带南段的右旋扭动联合作用下形成的一个以伸展为主的转换—伸展盆地。受该应力场作用,盆地新构造运动活跃,主要表现包括中新统末、上新统与第四纪之间及层系内部的不整合,盆地的沉降,沉积中心的迁移,断裂活动,底辟带的发育与分布,泥火山和地震等。新构造运动不但控制了盆地的形成演化、沉降—沉积中心的迁移和底辟构造带发育以及它们的雁行排列特征,同时还控制了盆地油气的成藏和分布。莺歌海盆地是一个强超压盆地,新构造时期断裂的多期活动及其控制的多期底辟活动不但形成超压体系(包括油气)快速垂向运移的通道,同时决定了莺歌海超压盆地油气田的快速幕式充注成藏规律。成熟的烃类以溶解状态储存在超压体系中,当超压体系孔隙流体压力大于封闭盖层破坏压力时封闭盖层就产生水压破裂,超压体系便沿着活动断裂和底辟带等通道发生喷溢活动,油气向上或侧向往过渡带和常压带运移聚集成藏,随着压力的下降,断裂重新闭合形成新的封闭层。这一喷溢过程以幕式活动形式周而复始,在超压盆地的过渡带和常压带中形成大的油气藏。     

厚植海洋生物学基础,创新海洋生物技术,赋能蓝色生物产业

著名生物学家童第周、曾呈奎、张玺奠基的中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,面向国际学科前沿、国家重大需求和国民经济主战场;刘瑞玉、吴尚懃、张福绥、郑守义为代表的科学家和一批批优秀学科带头人努力攀登,攻坚克难,前仆后继,薪火相传,为我国海洋生物学学科的系统、全面发展做出了重要建树和奠基性贡献,夯实了海洋科学技术发展的根基。近30多年,可为海洋生产力及其可持续性提供解决方案的海洋生物技术受到国内外普遍重视,海洋研究所为国家海洋生物高技术发展战略出谋划策,并在关键技术突破上发力,引领了海洋生物技术的创新发展。在实现产业化,推动蓝色生物产业的征途上,海洋研究所为世界最大的海洋增养殖产业发展壮大做出突出贡献,直接催生了海藻、贝类和对虾三次养殖浪潮的兴起,带动了基础性、战略性海水增养殖种业发展;此外,海洋研究所在海洋药物、海洋生物制品的研究与开发以及着力挖掘和提升海洋生态系统服务功能和价值上,成果斐然,有力支撑了蓝色生物新型产业的发展。新近,海洋研究所牵头筹建的中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心必将为建设海洋强国,铸造蓝色辉煌注入强劲活力。     

天然气水合物开采区内海床不均匀沉降对管道力学性能的影响

海底管道是天然气水合物大规模开采和集输的关键装备。天然气水合物的开采过程会扰动沉积层的结构,改变沉积层的强度和力学特性,诱发海床发生不均匀沉降,并对水合物开采区内海底管道的力学特性产生影响,如引起管道发生大变形、悬跨、屈曲、断裂等。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立天然气水合物开采区内“海床-管道”耦合作用模型,模拟了天然气水合物开采过程中海床沉降变形及其对管道应力、应变、弯矩、悬跨等力学行为的影响。研究结果表明,在天然气水合物开采过程中,海床的不均匀沉降将引起管道发生显著位移并发生弯曲,管道的应力、应变随着变形的增大而增大。当海床沉降量达到某一程度时,管道将脱离海床,产生悬跨,并引发涡激振动风险。     

大直径钢管桩水平静载试验内力变形测试及分析

为解决在钢管桩水平静载试验中更加高效、安全和准确进行桩身内力变形测试和分析的问题,文章针对打入钢管桩中的应变传感器和测斜管分别提出实用且可靠的安装、保护和测试方法;将该方法应用于西非某码头工程,在大直径钢管桩水平静载试验中进行应力和变形测试。研究结果表明,该安装和保护方法实用且可靠,可保证水平试验过程中钢管桩的内力变形情况得到如实测试和记录,对研究分析大直径钢管桩受水平荷载时桩身弯矩和水平位移的变化情况意义重大,可为类似项目的设计和施工提供参考。     

褐菖鲉仔、稚鱼生长特性及其关键变态期的研究

根据1991～1994年间褐菖YouSebastiscus marmoratus人工苗种培育中仔、稚鱼生物学测定资料及其关键变态期出现时间、特征等资料，研究了日龄与褐菖You仔、稚鱼生长参数间的相互关系，分析了褐菖You仔、稚鱼阶段的关键变态期的出现规律及其生长参数间的关系，探讨了褐褐菖You仔、稚鱼关键变态期的发生机理及其应对措施。     

Air temperature and energy consumption feedbacks within urbanized areas

In the 21st century, the climate of expanding megacities and urbanized areas is increasingly forming and changing under the influence of the growing power consumption of the urban economy. To understand the urban climate dynamic and estimate the energy needs of cities in the 21st century, it is necessary to consider not only global and regional climatic factors, but also the presence of feedback between temperature and energy consumption in urbanized areas. This feedback can be both negative and positive, and their significance depends essentially on the climate and landform of the region, system of electricity and heat supply of a city, and some other factors. This article describes the main factors of formation and development of temperature and energy-consumption feedback within urbanized areas in cold and warm seasons when indoor heating or air conditioning is being used. The role of advection in strengthening and weakening of this feedback is studied. The estimates of the parameter and coefficient of feedback strengthening with the influence of anthropogenic heat fluxes and advection on the urban air temperature are presented.     

