台湾西南海域似海底反射分析

台湾西南海域弧陆碰撞及俯冲作用形成增生楔,在增生楔部位地震调查原始炮集数据上可清楚地识别BSR极性及波形特征。通过对该区域地震调查数据处理,获得了常规地震偏移、瞬时振幅及瞬时相位3种属性剖面,三者可清楚地反映BSR特征及分布,瞬时相位剖面还反映了BSR之上弱反射层的结构特征。研究表明,增生楔部位构造沉积明显控制BSR的形成与分布,该区天然气水合物成矿前景良好。     

南海东北部陆坡与恒春海脊天然气水合物分布的地震反射特征对比

对“探宝号”调查船2001年8月在南海东北部陆坡及台湾南部恒春海脊海域采集的多道地震剖面资料进行了地震反射波数据分析、解释和研究,并对南海北部陆坡、陆隆及其东侧俯冲带等区域天然气水合物矿藏的成藏规律及分布特征作了初步的分析与探讨,结果表明:(1)南海东北部陆坡和台湾南部恒春海脊海域地震剖面上均显示有BSR,但两区域构造成因、形式和相关地质环境的不同造成了天然气水合物的成因及过程不同。(2)南海东北部陆坡区域的天然气水合物形成与该区广泛发育的断裂带、滑塌构造体及其所形成的压力场屏蔽环境有关,而台湾南部恒春海脊海域天然气水合物的形成则与马尼拉海沟俯冲带相关的逆冲推覆构造、增生楔及其所对应的海底流体疏导体系有关。(3)南海陆缘区域广泛发育有各种断裂带、滑塌构造体、泥底辟、俯冲带、增生楔等,且温压环境合适,是天然气水合物矿藏极有可能广泛分布的区域。     

南海东北部陆坡与恒春海脊天然气水合物分布的地震反射对比

经过对"探宝号"调查船在2001年8月在南海东北部陆坡及台湾南部恒春海脊海域采集的多道地震剖面资料进行的地震反射波数据分析、研究和解释,结果表明:(1)南海东北部陆坡段区域和台湾南部恒春海脊海域地震剖面上均显示有被作为天然气水合物存在标志的BSR,但两区域构造成因、形式和相关地质环境的不同造成了此两处的天然气水合物成因及过程的不同.(2)南海东北部陆坡区域的水合物形成与该区广泛发育的断裂带、滑塌构造体及其所形成的压力场屏蔽环境有关,而台湾南部恒春海脊海域的天然气水合物的形成则与马尼拉海沟俯冲带相关的逆冲推覆构造、增生楔等及其所对应的海底流体疏导体系有关.(3)南海陆缘区域广泛发育有各种断裂带、滑塌构造体、泥底辟、俯冲带、增生楔等,且温压环境合适,是天然气水合物矿藏极有可能广泛分布的区域.     

南海北部揭阳凹陷天然气水合物的地震异常特征分析

大量研究表明南海北部珠江口盆地是天然气水合物发育区,但是该盆地东部揭阳凹陷水合物研究较少。本文利用揭阳凹陷新采集三维地震资料,对该三维地震资料进行成像道集优化和叠前时间偏移处理,得到针对水合物的新处理地震数据体,并通过高精度网格层析反演得到层速度数据体。利用该数据开展叠后约束稀疏脉冲反演,获得含天然气水合物地层波阻抗异常,综合分析反演与地震属性识别水合物。从新处理地震资料看,该区域似海底反射(bottom simulation reflection,BSR)反射呈连续、不连续与地层斜交等特征,BSR发育在一个继承性小型水道上,且下部断裂和气烟囱发育。通过分析BSR特征及BSR上下地层的速度、波阻抗、振幅、频率、相干等属性异常,结合水合物成藏条件,发现了南海北部新的天然气水合物有利富集区,为该区域水合物勘探提供基础。     

全球范围内天然气水合物构造背景及其稳定域研究综述

天然气水合物是人类21世纪的重要能源。目前。全球范围内共有80余处获取水合物样品。识别水合物地震标志—似海底反射(BSR)的地区更为广泛。大量的钻孔资料和地震剖面显示：主动大陆边缘的增生楔和被动大陆边缘的断裂褶皱系、泥火山、泥底辟等构造为水合物聚集成藏的有利构造环境。世界范围内不同水合物产区的温压场及稳定域特征。差别较为明显。各水合物产区的构造背景与水合物发育区的温压场环境以及稳定域的展布规律存在明显的相关关系。本文分别讨论了主动大陆边缘的增生楔(以卡斯凯迪亚为例)和被动大陆边缘的泥火山(以Hakon Mosby泥火山为例)的温压场特征、水合物聚集规律和各自的成藏模式。在此基础上。作者还进一步讨论了南海坳隆断裂带与水合物之间的关系。认为坳隆断裂带分别在气源、疏导体系(断层、砂体)和温压场环境等三方面为水合物形成提供了有利条件。     

