新疆阿尔泰三叠纪锂矿化伟晶岩中热液成矿作用：来自单个流体包裹体组成LA-ICP-MS原位分析证据

选取可可托海3号脉石英-锂辉石带、卡鲁安806号脉、库卡拉盖650脉,开展石英、锂辉石中流体包裹体显微测温以及石英中捕获的单个流体包裹体组成的LA-ICP-MS原位分析。结果表明,锂矿化伟晶岩晚期出溶流体相为H₂O-NaCl-CO₂体系,石英中流体包裹体均一温度为233～407℃,盐度为5.77%～20.15%;w(Li)为1527×10^-6～17767×10^-6、w(Cs)为32×10^-6～4563×10^-6、w(Rb)为10×10^-6～100×10^-6。Li与Cs、Rb与Cs之间存在正相关系,并且Li/Rb与Li、Cs/Rb与Cs显示正相关关系,表明Li、Rb、Cs强烈分配进入流体相。流体包裹体中K/Na<0.4,指示锂矿化伟晶岩晚期分异出的流体显示富钠性质。26个流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS分析结果显示锂矿化伟晶岩晚期流体相中含有0.33%～3.82%Li₂O(w(Li_...     

川西扎乌龙花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床成矿作用过程——来自流体包裹体与同位素的证据

川西扎乌龙花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床位于甘孜-松潘造山带内,为大型锂矿床.前人基于对扎乌龙系统的流体包裹体研究,认为扎乌龙锂矿形成于500～580℃,压力350 MPa的环境.然而,对于扎乌龙成矿流体的来源及其何种流体挥发分对成矿起主导作用,仍缺乏有效制约.锂辉石型伟晶岩脉是扎乌龙锂矿最富集的类型,脉体内部分带性良好,可划分为4个带:石英-白云母带、斜长石带、钠长石-锂辉石带和石英-锂辉石带.根据地质现象和流体包裹体的岩相学观察,扎乌龙锂辉石型伟晶岩脉可划分为伟晶岩阶段和热液阶段2个主要阶段,锂矿化集中于伟晶岩阶段.文章对扎乌龙成矿流体的来源及成分开展了研究,即对锂辉石型伟晶岩各阶段的流体包裹体进行了激光拉曼光谱、群体包裹体和氢、氧、碳同位素分析.流体包裹体成分揭示,成矿流体由伟晶岩阶段的高温(500～580℃)、低盐度(w(NaCleq)0.8％～8.5％)、富挥发分(Li、P、B等)、弱碱性的硅酸盐水体系,向晚期中高温(300～400℃)、低盐度(w(NaCleq)4.4％～9.6％)、富CO2、弱酸性的盐水体系热液演化.氢、氧同位素组成表明早期成矿流体以岩浆水为主,晚期无明显的大气降水加入.碳同位素分析结果表明,二氧化碳主要来源于岩浆出溶.结合已有的研究成果,笔者认为相对封闭的成矿环境导致挥发组分的大量聚集和弱碱性环境,是扎乌龙锂矿富集与沉淀的主要控制因素.晚期贫F、富Cl的弱酸性热液流体有利于锂辉石的保存.     

新疆卡鲁安矿区伟晶岩锆石U-Pb定年、铪同位素组成及其与哈龙花岗岩成因关系研究

利用LA-ICPMS和LA-MC-ICPMS技术,对卡鲁安-阿祖拜伟晶岩田中4条伟晶岩脉以及哈龙岩体中锆石U-Pb定年、铪同位素组成进行了研究。研究显示,卡鲁安矿区805、806、807号脉的形成时代分别为(216.0±2.6)Ma、(223.7±1.8)Ma和(221±15)Ma,属三叠纪岩浆活动的产物。对于库卡拉盖650号脉,锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,它由形成时代为(227.9±2.6)Ma的早期钠长石伟晶岩与形成时代为(211.3±2.4)Ma的晚期锂辉石-钠长石-锂云母伟晶岩2期伟晶岩构成。哈龙岩体形成时代为400.9~403.3 Ma,由于伟晶岩与哈龙岩体之间存在形成时代上的差异(170 Ma以上),预示着它们之间不具成因上的联系。卡鲁安矿区伟晶岩脉中锆石显示较小的正εHf(t)值(+0.65~+2.50)和较大的模式年龄TDM2(1090~1213 Ma),相似于可可托海3号脉、柯鲁木特112号脉中锆石的铪同位素组成,指示伟晶岩由陆-陆碰撞体制伸展背景下的加厚地壳物质减压熔融所形成。     

