云南都龙锡锌多金属矿床成矿阶段与成矿流体

云南马关都龙锡锌多金属矿床位于滇东南老君山锡锌钨多金属成矿区南部,是我国三大锡石硫化物矿床之一,其地质及成矿作用复杂,矿物种类繁多。本文根据矿床中矿物共生组合特征,从早到晚划分出以下4个阶段:(a)夕卡岩阶段,早期为无水夕卡岩阶段,形成矿物以石榴石和透辉石为主,晚期为含水夕卡岩阶段,形成矿物以阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石和符山石等为主;(b)氧化物阶段,磁铁矿、锡石和白钨矿等氧化物在此阶段大量沉淀;(c)硫化物阶段,早期形成磁黄铁矿→黄铁矿→黄铜矿、辉钼矿,晚期形成闪锌矿(黄铜矿)和少量方铅矿组合;(d)碳酸盐阶段(方铅矿及少量闪锌矿),其成矿元素与夕卡岩蚀变类型的垂直分带特征与典型夕卡岩型矿床较类似,矿化类型和围岩蚀变的分带与隐伏岩体距离有关,该矿床属于与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的岩浆热液夕卡岩型多金属矿床。流体包裹体研究结果表明,从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体从中高温较高盐度逐渐演化为中低温低盐度流体,压力的降低和大气降水的混入造成的流体沸腾可能是Sn和Zn等成矿元素大量沉淀的主要机制。该研究成果为认识都龙矿床成矿作用提供了实际地质和地球化学依据。     

滇东南都龙锡锌多金属矿床一种新的铜矿化类型

都龙锡锌超大型矿床是中国第三大锡石硫化物矿床。矿区内铜矿化除主要的夕卡岩型、石英-萤石脉型外,近期的勘查工作还在曼东矿段南部揭露了燕山晚期花岗斑岩内的铜矿化,不少达到了工业要求,是该矿区内新发现的一种铜矿化类型。该类矿化以铜为主,共-伴生锡、锌等,矿体受花岗斑岩脉规模以及贯通岩脉与围岩的构造裂隙控制,具收缩膨胀、分支复合、尖灭再现等现象。成矿元素分布特征指示铜、锡等成矿物质主要来源于燕山晚期第三期岩浆活动。含矿花岗斑岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年,获得成岩-成矿年龄为88 Ma。上述研究结果表明,该类矿化具有比较典型的岩浆热液成矿特征。与夕卡岩型、石英-萤石脉型相比,该类型铜矿化具有成因明确、找矿标志明显、空间分布范围确定的优点。曼东矿段及其周边,具有黑云母等暗色矿物含量较高、结晶程度稍差、蚀变及破碎程度较强等特点的燕山晚期花岗斑岩是有利的找矿对象。     

广西大厂黑水沟矽卡岩型锌铜矿床符山石的地质意义

广西大厂黑水沟锌铜矿床的发现是深部找矿工作取得的重大成果,该矿床的围岩蚀变以矽卡岩化为主,研究工作中发现了围岩中典型的矽卡岩矿物符山石,这对该矿床的形成及下一步的找矿工作具有重要的指示意义。符山石主要分布在退化蚀变阶段,属于含水矽卡岩产物,并与矿床的Zn-Cu矿化密切相关,可作为矿床矿化的找矿标志,利用原位LA-ICP-MS技术对符山石的主微量和稀土元素组成进行了分析。结果表明,区内符山石均富铝,并与区内矽卡岩及深部花岗岩富铝的特征一致;微量元素结果显示符山石中富集大量成矿元素,如Zn、Sn、Bi、W、Ga、Sr等,它们以类质同象的方式置换了晶格中的Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺,推测在退化蚀变时期的成矿流体已富集大量的成矿元素,从而为后期的成矿作用提供了有利的环境。稀土元素研究发现,所有符山石均具有与深部隐伏花岗岩近似平行的稀土配分模式,暗示该矿床的形成与深处隐伏岩体具有紧密的联系。     

