考虑涂抹区压缩及渗透系数变化的堆载预压固结解

为评估涂抹区土体压缩和渗透系数变化对含竖向排水体地基固结的影响,采用等体积应变假设,考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形及其水平向渗透系数沿径向分别呈线性和抛物线分布,并考虑井阻作用以及地基附加球应力沿深度任意分布,推导了随时间线性堆载预压条件下固结微分方程的显式解析解答,分析了涂抹区半径、水平向渗透系数的分布模式、以及体积压缩系数对地基整体平均固结度的影响。结果表明,涂抹区土体采用均匀折减的水平向渗透系数明显低估了地基的固结速率,而当涂抹区半径较大时,不考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形将会高估地基的固结速率。在含竖向排水体地基固结问题的分析中,这些影响不可忽视。     

考虑散体桩变形时复合地基径竖向固结解析解

现有散体桩复合地基固结问题的解析解大都在传统砂井地基等竖向应变假定条件下建立的,而且,在建立求解初始条件时,不能满足复合地基"应力集中"这一受力特点;另外,现有解答的固结微分方程为近似径竖向固结微分方程。为此,针对散体桩复合地基固结问题,抛弃桩周流量连续假定,采用桩土等竖向应变假设,根据复合地基"应力集中"引入新的初始条件,考虑涂抹以及平均附加应力沿深度任意分布,推导了瞬时加载条件下复合地基径竖向同时固结下的解答,给出了超静孔隙水压力和地基整体平均固结度的显示表达式,分析了平均附加应力分布形式,桩径比、置换率和涂抹参数对固结的影响。计算结果表明,平均附加应力沿深度倒三角衰减分布时复合地基固结最快,梯形衰减分布次之,矩形分布最慢;当桩径比较小时,不考虑桩体径向渗流会低估复合地基的固结速率;地基固结速率随置换率增大而加快,随涂抹参数kh/ksh比值增大而减慢,且两者对固结速率的影响均显著。     

真空-堆载联合预压法应用试验研究

对杭金衢高速公路真空-堆载联合预压工程,进行了现场试验和资料分析研究。研究表明真空预压能使地基产生较大的沉降速率,同时产生向内的水平位移,从而使真空一堆载联合预压比超载预压具有更强的抗失稳能力,侧向位移量和位移速率与荷载大小有明显的相关性。真空预压的加固深度主要是竖向排水体范围内,而真空-堆载联合预压法的加固深度则可根据堆载的附加应力比来确定。     

砂墙地基二维固结自由应变解

将含竖向排水体地基的三维固结变形问题等效为平面应变问题进行数值分析时,砂墙地基二维固结解析解答是合理确定其等效固结计算参数的重要依据。为辨析现有砂墙地基等应变固结近似解答的适用性,针对微单元土体严格的二维固结微分方程,考虑对地基固结有重要影响的井阻作用,以及涵盖完全透水和不完全透水的更一般边界面排水条件,推求得到了其自由应变解答。并与现有解答进行对比分析,同时,分析了泊松比效应以及水平和竖向排水对地基固结的影响。结果表明,现有砂墙地基的等应变固结解答虽然近似,但已有足够精确;砂墙地基以水平向固结为主,竖向固结几乎可以忽略不计;地基固结速率随着泊松比的增大而增大,在将竖向排水体等效为砂墙时,应考虑其作用影响。     

基于非牛顿指数描述的非达西渗流一维固结分析

基于非牛顿指数描述的非达西渗流定律,同时考虑地基内部竖向附加应力随深度线性变化以及变荷载的影响,建立了一维固结控制方程并应用有限差分法进行数值求解,同时对不同参数单级加荷下的固结性状进行分析。结果表明：基于非达西渗流比达西渗流下固结速率要慢,且渗流模型中非牛顿指数越大,土层的固结速率越慢;土层厚度越厚,固结速率越慢,因此,传统固结理论中室内土样与地基土层之间的相似关系不再成立;作用于土层的平均附加应力越大,土层的固结速率越快;在单面排水情况下,附加应力分布对土层固结速率有较大影响;相反,双面排水条件下土层固结速率与附加应力的分布是无关的;荷载的加荷速率越快,则土层的固结速率越快。最后,讨论了达西渗流计算固结变形的适用范围。     