地震属性在海洋天然气水合物识别中的应用

海洋拖缆主动源多道地震技术是应用于海洋天然气水合物资源调查的主要技术方法。不同于常规油气藏勘探,海底天然气水合物成藏机制复杂多样,海底似反射(Bottom Simulating Reflector,BSR)特征与水合物赋存并非完全对应。为提高海洋天然气水合物矿体识别的可靠性,地震属性技术在水合物资源调查中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文对我国南海北部海域天然气水合物调查中的关键属性进行了对比、分析及筛选试验研究。试验针对海洋高分辨多道三维地震数据,采用三维地震层速度控制综合处理技术完成了BSR区域的成像,提取了与BSR相关的多种地震属性,并对BSR地震属性体的内部特性进行了分析,实现了BSR特征水合物矿体的识别,并提取了BSR上方和下部结合层带的地震属性。研究结果表明,在水合物赋存地层极其复杂的条件下,地震属性分析技术在海洋复杂浅地层水合物识别方面具有可行性和技术优势。     

神狐海域气烟囱构造分布及其对天然气水合物成藏的影响

对神狐海域多道地震数据进行分析发现了很多天然气水合物及游离气的地震响应特征,包括BSR(似海底反射)、BSR下伏强反射以及烟囱体构造等。该区域气烟囱构造的分布与BSR的分布比较一致,气烟囱构造是深部热解气垂直运移的主要通道,深部烃源岩产生的热解气通过气烟囱等垂直裂隙向上运移至水合物稳定带,产生大量聚集,有利于水合物形成。因此,搞清楚研究区的气烟囱构造分布对于该区域天然气水合物成藏及分布研究具有重要意义。传统识别气烟囱的方法只能通过地震剖面上的弱反射柱状构造或相关属性分析,研究利用基于MLP算法的神经网络结合多属性特征,综合高效的分析了该区域气烟囱构造带的分布,并根据该区域地质构造分布与BSR分布特点分析了该区域气烟囱对天然气水合物成藏的影响。     

巴基斯坦马克兰增生楔天然气水合物的主控因素

为了探讨马克兰增生楔天然气水合物的主控因素,对收集的大量文献资料进行了整理和分析,发现马克兰增生楔由西到东、由南往北逆冲断裂的活动性具有逐渐减弱的趋势,BSR的振幅和连续性同样具有逐渐减弱的趋势,因此,马克兰增生楔BSR的产状主要受断裂构造的影响。马克兰增生楔沉积厚度大,SMI界面浅,水合物样品具有气泡结构以及BSR之下存在较厚的游离气表明,该区天然气水合物的气源充足。同时,低角度的北向俯冲造就的E—W向平行排列的南向逆冲断层以及小型正断层等为天然气向上运移提供了通道。由此可知,构造作用是马克兰增生楔天然气水合物的主控因素。     

利用地震谱反演技术圈定南海神狐海域天然气水合物储集层

地震谱反演是近年发展起来的一种新的地震方法,可利用地震数据构建反射系数剖面,极大地提高地震资料的分辨率。利用谱反演方法对南海神狐海域天然气水合物赋存区的地震资料进行了处理,获得该区海底地层的反射系数剖面,结合BSR和测井资料,确定了该区天然气水合物储集层的顶界和底界,从而圈定了该区天然气水合物储集层。     

南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一，其复杂的构造演化，形成了构造特征迥异的南海陆缘，有利于天然气水合物的发育，南海地区在中中新统以上发育了上中新统，上新统和第四系3套地层，3套地层所对应的地质时期的沉降速率在纵横向上的差别均较为悬殊，总体而言，南海第四纪整体沉降速率较大，为天然气水合物压力场环境的形成提供了有利条件，南海复杂的构造背景形成了丰富多彩的构造地质体，特定的构造地质体与水合物形成关系密切，这里讨论了滑塌体、泥底辟、增生楔等构造地质体在南海的分布情况，分析了上述构造体与气体水合物地震标志BSR之间的关系，以及特殊构造带在南海的展布规律，提出了特殊的造带中天然气水合物的成藏模式。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.