冈底斯东段南部第三纪夕卡岩型Cu-Au±Mo矿床地质特征、矿物组合及其深部找矿意义

在冈底斯Cu-Au成矿带东南部的山南地区分布有克鲁、劣布、冲木达和陈坝等中到大型Cu-Au±Mo矿床。与含铜夕卡岩有关的侵入岩形成于20~30Ma之间,为高钾钙碱性中酸性浅成岩,形成于印-亚大陆碰撞晚期构造背景。矿化赋存于岩体外接触带下白垩统比马组的碳酸盐岩和其他钙质岩石内。主要矿化类型为夕卡岩型、热液脉型和斑岩型,构成完整的斑岩-夕卡岩、热液脉状铜-金(钼)多金属成矿体系,矿化组合主要为Cu-Mo、Cu-Au和Cu。外接触带的蚀变以夕卡岩化、角岩化为主,而内接触带上主要为岩体的绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化等,内夕卡岩不发育。夕卡岩化可分为早期夕卡岩和晚期含水硅酸盐阶段。早期夕卡岩主要为钙铁、钙铝石榴石夕卡岩,含少量透辉石、磁铁矿等,晚期的含水硅酸盐阶段主要是绿泥石-绿帘石、方解石、石英交代石榴石夕卡岩,并伴随含铜硫化物的沉淀,为本区夕卡岩型铜矿形成的主要阶段。含铜硫化物以富含斑铜矿为特征,Au、Ag主要赋存于斑铜矿、硫铋铜矿及黄铜矿等矿物中。山南地区的夕卡岩型铜-金矿床均为浅部夕卡岩,在某些夕卡岩型铜金矿床中显示了斑岩型矿化的存在,可能暗示该区的夕卡岩型矿化与北带相似,具有统一的斑岩型-夕卡岩型成矿系统。因此本区具有在深部寻找斑岩型金矿的可能性,而且找矿潜力较大。     

个旧老厂Sn-Cu矿床内外接触带矿体原生晕分带与深部矿体预测模型

矿床的原生晕通常形成在矿体周围,与蚀变矿物和矿石矿物同时形成.矿床原生晕的分带规律能够提供较为准确的找矿目标.一些金属矿床的原生晕具有示踪隐伏矿体的作用,从而为探测深埋矿体提供了重要的线索.老厂大型锡多金属矿床是个旧巨型锡多金属矿床的重要组成部分,以广泛发育夕卡岩化矿化为其特征.根据其空间分布夕卡岩矿化可分为两类:内夕...     

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床成矿流体水岩反应数值模拟

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床是一典型的夕卡岩 斑岩复合型矿床。通过对其流体包裹体的系统研究,确定了成矿流体的成分及温压条件;结合矿床学的研究,将成矿过程分解为两个平行的成矿阶段,即夕卡岩型矿化阶段和斑岩型矿化阶段。根据Johnson和Reed等人建立的水 岩反应模型,对该矿床的成矿流体与围岩的反应并析出金属沉淀的过程进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明:在斑岩型矿化阶段,成矿流体系统出现等焓减压沸腾过程并沉淀出大量的金属矿物,成矿流体分异为低盐度流体和高盐度流体;在夕卡岩型成矿阶段,沉淀出典型的夕卡岩矿物;在整个成矿过程中,成矿流体的pH值逐渐升高。模拟计算结果与实际地质现象非常吻合,说明所建立的水 岩反应模型可以为理解这一类复合型金属热液矿床的形成机制提供一个新的思路。     