变荷载下长排水体-短不排水桩复合地基固结解析解

基于向内径向渗流的轴对称固结模型,给出了变荷载下长排水体-短不排水桩组合型复合地基的固结方程,在单面排水条件下推导出组合型复合地基的固结解析解,包括排水体和排水体周边土体中的超静孔隙水压力解答和组合型复合地基整体平均固结度解答。将组合型复合地基固结度解析解与三维有限元数值解进行了比较,证明了解析解的合理性。利用固结度解析解对影响组合型复合地基固结速率的主要因素进行了分析,研究了组合型复合地基的固结特性。结果表明：组合型复合地基的固结速率随着短不排水桩贯入比的增加而逐渐增大,随排水体的井阻和其周边涂抹区厚度的增加而减小。短不排水桩刚度和置换率的变化对组合型复合地基固结速率的影响较小。     

考虑影响区真实形状的竖向排水井地基固结解

针对现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论对影响区一律采用圆形等效假定的缺陷,研究了影响区真实形状为正六边形的按梅花形布置的竖向排水井地基的固结问题。通过建立新固结方程和引入新的边界条件,并考虑土体水平渗透系数变化,得到了相应的解析解。对于土体水平渗透系数的3种变化模式,分别给出了各种模式下的特殊解。在此基础上,分析了3种模式下3个主要的无量纲参数对地基固结性状的影响,并比较了计算结果和现有理论结果。分析结果表明,影响区和涂抹扰动区范围越大,固结越慢;土体的最大与最小水平渗透系数之比越小,固结越快;在相同条件下,考虑扰动区渗透系数线性变化的模式2固结最快,而假定扰动区渗透系数不变的模式1的解与现有理论解相当接近,验证了现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论中对影响区采用圆形等效假定的合理性     

线性加载下考虑土体非线性变形的一维固结理论

深厚软黏土一维固结计算中,初始应力和附加应力分布形式对固结度存在较大影响。假设土体初始应力和附加应力均沿深度线性变化,推导了线性加载时的双曲线一维固结控制方程,并用差分法加以解答。同时,在不同的外荷载qa、压缩层厚度H、初始模量E0、附加应力分布系数β及边界条件下,分析了初始应力和附加应力沿深度线性变化对平均固结度Us、Up的影响。结果表明,当顶面和底面均透水时,除了E0≤388 k Pa且H≥25 m情况外,初始应力和附加应力沿深度线性变化对Us、Up的影响不大。但当顶面透水而底面不透水时,在土体初始应力和附加应力的两种不同分布形式下计算的Us、Up相差较大,特别是对于深厚软黏土,这种差别更加明显。另外,还可以看出,考虑初始应力和附加应力随深度变化时,Tv不再适合作为描述时间的无量纲因子。     

循环荷载下双曲线模型修正土体一维固结解

假定土体的应力-应变关系满足双曲线模型、渗透系数的降低与压缩系数的减小成正比以及初始有效应力沿深度均匀分布,推导出任意荷载下单层地基的非线性一维固结方程。结合具体的定解条件采用分离变量法求出土体有效应力的通解,并进一步求出超静孔隙水压力、按沉降定义的平均固结度Us以及按孔隙水压力定义的平均固结度Up的通解。根据通解求出梯形低频循环荷载作用下的解,并找出循环荷载作用下土体固结性状的影响因素。基于循环荷载作用下的解,采用FORTRAN语言编制了计算程序,计算并分析考虑土体本构关系非线性时的固结性状,以及反映土体本构特征的参数E和n对固结性状的影响。计算结果表明：①Us稍大于Up;②距排水平面越近,附加有效应力受加载方式的影响越明显,距排水平面越远则相反;③E和n对Us的影响很小,可以忽略不计;④E和n对Up和附加有效应力的影响较大且不容忽略。     

竖井地基的大应变固结分析

简单介绍了真空-堆载联合预压下饱和软土竖井地基大变形固结沉降模型（VRCS1模型）,该模型能考虑大应变、材料非线性、非达西流、真空折损和竖井未打穿等因素。使用该模型对澳大利亚巴利纳支路某现场沉降进行预测,结果与现场实测数据吻合良好。基于该工程案例,讨论了分级堆载、循环荷载、真空联合堆载、上边界为等应力/等应变条件以及排水板打入深度等因素对竖井地基固结过程的影响规律。计算结果表明：分级堆载可降低土体超静孔压峰值进而改善土体稳定性;循环荷载使土体固结过程发生震荡,且土体沉降峰值迟于超静孔压峰值和荷载峰值出现;真空荷载和堆载作用机制有本质区别,真空荷载不可简单以堆载替代;上边界等应变条件下的固结速率一般快于等应力条件,工程真实条件一般介于两者之间;排水板打入深度超过0.9倍土层厚度时,再加大打入深度加速固结效果不明显。     

