地闪回击电磁场对架空线路耦合过电压的数值模拟

为了研究地闪回击通道周围的电磁场对架空线路的耦合过电压,首先采用指数衰减传输线型工程回击模式(MTLE)模拟分析了回击通道周围电磁场的分布特征,然后运用以Agrawal模型为基础的场—线耦合程序对架空线路感应过电压进行了数值计算,并将模拟计算结果与人工引雷实验结果进行比较,所得线路过电压的计算结果与实验数据基本相符。模拟结果表明,地闪回击电场的垂直分量和水平分量都应考虑到场—线耦合机制中;回击通道基电流波形的陡度同时影响到架空线路感应过电压的幅值和陡度,而电流幅值只影响感应过电压的幅值;当观测距离较近(50 m)时,架空线路上感应过电压幅值与电流回击速度呈反相关;随着观测距离的增加,架空线路上感应过电压波形上升沿时间增加、幅值减小;此外,架空线路感应过电压幅值随线路高度和接地电阻的增加而增大,与线路长度和直径的变化无关。     

基于人工触发闪电的开关型SPD性能试验

基于火箭人工引雷,对安装于低压架空配电线路上的开关型SPD进行性能试验。试验中发现,人工触发闪电的初始连续电流过程和回击过程在低压架空线路上感应出的正、负极性过电压在数值上相当,M过程感应出的正、负极性过电压在数值上差异较大,其中回击过程感应过电压幅值最大,均为10.23 kV。对应初始连续电流过程、回击过程和M过程,开关型SPD动作呈现出明显的点火、电弧、熄弧等过程,泄放雷电流的残压持续时间达毫秒量级。回击过程对应的SPD动作过程中存在明显的工频续流,M过程由于电流和能量都相对较小,工频续流过程不明显。雷击电磁脉冲在架空线路上耦合引起的过电流波的波前时间和波尾时间较实验室采用的8/20μs模拟雷电感应波的波前时间和波尾时间大很多倍,其对SPD的考验更残酷。     

基于ADTD系统的雷电流波头陡度频率分布特征

通过对ADTD闪电定位系统2006 2008年在重庆地区监测的729598次闪电进行统计,重点分析雷电流陡度的频率分布特征。结果表明:雷电流波头陡度及其频率随极性不同而差异较大,正闪陡度明显大于负闪陡度,而同陡度负闪频率却显著大于正闪;雷电流幅值与陡度相关系数为+0.613;采用电力行业标准DL/T620推荐波头时间反推得到的雷电流陡度和采用Ciger推荐公式计算得到的雷电流陡度的概率分布特征与统计特征差异较大。在此基础上分析了ADTD系统获取雷电流陡度资料的局限性,为合理选取雷电流陡度参数提供理论依据。     

2006—2011年广州人工触发闪电

2006—2011年夏季在广州野外雷电试验基地开展了广东综合闪电观测试验 (GCOELD)。试验期间,针对人工触发闪电进行了近距离声、光、电、磁特征等综合测量,对自动气象站电源线和信号线上产生的感应电压特征进行了观测和分析,并对广东省地闪定位网的探测效率和定位精度与人工触发闪电进行了比对和校验。试验结果表明:人工触发闪电回击峰值电流范围为-31.93~-6.67 kA,回击电流波形的半峰宽度的范围为6.18~74.19 μs,10%—90%的上升时间范围为0.24~2.25 μs。触发闪电的上行正先导的发展速度在104~105 m/s量级;人工触发闪电的回击过程在架空电源线路 (1200 m长,2 m高) 上产生的感应过电压可达十几千伏;广东电网闪电定位系统对人工触发闪电事件的探测效率为95%,平均定位误差为759 m,闪电定位系统反演得到的电流峰值与实际测量的电流峰值平均相对偏差为16.3%。     

基于传输线时域理论的同轴线中雷电波传播分析

针对雷电波在同轴线中传播特性的问题,通过对同轴线的暂态响应的理论分析,利用理论与试验相结合的方法,研究了同轴线对1.2/50 μs雷电波的暂态响应.结果表明:线终端负载上的信号由所传输信号的频率成分以及波导终端阻抗性质决定;1.2/50 μs雷电波信号频谱存在高于同轴线截止频率的成分,终端阻抗匹配情况下雷电波波头出现大量高次模成分;终端负载开路时,线终端信号的高次模是雷电波的入射波与反射波以及所激发的高次模之和;受雷电波频谱特征影响,雷电波激发出的高次模成分主要集中在波头部分;雷电波在线中传播的最终波形是各高次模分量之和,降低雷电波波头陡度可以减少高次模成分.在雷电过电压防护中应充分考虑到雷电波在线路中传播的畸变问题,这对于指导同轴线引入的过电压防护具有重要意义.     