广西大厂长坡锡多金属矿地质特征及矿化富集规律

文章在阐述长坡锡多金属矿床地质特征的基础上总结了矿化富集规律：①长坡锡多金属矿床由上部锡石硫化物矿体和下部夕卡岩型锌铜矿体组成,锡石-硫化物型矿体形态主要表现为大脉型、细脉带型以及似层状;夕卡岩型锌铜矿化主要沿赋矿岩石的裂隙充填、交代,形成细脉状、层状以及浸染状矿化,矿体分为2段,南西段为锡多金属硫化物矿,北东段为锌铜矿;②长坡锡多金属矿床具有明显的水平以及垂向分带特征,平面上从岩体中心向外依次为Zn,Cu→（W,Sb）→Sn,Zn→Sn多金属→（Pb,Zn,Ag）;垂向上自下而上依次为Zn,Cu→Sn,Zn→Sn多金属→（Pb,Zn,Ag）;③长坡锡多金属矿床矿化富集与构造关系密切,尤其是次级构造部位,矿化富集程度高。夕卡岩型锌铜矿富集受花岗岩体影响明显,靠近花岗岩体矿化增强。     

新疆阿图什彻依布拉克锡多金属矿点地质特征

南天山是重要的锡锑多金属成矿带，目前已发现几处锡矿床(点)和大量锡化探异常，具有良好的成矿前景．彻依布拉克锡多金属矿点赋存于塔木岩体围岩的夕卡岩中．塔木碱长花岗岩侵入时代为晚二叠世，化学成分具有富Si、富碱，贫Mg、Al的特点，Ga／Al比值大，富轻稀土，具强Eu负异常，具有A型花岗岩的特点．矿体严格受夕卡岩带控制，呈似层状、透镜状，与夕卡岩产状一致，二呈渐变过渡关系，矿体变化较大．矿石类型有：锡铁矿石、金(铜)矿石、锡矿石和锌铜矿石．成矿具有多阶段性，划分为夕卡岩阶段硼酸盐阶段、硫化物阶段和表生阶段，其中硼酸盐阶段是锡成矿的主要阶段．岩浆活动为成矿提供了热源和主要物质来源．     

安徽月山矿田夕卡岩型矿床形成的水岩作用

文章分析了安徽月山矿田夕卡岩型矿床形成过程中水岩作用的类型和特征.估算和讨论了水岩作用过程中的质量-体积变化和动力学问题.结论认为:水岩作用对流体成矿系统中夕卡岩和蚀变矿化作用的发生、发展,成矿流体的形成,成矿物质的富集,矿床定位等具有重要意义;水岩作用的水岩比值(W/R)小于0.1;夕卡岩和矿化蚀变分带是开放体系一系列溶解沉淀波反应前锋发生水岩反应后矿物和元素组合的时空分离的结果.     

都龙超大型锡锌多金属矿床"低品位矿化废石资源"特征与分布规律

云南省马关县都龙锡锌多金属超大型矿床是滇东南3大锡石硫化物矿床之一,铜街—曼家寨(铜曼)矿段是矿区最主要矿段,随着生产规模的扩大,矿山地质资源逐步被消耗,寻找可接替资源是当前矿山紧迫任务.本文研究表明,铜曼矿段内"低品位矿化废石资源"分布广泛,储量巨大,具有重要开采价值.通过该矿段地质勘探与生产的总结,发现"低品位矿化废石资源"与锡锌多金属工业矿体空间分布基本一致,下寒武统新寨岩组第2段和第3段碳酸盐岩夹片岩是最有利的赋矿地层,其中工业主矿体周围、大理岩与片岩层间剥离断层带和断层破碎带是该类资源的主要矿化类型."低品位矿化废石资源"与工业矿石矿物组成和金属矿物嵌布特征基本一致,仅矿石矿物所占比例相对较低,该类资源以夕卡岩型硫化矿石为主,其次为大理岩型和片岩型硫化矿石;矿石中Sn、Zn和Cu等3个矿化元素均呈较好正相关关系,表明这些有价元素在矿石中共生关系密切.此外,矿区平面上成矿元素分带明显,由西至东,Zn逐渐变低,Sn和Cu则呈现明显升高趋势,而由北至南,呈现Sn-Cu-Zn(北部)→Zn(中部)-Sn-Zn(南部)变化趋势.该研究成果为都龙矿山"低品位矿化废石资源"开采和富集回收提供了新的依据.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.