陆相页岩油富集基础研究进展与关键问题

中国陆相页岩油资源丰富,先后在鄂尔多斯、准噶尔、渤海湾、三塘湖、松辽、苏北、江汉、四川、柴达木等盆地取得重大突破。与北美海相页岩油相比,中国陆相页岩油区带储层类型、岩性岩相组合、有机质丰度、有机质类型、成熟度、原油物性、气油比均有较大差异,目前勘探开发成效亦有明显不同。通过系统剖析中国陆相页岩油基础理论研究进展与勘探实践成果,提出中国陆相页岩油富集基础研究的4个关键问题：(1)富有机质页岩沉积环境与成因模式;(2)页岩储集空间跨尺度表征实验方法与储集性;(3)页岩油赋存机制、相态与可动性评价;(4)“甜点段/区”优选评价。加强基础研究与生产实践的结合,解决页岩系统成岩-成烃-成储-富集规律不明,可动性评价与“甜点段/区”评价难度大等问题,明确影响页岩油商业产量的关键因素,为加快中国陆相页岩油勘探开发进程和规模效益勘探开发提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷陆相页岩油地质特征与评价

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷中部深凹区发育有淡水环境及咸水环境沉积的深湖—半深湖相页岩。该套页岩岩相复杂、类型多、变化快, 可分为泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质页岩、隐晶灰质页岩、重结晶灰质页岩及白云质页岩, 总体富含有机质, 这为陆相页岩油的形成提供了充分的物质基础。研究区页岩具有纵向厚度大、横向分布广、有机质丰度高及类型好、热演化程度适中、脆性矿物含量高及含油气性好等特征, 具备良好的陆相页岩油形成条件。在明确泌阳凹陷具备良好的陆相页岩油形成条件基础上, 进一步开展了陆相页岩油地质评价方法的研究, 提出了一套包含岩石学分析、地质多参数综合评价、有利区带评价等8项关键技术的地质评价方法, 并明确了泌阳凹陷陆相页岩油富集的主控因素及有利目标区, 进而优化部署页岩油水平井, 取得了中国陆相页岩油勘探的重大突破, 展示了中国陆相页岩油良好的勘探开发前景。     

我国陆相页岩油勘探开发进展与发展建议

【研究目的】中国页岩油资源丰富且快速发展,但仍存在探明率低、开采难度大、产量低等关键问题,因此需要分析中国陆相页岩油勘探开发进展与形势,提出页岩油发展建议,服务国家能源安全保障。【研究方法】通过梳理国内外页岩油发展历程,分析近些年我国陆相页岩油勘探开发取得重大突破、重要进展的方向与领域,总结页岩油储产量增长点。【研究结果】鄂尔多斯盆地探明了国内首个10亿t页岩油大油田、松辽盆地古龙凹陷新增页岩油预测地质储量12.68亿t、渤海湾盆地古近系多口探井试获高产工业油流、准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔页岩油三级地质储量达5亿t等8项重大进展;形成了具有中国特色的页岩油富集理论和勘探开发技术;截至2021年底,全国页岩油探明地质储量12.2亿t,待探明地质资源量271.06亿t,探明率为4.3%,勘探潜力巨大;八个大中型含油气盆地取得多个层系页岩油调查勘探的重大突破,展示了中国陆相页岩油广阔的发展前景。【结论】鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地、松辽盆地、准噶尔盆地、四川盆地、江汉盆地是页岩油未来勘探开发主要地区,有望成为“十四五”油气现实接替领域;渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷渤南地区古近系、鄂尔多斯盆地陇东和伊陕斜坡三叠系、...     

陆相页岩油富集可采主控因素分析——以松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组为例

正2014年,我国页岩气勘探实现商业性突破,探明了千亿方级页岩气田-涪陵页岩气田,然而,相对页岩气而言,我国页岩油勘探开发研究较为滞后。在准噶尔盆地二叠系、鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系、松辽盆地白垩系及渤海湾盆地古进系S等陆相富有机质泥页岩层段均见到较好的油气显示,有多口井获得了工业油流,表明我国陆相页岩油具有较大的勘探潜力,但尚未获得商业性突破。主要原因是我国多发育陆相泥页岩,热演化程度低、页岩油可动性差,     

陆相页岩油研究进展及开发地质面临的问题

针对页岩油开展了广泛文献调研,在页岩油概念的提出、演化及研究历程基础上,对陆相页岩油资源量分布、类型和潜力及若干关键问题等研究进展进行了综述,提出了陆相页岩油效益开发面临的关键开发地质问题。具体如下:1）阐述了页岩油概念的由来及最新定义。国内外页岩油均历经三个发展阶段,对页岩油的理论认识不断深入,开发效果和水平逐渐提升。我国陆相页岩油资源丰富、潜力巨大,是今后一个时期的重点攻关对象。2）陆相页岩油可按不同方式进行分类。按成熟度演化阶段划分固态有机质阶段、滞留烃阶段、液态烃阶段、液态烃裂解天然气阶段等四类;按源储组合类型划分源储共存型、源储分离型和纯页岩型三类;按开发方式分为夹层型、混积型、页岩型和裂缝型四类。3）陆相页岩油在细粒岩分类及沉积模式、源储岩石微观特征、富集机制、“七性特征”和工业化开采技术等方面取得了较大的进展。4）陆相页岩油源储结构表现出极强的非均质性,亟待加强细粒页岩沉积超高频基准面旋回对比模式、半深湖—深湖相低级次构型单元成因及分布模式、相控储层质量差异分布模式和地质工程一体化及甜点快速评价等开发地质方面的研究,以提高页岩油开发经济效益和采收率。     