川西甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中熔体、流体包裹体固相物质研究

川西甲基卡二云母花岗岩和伟晶岩内发育大量原生熔体包裹体和富晶体流体包裹体。为了查明甲基卡成矿熔体、流体性质与演化特征,运用激光拉曼光谱和扫描电镜鉴定了甲基卡花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床中二云母花岗岩及伟晶岩脉不同结构带内的原生熔体、流体包裹体的固相物质。分析结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩石英内熔体包裹体的矿物组合为磷灰石+白云母、白云母+钠长石、白云母+石墨;伟晶岩绿柱石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为刚玉、富铝铁硅酸盐+刚玉+锂辉石、锂辉石+石英+锂绿泥石;伟晶岩锂辉石内富晶体流体包裹体的矿物组合主要为磷灰石、锡石、磁铁矿、石英+钠长石+锂绿泥石、萤石、富钙镁硅酸盐+富铁铝硅酸盐+富铁硅酸盐+石英;花岗岩浆熔体与伟晶岩浆熔体(流体)具有一定的差异,成矿熔体、流体成分总体呈现出碱质元素(Na、Si、Al)、挥发分(F、P、CO_2)含量增高及基性元素(Fe、Mg、Ca)降低的特征;包裹体中子矿物与主矿物的化学成分具有一定的差别,揭示出伟晶岩熔体(流体)存在局部岩浆分异作用,具不混溶性及非均匀性。因此认为,伟晶岩熔浆(流体)为岩浆分异与岩浆不混溶共同作用的产物,挥发分含量的增高(F、P、CO_2)使伟晶岩能够与稀有金属组成各类络合物或化合物,这对于稀有金属成矿起到了至关重要的作用。     

平度大庄子金矿成矿流体特征与成矿分析

山东平度大庄子金矿发育2种矿化类型:一是蚀变破碎带型矿体,二是多金属硫化物石英脉型矿体.多金属硫化物石英脉型金矿体成矿流体以岩浆水为主,兼有大气降水参与;而蚀变岩型矿体成矿流体为岩浆水与大气降水的混合.石英脉矿化带的流体包裹体均一温度高于蚀变岩型矿化带的均一温度,较深部位的流体包裹体均一温度高于浅部.大庄子金矿目前揭露的矿体处于成矿作用发生时深度较浅、温度相对较低的部位,预测下部仍有较好的工业矿体.     