潮流及单向流作用下海底沙波形成和运移试验

基于量纲分析理论进行水槽试验,研究了潮流以及单向流作用下海底沙波的形成和发展过程。通过分析 海床地形数据,对海底沙波的特征尺度和发展过程进行定量描述,得出了潮流流速、周期、水深以及叠加单向流等因素对沙波特征尺度的影响。结果表明,潮流作用产生的海底地貌由大尺度的沙波和小尺度的沙纹共同组成,大尺度沙波在地貌形态塑造中占主导地位。从平坦海床开始,沙波波高和波长随水流作用逐渐增大,增长速度越来越慢,最终达到动态平衡。沙波特征波高和特征波长随流速和水深增大而增大,同时随往复流周期的增大而增大,并不断趋近于单向水流的情况。进一步对小尺度的沙纹地貌进行分析,得出了沙纹特征尺度随水流条件的变化规律。     

海洋生物多样性中心形成与演变机制的比较基因组研究进展

在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等多圈层相互作用下,全球范围内海洋生物多样性中心的地理位置、物种组成结构和优势度都呈动态变化.迄今,海洋生物多样性中心的形成与演变机制在生态、遗传和分子等层面正逐步得到解析.在生态层面,学界涌现出了物种形成中心、物种汇聚中心、物种重叠中心和物种保存中心等重要科学假说,解析了生物多样性分布格...     

Survey of underwater robot positioning navigation

Underwater robot positioning and navigation achieve autonomous underwater robot movement based on the premise that positioning obtains the coordinates of the relative position of the underwater robot using a sensor, and navigation yields a known location to the destination path planning. Due to the location of an underwater robot and the complex and changing environment in which it operates, it is difficult to achieve precise positioning using the traditional positioning method. This paper systematically analyzes and summarizes several typical localization and navigation methods of underwater robots, such as multisensor information fusion technology, underwater acoustic localization and navigation methods, GPS buoy, underwater vision, SLAM and coordinate localization and navigation of multiple underwater robots. Multisensory information fusion technology integrates the advantages of the above methods, enhances the system stability and robustness, overcomes the disadvantages of traditional positioning and navigation, and enables the autonomous navigation and positioning of underwater robots. Underwater acoustics enable flexible and convenient positioning, whereas GPS can achieve high-precision and high-positioning navigation information, and visual positioning effectively overcomes the problem of error accumulation. Multirobot cooperative positioning resolves the problem of positioning failure caused by the collapse of a single system and completes complex tasks that cannot be completed by a single robot, thus enhancing the stability and robustness of the system. This paper systematically describes the realization of these methods, presents an actual analysis of their respective advantages and problems, and discusses the development of the field of research prospects and application prospects.     

Hydroelastic interaction between obliquely incident waves and a semi-infinite elastic plate on a two-layer fluid

The hydroelastic response of a semi-infinite thin elastic plate floating on a two-layer fluid of finite depth due to obliquely incident waves is investigated. The upper and lower fluids with different densities separated by a sharp and stable interface are assumed to be inviscid and incompressible and the motion to be irrotational. Simply time-harmonic incident waves of the surface and interfacial wave modes with a given angular frequency are considered within the framework of linear potential flow theory. With the aid of the methods of matched eigenfunction expansion and the inner product of the two-layer fluid, a closed system of simultaneous linear equations is derived for the reflection and transmission coefficients of the series solutions. Based on the dispersion relations for the gravity waves and the flexural–gravity waves in a two-layer fluid and Snell’s law for refraction, we obtain a critical angle for the incident waves of the surface wave mode and three critical angles for the incident waves of the interfacial wave mode, which are related to the existence of the propagating waves. Graphical representations of the series solutions show the interaction between the water waves and the plate. The effects of several physical parameters, including the density and depth ratios of the fluid and the thickness of the plate, on the wave scattering and the hydroelastic response of the plate are studied. It is found that the variation of the thickness of the plate may change the wave numbers and the critical angles. The density ratio is the main factor to influence the wave numbers of the interfacial wave modes. Finally, the stress state is considered.     