变荷载下考虑井阻随时空变化的竖井地基固结解

竖井排水固结法中井阻随时空演变（即由淤堵和弯折所引起的竖井排水能力下降）的现象已引起广泛关注,且变井阻对竖井地基固结速率的影响不容忽略。但目前能同时考虑变荷载及井阻随时间和空间变化的固结解析解还鲜有报道。考虑井阻随时空演变过程,引入实际中广泛采用的单级或多级加载模式,建立了竖井地基固结模型,并应用分离变量法获得固结模型的解析解答。通过与已有的解析解、有限差分解及工程实测值进行对比分析,充分验证了该模型的正确性。通过大量的计算,分析变井阻参数对竖井地基固结性状的影响。结果表明：竖井地基固结速率随竖井最终排水能力的增大而加快,随深度井阻参数及时间井阻参数的增大而减缓,且时间井阻参数的影响更为显著。     

Consolidation of sensitive clay with vertical drain

The coefficient of consolidation is one of the most important parameters that control the rate of consolidation. Conventional consolidation theories assume that the coefficient of consolidation is constant during the whole consolidation process. In the case of sensitive clay, the coefficient of consolidation is strongly dependent on the level of effective stress of clay. With the dissipation of pore water pressure and the increase of effective stress, the soil structure of the upper subsoil is gradually destroyed downwards and its coefficient of consolidation becomes smaller. At the same time, the coefficient of permeability of the vertical drains drops down because of the kinking or bending effect. The destructured upper subsoil and the kinking of the vertical drain hinder the dissipation of the pore pressure in the lower subsoil. This paper presents a model to describe the above important phenomena during the consolidation of sensitive clay with vertical drain. The solution for proposed model can be obtained by extending the closed‐form solution of the consolidation of double‐layered ground with vertical drain by the interactive method introducing the concept of the moving boundary and the reduction of discharge capacity of vertical drain. The numerical results obtained from the finite element method package PLAXIS (Ver. 7.2) are adopted to compare those obtained from the present algorithm. Moreover, the rationality of the moving boundary is explained by the distributions of the excess pore water pressure in natural soil zone along the radial direction. Wenzhou airport project is taken as a case study in this paper. The results for the sensitive soil with decaying sand drain agree very well with the in situ measured data. The calculated results can properly explain two general phenomena observed in the consolidation of soft sensitive soil ground with vertical drains: one is that the time to achieve the same consolidation degree is much longer under heavy loading than that under light loading; the other is that the consolidation speed is much slower in the lower subsoil than in the upper subsoil. Finally, it is indicated that the vertical drains can decrease the hindrance effect of the destructured subsoil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new analytical model for consolidation with multiple vertical drains

Various analytical theories of consolidation for soils with vertical drains have been proposed in the past. Most conventional theories are based on a cylindrical unit cell that contains only a single vertical drain. This paper described a new analytical model where a vertical drain located at the centre (the ‘inner vertical drain’) and is surrounded by two or three vertical drains (the ‘outer vertical drains’), the number of which depends on whether the configuration is triangular or rectangular. Both types of drains are combined into a cylindrical unit cell, and the water is assumed to flow both inwards to the inner vertical drain and outwards to the outer vertical drains distributed around the circumference. The outer radial boundary of the unit cell is regarded as a permeable boundary, with a drainage capacity of two or three separate vertical drains for triangular and rectangular configurations, respectively. The smear effects and the drainage resistances for both the inner and outer vertical drains are considered in the analysis as well. In this way, the equations governing the consolidation process with multiple vertical drains are derived, and the corresponding analytical solutions are obtained for instantaneously loading, ramp loading and multi‐stage of instantaneously loading and multi‐stage of ramp loading. The present solutions are finally compared with several conventional solutions for a single vertical drain in the literature. The results show that the present model predicts the same average degree of consolidation as conventional models do, which verifies the correctness of this new model. Finally, the settlement predicted by the present solution is compared with the measured settlement from a field test at the Port of Brisbane, Australia, which shows a good agreement between them. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear consolidation of vertical drains with coupled radial-vertical flow considering time and depth dependent vacuum pressure

The system of vacuum pressure combined with vertical drains to accelerate soil consolidation is one of the most effective ground improvement methods. The consolidation theories of soft soil improved by vertical drains including void ratio–dependent compressibility and permeability have been widely applied in practice to predict the consolidation behavior. In this paper, analytical solutions of the consolidation of vertical drains are derived incorporating the loss and propagating stage of vacuum pressure. In addition, special solutions are obtained for the cases of instantaneous surcharge loading and staged surcharge loading, based on the general solution. The solution is verified by ignoring the propagating stage of vacuum pressure formation and comparing it with an existing solution. The effects of vacuum pressure loss and propagating stage combined with other parameters are investigated through the ratio between excess pore water pressure and surcharge loading.     