贺兰山北段牛头沟金矿床成矿流体和成矿物质来源:来自H-O-S-Pb同位素的证据

贺兰山北段牛头沟金矿床为华北克拉通西北缘新发现的金矿床,包括构造破碎带蚀变岩型和石英脉型两种矿化类型,后者可进一步细分为低缓石英脉型和陡窄石英脉型2个亚类。矿区所有矿体均赋存在古元古界贺兰山群变质杂岩和混合花岗岩内,受主干断裂F_1及其上盘次级断裂体系控制。综合本文及前人研究成果表明,破碎带蚀变岩型石英流体包裹体以纯液相水溶液包裹体为主,而低缓石英脉型和陡窄石英脉型石英流体包裹体则以气液两相水溶液包裹体为主,不同矿化类型成矿流体均为中低温(160~210℃)、中低盐度(6%~12%NaCl_(eq))的H_2O-NaCl流体。对矿区内3种矿化类型石英流体包裹体和硫化物分别开展的H-O和S-Pb同位素研究显示:破碎带蚀变岩型和陡窄石英脉型流体包裹体δD_(H2O)组成相近,分别为-75.2‰~-89.3‰和-87.0‰~-93.8‰,而低缓石英脉型流体包裹体则具有较高的δD_(H2O)值(-45.7‰~-67.7‰);流体包裹体δ~(18)O_(H2O)值则由破碎带蚀变岩型(3.7‰~4.4‰)→低缓石英脉型(1.9‰~3.3‰)→陡窄石英脉型(0.5‰~0.9‰)依次降低。破碎带蚀变岩型和陡窄石英脉型δ~(34)S组成均为正值,分别为1.3‰~6.9‰和2.2‰~5.8‰,而低缓石英脉型则具有较低的δ~(34)S值(-5.1‰~-2.6‰)。低缓石英脉型金矿具有明显不同的δD_(H2O)和δ~(34)S组成,可能与含矿断裂性质及其距离导矿构造F_1断裂较远等因素所共同导致的成矿流体氧逸度升高有关。3种矿化类型对应的矿石均表现出明显富集Th放射成因Pb的特点,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb(16.467~17.994)和~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb(15.382~15.582)组成相对均一,而~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化较大(37.413~42.345)。总体上,石英流体包裹体H-O同位素组成表明成矿流体均为岩浆水和大气降水形成的混合流体,其大气降水比例自破碎带蚀变岩型→低缓石英脉型→陡窄石英脉型依次升高;矿石S-Pb同位素指示成矿物质为深部岩浆和具有高Th/U比的基底围岩双重来源。结合区域构造–岩浆演化,笔者将牛头沟金矿床成矿过程概括为晚古生代裂陷盆地形成阶段、中晚侏罗世区域挤压推覆阶段和晚侏罗世至早白垩世岩浆热液活动阶段等3个阶段。     

内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿流体包裹体特征

大兴安岭锡矿带是中国北方唯一成型的锡多金属成矿带。新近发现的内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿床位于大兴安岭南段,隶属中亚造山带东段的兴蒙造山带。该矿床为一典型的大型斑岩型热液脉型锡多金属矿床,矿区内锡矿化主要赋存于石英斑岩体顶部及其上部的石英脉中。矿床成矿阶段包括石英斑岩体内的滴状锡锌矿化阶段、石英斑岩体上部石英脉中的辉钼矿矿化阶段、石英锡石黑钨矿阶段和石英多金属硫化物阶段。流体包裹体研究结果显示：流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体,尤其是富液相包裹体,其次为含子矿物的三相包裹体。斑岩体内矿化阶段流体包裹体均一温度为324~333 ℃,盐度为6.5%~7.5% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.74 g/cm3;石英脉型矿化阶段包裹体均一温度为201~324 ℃,盐度为3.4%~9.9% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.92 g/cm3。包裹体显微测温分析结果显示该矿区成矿流体具有中高温、低盐度、中密度的特征。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,气液两相包裹体液相成分主要为H2O,气相成分主要有H2O、CO2和CH4。氢氧同位素研究结果表明该矿床石英斑岩体上部石英脉矿化阶段的成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水混合来源,以岩浆水为主。岩浆流体与大气降水的混合以及流体演化中的降温过程是该矿床矿石沉淀的主要机制。     