雷电对建筑物内电子设备的危害

由雷电流产生危害的方式出发,从暂态电位抬高、回路感应过电压、线路感应过电压、耦合过电压四个方面进行详细分析,明确了雷电流产生危害的起因及形式,阐明了雷电对建筑物内电子设备危害的具体原因及危害原理,为如何做好雷电防护提供技术基础。     

基于自然闪电下的限压型SPD残压特征分析

选取2017年6月15日和7月8日的2次人工引雷试验人工触发闪电数据,对采集系统记录了2次有明显残压波形的数据进行分析,结果表明:2次人工触发闪电的平均回击雷电流幅值为11.00kA,平均雷电流波形10%~90%的上升时间为0.24μs,平均雷电流的半峰宽度为10.98μs,平均雷电流的回击波形10%~90%的上升陡度38.20GA/s。2次人工触发闪电的平均残压持续时间为387.1μs,残压峰值平均值为969.4V,残压平均值为759.6V。自然闪电通常具有多回击、回击间隔时间短、放电过程复杂多样等特点,有可能破坏SPD热稳定性,加速老化,甚至可能被击穿;而该试验中SPD没有被损坏,主要是因为:人工触发闪电造成架空线路近距离发生闪电感应,尽管SPD的残压值高,但是电流比较小,所以SPD承受的能量不大。     

广州珠江新城地区高建筑物雷电回击磁场分析

对2011—2012年广州高建筑物雷电观测站获取到的雷电回击磁场波形数据进行统计分析,选取14个高建筑物的27次闪电过程(均为负极性地闪,含回击过程112次),其中44%的闪电个例为单次地闪过程。采用小波软阈值去噪法和基础噪声归零法进行数据预处理,分析发现:选取的回击磁场波形均呈现多峰现象,鉴于高建筑物反射峰的影响,本文只统计初始峰值;选取数据的1次闪电回击次数的算术平均值为4.2次,高度200m以下的闪电过程(14次)算术平均回击次数5.1次,高度200m以上的闪电过程(13次)算术平均回击次数3.2次;建筑物越高对磁场峰值的增强作用越显著,击中200m以上的建筑物上雷电首次回击和继后回击磁场峰值几何平均值分别是200m以下的2.2倍和1.5倍;建筑物高度对回击过程磁场波头上升时间影响不大;继后回击过程磁场波头时间远小于首次回击,与回击电场波形特征一致。     

山东人工引发雷电综合观测实验及回击电流特征

山东人工引发雷电实验 （SHATLE) 自2005年开始, 六年来共成功引发负极性雷电22次, 包含大电流回击过程88次, 实验获取了包括雷电放电通道底部电流、近距离电磁场、 高速摄像等在内的高质量同步观测资料。对36次实测回击电流的统计分析表明, 回击峰值电流的几何平均值为12.1 kA, 最大值为41.6 kA, 最小值为4.4 kA。回击电流波形的半峰值宽度范围在1～68 μs之间, 电流10%～90%峰值的上升时间几何平均值为1.9 μs, 中和电荷量为0.86 C, 作用积分（action integral, 或称比能量) 为2.6 ×103A2?s。人工触发闪电峰值电流约16.5 kA的回击在30 m处产生的电场变化可达56.0 kV/m, 60 m处的磁场几何平均值为52 μT。一些强烈的M分量可以具有与回击相当的电流峰值和中和电荷量。人工引雷初始阶段上行正先导的发展速度约为0.96×105 m/s。     

架空导线耦合雷电电磁波实验与分析

通过传输线模型的理论分析,利用理论推导与实验相结合的方法,采用架空导线耦合模拟雷电进行实验。结果表明,当雷电回击通道中雷电流在5~29 kA范围时,架空导线耦合雷电电磁波形成的过电压幅值随雷电流的增大呈线性增加;耦合的能量随雷电流的增大呈幂函数关系增加;并且随导线长度的增加,耦合到的过电压和能量均减小;随导线截面积的增大,耦合到的过电压和能量均增大。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.