中国陆相页岩油富集特征

文章对页岩油的富集机理、富集过程和富集主控因素等进行了研究。页岩油比页岩气的发育条件苛刻,分布区域比页岩气局限,勘探难度较大。美国目前勘探开发的页岩油赋存于海相页岩,具有分布范围大、成熟度高、石油密度小、含蜡量低和黏度低等特征,为轻质油;我国页岩油主要为陆相页岩,具有分布范围小、成熟度低、石油密度大、含蜡量高和黏度高等特征,为稠油。美国产油页岩的矿物组成的石英和碳酸盐多为生物来源,石英含量、碳酸盐含量与有机碳含量有很好的正相关关系,与页岩油的含量也是正相关关系,且有利于后期压裂改造;我国陆相含油页岩的石英多为碎屑来源,碳酸盐多为化学沉积,石英含量、碳酸盐含量与有机碳呈负相关关系,与页岩油的含量也是负相关关系,且不有利于后期压裂改造。海陆相页岩油特征的差异可能是导致我国页岩油产量较低的原因,制约了页岩油的勘探开发。我国陆相断陷盆地页岩油勘探应寻找页岩有机质成熟度相对较高的深凹区和砂岩夹层发育的斜坡区,深凹区具有“油稀、高压和可改造”等特点,斜坡区具有“夹层发育、可改造”等特点。     

全球页岩油形成分布潜力及中国陆相页岩油理论技术进展

全球非常规页岩层系油气资源丰富,富有机质页岩主要沉积在劳亚构造域和特提斯构造域的上侏罗统、渐新统—中新统、白垩系和上泥盆统4套页岩层系内。交汇分析北美典型页岩油区块产量与R_o数据关系,提出R_o为0.7%作为低熟页岩油和中高熟页岩油的界限,系统评价了全球116个盆地157套页岩层系中高熟页岩油、低熟页岩油技术可采资源量约2 512亿t,主要分布在北美洲、南美洲、北非和俄罗斯,以前陆盆地中新界、克拉通盆地古生界、裂谷盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地的中生界为主。海相页岩油受显生宙以来的海侵影响,富集在稳定克拉通和前陆等类型盆地中,具大面积稳定分布、成熟度适中等特征;陆相页岩油受暖室期气候影响,主要在坳陷、断陷等类型盆地中发育,以微纳米级无机孔隙和微页理裂缝为主要储渗空间通道,具有沉积相横向变化大、“甜点区段”局部富集等特征。中国石油工业正经历从“陆相页岩生油”向“陆相页岩产油”转变,初步形成源岩油气“进源找油”地质理论、陆相页岩油高效勘探及低成本开发技术体系,推动中国陆相页岩油取得重要突破。着力加强应用基础理论研究与关键技术攻关,构建地质-工程一体化模式,...     

松辽盆地北部陆相页岩油调查取得重大突破

正按照中国地质调查局工作部署,沈阳地质调查中心组建页岩油技术创新中心,承担"大庆齐家-古龙地区页岩油气战略调查与评价""松辽盆地北部页岩油战略调查"项目,联合大庆油田有限责任公司开展松辽盆地北部页岩油科技攻坚. 2016～2019年,在松辽盆地北部实施的4口页岩油参数井均获得工业油流,实现了我国陆相页岩油调查重大突破.     

火山—热液作用相关细粒沉积岩研究现状及前沿探索

陆相细粒沉积岩是中国含油气盆地中重要的烃源岩和致密油储集层。随着对烃源岩、致密油、页岩油-气勘探开发研究的不断深入,陆相细粒沉积岩取得了一系列重要进展并持续进行着前沿探索。作者论述了传统细粒沉积岩基本概念及演变,岩石、矿物组成特征、成因机制与分类方法。结合近年来在陆内裂谷盆地陆相细粒沉积岩中广泛分布的火山—热液物质的新报道及研究成果,认为火山物质、热液喷流物质不仅参与了陆相黑色细粒岩系的沉积和成岩作用,也与油气生成有密切关系。加强对陆相细粒沉积研究,探讨深源碎屑及热液流体的来源及其对细粒沉积过程的影响,既有利于丰富、完善沉积学和陆相含油气盆地生油理论,也有利于更好地指导致密油、页岩油-气的勘探开发。     

致密油与页岩油内涵、特征、潜力及挑战

致密油是当前全球非常规石油发展的亮点领域,页岩油是未来非常规石油发展的潜在资源。基于国内外页岩层系液态烃地质特征系统研究,提出致密油与页岩油的"甜点区"分布,应着眼烃源性、岩性、物性、脆性、含油气性与应力各向异性"六特性"匹配评价;并指出中国有利页岩层系的特点是液态烃TOC2%(S12mg/g),纹层状页岩或致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩,孔隙度较高(致密油储集层孔隙度大于10%,页岩油储集层孔隙度大于3%),脆性矿物含量大于40%,含油饱和度60%~90%,较低原油黏度或较高地层压力,天然裂缝发育;对比北美有利页岩层系地质特征表明,北美有利页岩层系液态烃TOC大于4%,呈纹层状页岩或泥灰岩,孔隙度大于7%,脆性矿物含量大于50%,含油饱和度50%~80%,API40°及压力系数大于1.30,天然裂缝发育。围绕中国陆相致密油与页岩油沉积储集层,初步提出陆相细粒沉积分布模式、陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐岩混合成因的储集层岩石分类方案,初步预测技术可采资源量致密油约(20~25)×108t,页岩油约(30~60)×108t。陆相湖盆细粒沉积成因与分布、致密储集层微-纳米级储集空间结构、页岩层系液态烃充注及流动机制、页岩层系液态烃地球物理响应模型、资源潜力及"甜点区"评价预测等,将成为新时期非常规油气地质面临主要挑战与创新重点。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)