考虑井阻时空变化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解

软土固结过程中展现出明显的非线性压缩和渗透特性,同时竖井的淤堵效应常导致井阻在固结过程中随深度和时间不断演化,但目前能考虑井阻随时空演化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解还很鲜见。通过引入孔隙比与有效应力及孔隙比与渗透系数间的半对数模型描述了土体的非线性固结特性,建立了能同时考虑井阻随时空变化和涂抹影响的竖井地基非线性固结模型,并采用分离变量法获得了固结模型的解析解。将特定参数下固结解的计算结果与实测数据、已有的竖井地基固结解答进行了对比分析以验证其可靠性。最后,对竖井地基的非线性固结性状开展了大量计算分析。结果表明：竖井渗透系数随深度线性衰减越明显则地基固结速率越慢;外荷载一定时,随着软土压缩指数c_c与渗透率指数c_k之比的增大,竖井地基固结速度减慢;在c_c /c_k值不变的情况下,外荷载增加,地基固结速率加快。在涂抹区的3种径向渗透系数变化模式中,抛物线变化模式下的地基固结速度最快,线性变化模式下的地基固结速度次之,恒定模式下的地基固结速度最慢,且这种性状并不因为考虑井阻变化或土体非线性固结特性而发生改变。     

成层竖向排水井地基固结分析

实际工程中竖井地基具有成层性,有时竖井也并未完全打穿软土层。在竖井打设区满足竖井等应变固结理论、下卧层满足一维太沙基固结理论假设的基础上,将现有竖井地基固结理论推广到成层未打穿竖井地基情况。利用边界条件和竖直向连续条件,确定该系统的正交关系,并给出了其固结解答,该解具有广泛的适用性。通过对竖井打设区和下卧层层数的变化,即可获得现有关于简单未打穿竖井地基的固结解答。将该解答编制成应用程序,对一算例进行了分析。结果表明,平均固结度按孔压定义和按变形定义是不相同的,硬表层的存在会加快其下土层的固结。     

Consolidation of vertical drain with depth-varying stress induced by multi-stage loading

An explicit analytical solution is developed for the consolidation of vertical drain with both radial and vertical drainage by adopting a depth-varying stress induced by multi-stage loading. The well resistance and smear effect are also considered. The smear effect is described by three decay patterns of horizontal permeability towards drains within the smeared zone, including a reduced constant pattern, a linear decay pattern and a parabolic decay pattern. A parameter analysis is performed to investigate the consolidation behavior of the vertical drain. The convergence of the proposed series solution is discussed.     

Nonlinear radial consolidation of vertical drains under a general time‐variable loading

By incorporating the nonlinear variation of a soil's compressibility and permeability during the process of consolidation, an analytical solution for the radial consolidation of vertical drains has been developed for a general time‐variable loading. The general solution was verified for the cases of instantaneous loading and ramp loading. Detailed solutions were further derived for two special loading schemes: multistage loading and preloading–unloading–reloading. The nonlinear consolidation behavior of a vertical drain subjected to these two types of loading schemes was then investigated by a parametric study. The results show that the loading rate, the ratio of the compressibility index to the permeability index (C_c/C_k), and the initial stress state have a significant influence on the consolidation rate. A smaller value of C_c/C_k, a larger initial stress, or a fast loading rate always leads to a rapid consolidation rate. During the unloading period, a negative excess pore water pressure may occur, and a slower unloading rate may reduce this negative value. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复杂荷载作用下考虑下卧层三维渗流的未打穿竖井地基固结分析

针对任意复杂变荷载作用下未打穿的竖井地基,通过在竖井底面以下土层中设置虚拟竖井,使其能够合理考虑下卧层土体三维渗流问题,运用Laplace变换,求得频域内竖井地基的固结解。通过Laplace逆变换,得到了任意荷载作用下竖井地基的平均固结度、孔压消散曲线、沉降曲线。结合具体算例,对影响竖井地基固结的主要影响因素进行了详细分析,并将现有未打穿竖井地基平均固结度近似计算方法的精度和适用的范围进行了对比,得到了一些有益于工程实践的结论。