基于生态系统的挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划

为推动我国国土空间规划新视角下的海洋空间规划实践,提升我国海洋综合管理水平,文章概述基于生态系统的挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划的主要内容,并重点分析挪威海的海洋环境空间管理措施。研究结果表明:挪威海海洋环境综合管理计划是基于生态系统的海洋空间规划,建立在良好的海洋环境状况和海洋生物多样性与其栖息地的保护基础之上,以可持续利用海洋资源来实现海洋产业的价值创造与生态系统服务供给;该管理计划制定一系列海洋环境保护措施和人类活动空间管理措施,以实现挪威海海洋环境的有效保护和海洋经济产业的有效管理;挪威海海洋空间规划的发展可为我国国土空间规划涉海内容的编制、海洋资源的可持续利用与海洋产业的快速健康发展提供重要参考。     

Inter-annual variability of the hydrological-chemical characteristics in the north-western Black Sea shelf area over recent decades (1960–1990)

A number of significant hydrologicla and chemical parameters of the Black Sea shelf area have been identified and investigated: the inter-annual variability of the mean annual and seasonal (winter and summer) values of the air and seawater temperatures and salinity in the vicinity of Odessa; silicon and phosphate concentrations averaged over the north-western Black Sea shelf area (NWBS); discharges of the Danube and Dnieper rivers; mean surface and near-bottom oxygen concentrations in summer acquired through the analysis of the summarized data collected at three oceanographic stations occupied between Bolshoi Fontan and the Tendra isthmus from the early 1950s up to date. From these data, the variability of the areas subject to oxygen deficit in the near-bottom layer of the NWBS shelf during the summers of 1973–1994 has been assessed. Predominant oscillation periods and trends in the inter-annual variability of the studied parameters have been revealed and their relationship and climatic dependence has been demonstrated. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

春、夏季长江口邻近海域COD分布特征、影响因素及对富营养化的贡献

根据2009年春季(5月)和夏季(8月)对长江口海域的调查监测资料,研究了海水中COD的时空分布特征,并对其污染水平进行了评价,同时分析了COD对海域富营养化的贡献,探讨了化学耗氧有机物的主要来源及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,长江口海域春夏季表层、春夏季底层之间COD均存在显著的差异,春季表层与底层、夏季表层与底层之间COD则无显著差异,春季表、底层COD的平均浓度、最高浓度均小于夏季,平面分布呈由近岸向远海逐渐递减的趋势;夏季研究海域COD污染高于春季;COD对富营养化的贡献范围为39.69%~63.58%,平均贡献为(46.53±4.49)%,贡献随着富营养化指数的增加而减小;陆地径流输入以及陆源排放是COD的主要来源;COD与环境因子均存在一定的相关关系;COD时空分布主要受制于长江冲淡水,对富营养化的贡献主要受营养盐影响,与海底沉积物再悬浮也有一定的联系。     

Parametrization of the Biochemical Processes of Oxidation and Numerical Modeling of the Seasonal Behavior of the Distribution of Oil Hydrocarbons in the Aerobic Zone of the Black Sea

We discuss specific features of the space distribution and the processes of assimilation and oxidation of the dissolved and emulsified fractions of oil hydrocarbons in Black-Sea waters and study the methods of parametrization of these processes proposed in the literature. We develop a procedure of parametrization of the processes of degradation of oil hydrocarbons taking into account their complex chemical compositions, characteristics of chemical and microbiological processes, and temperature dependences of these processes and perform numerical experiments aimed at the reconstruction of the seasonal variations of the large-scale space structure of the distribution of oil hydrocarbons in the aerobic zone of the Black Sea.     

Study on the distribution characteristics of faults and their control over petroliferous basins in the China seas and its adjacent areas

As one of the main controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation, faults are closely related to the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs. Studying how faults control petroliferous basins is particularly important. In this work, we investigated the plane positions of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas using the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative (NVDR-THDR) of the Bouguer gravity anomaly, the fusion results of gravity and magnetic anomalies, and the residual Bouguer gravity anomaly. The apparent depths of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas were inverted using the Tilt-Euler method based on the Bouguer gravity anomaly. The results show that the strikes of the faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas are mainly NE and NW, followed by EW, and near-SN. Among them, the lengths of most ultra-crustal faults are in the range of 1 000–3 000 km, and their apparent depths lie between 10 km and 40 km. The lengths of crustal faults lie between 300 km and 1 000 km, and their apparent depths are between 0 km and 20 km. According to the plane positions and apparent depths of the faults, we put forward the concept of fault influence factor for the first time. Based on this factor, the key areas for oil and gas exploration were found as follows: the east of South North China Basin in the intracontinental rift basins; the southeast region of East China Sea Shelf Basin, the Taixinan and Qiongdongnan basins in the continental margin rift basins; Zhongjiannan Basin in the strike-slip pull-apart basins; the Liyue, Beikang, and the Nanweixi basins in the rifted continental basins. This work provides valuable insights into oil and gas exploration, mineral resource exploration, and deep geological structure research in the China seas and its adjacent areas.