西藏铁格隆南Cu-Au矿床成矿流体特征及与矿化蚀变的内在联系

铁格隆南是一个超大型的斑岩-高硫化型浅成低温热液Cu-Au矿床,该矿床位于中国西藏班公怒江成矿带多龙矿集区内。为了更好地限制该矿床在成矿过程中的物理条件,本次研究主要选择了流体包裹体群进行显微测温。在斑岩系统中,Qz-Cpy脉主要捕获了富液相流体,其Na Cl盐度为9.2%~12.9%,捕获温度为330~360℃,压力为121~170 bars,对应古深度为1.21~1.70 km。采样位置为地表以下1.03~1.07 km处,推算该处剥蚀深度为0.18~0.67 km。石英斑晶中流体包裹体以高盐度(LVS)和富气相流体(VL)为主,高盐度流体的Na Cl盐度为29.3%~35.8%,最低捕获温度为330~350℃。在浅成低温热液系统中,Qz-Aln-Py-Tn-Cv脉和石英斑晶主要捕获了高盐度(LVS)和富气相(VL)包裹体,其中LVS在矿化脉和石英斑晶中的Na Cl盐度分别为30.7%~32.4%和29.3%~35.8%,两者最低捕获温度一致,为310~320℃,对应最小压力为74~84 bars,最小古深度为0.74~0.84 km。采样位置为地表以下183.8~188.1m处,因此推算该处的最小剥蚀深度为0.55~0.65 km。通过拉曼光谱分析,发现在斑岩系统中,石英斑晶捕获的流体包裹体所包含的金属矿物主要为黄铜矿、赤铁矿,与斑岩系统的金属矿化类型一致;在浅成低温热液系统中,石英斑晶捕获的流体包裹体所包含的金属矿物为黄铁矿、铜蓝,也与蚀变岩中的金属矿物组合一致。同时,石英斑晶捕获的流体包裹体大部分定向穿切石英斑晶,并且与含矿石英脉具有一致的均一温度峰值。上述流体特征表明石英斑晶捕获了大量成矿流体。此外,这些流体包裹体中的金属矿物在高盐度流体和低密度流体中都存在,因此,这两种流体都具有搬运Cu的能力。通过以上研究认为,流体相分离、均一温度、盐度、流体包裹体所包含的金属矿物能够指示斑岩-浅成低温热液系统的矿化条件,并且这些流体确实能够搬运成矿物质,与铁格隆南斑岩-浅成低温热液矿化直接相关。     

西藏班公湖带多不杂超大型富金斑岩铜矿的高温高盐高氧化成矿流体：流体包裹体证据

多不杂富金斑岩铜矿床位于斑公湖-怒江缝合带北侧多不杂构造岩浆弧中,成矿与侵位于中侏罗统雁石坪群和早白垩统美日切组地层中的石英闪长玢岩、花岗闪长斑岩有关。由于斑岩体的侵位,在岩体内及其围岩中形成强烈蚀变且分带明显,由含矿斑岩中心向外可划分出钾硅化带、中级泥化带、泥化带、伊利石-水白云母化-褐铁矿化带-角岩带或青磐岩化带(围岩是中基性火山岩时)。矿化为细脉-浸染状,含矿斑岩全岩矿化,少量矿化产于围岩中,成矿为铜-金组合,为典型的富金斑岩铜矿。初步识别出(1)钾化带中主要发育M型、EB型、A型及部分B型脉;(2)绿泥石化带(中级泥化带)中发育B型、C型、石英-绿泥石脉及S型、G型脉;(3)在粘土化带(泥化带)中主要发育C型脉、G型脉及S型细网脉;(4)在围岩中主要发育B型、C型、D型及G型细网脉以及碳酸盐脉、M型脉等。矿区范围内发育丰富的热液磁铁矿、赤铁矿、金红石等,铜、金沉淀与热液磁铁矿的形成关系密切;矿石中主要为黄铜矿、少量斑铜矿和辉铜矿,而黄铁矿很少,总体上为黄铜矿>斑铜矿,黄铜矿》黄铁矿。在石英斑晶及各种脉系中识别出三个大类和十个亚类的流体包裹体。包裹体显微测温数据表明最高(达935℃、压力200MPa)的均一温度出现在石英斑晶中,这种由含不透明子矿物、简单多相、含硅酸盐子矿物、赤铁矿多相包裹体类型构成的具45%NaCleq盐度的多相包裹体可能代表本矿床最原始的成矿流体组成;这种成矿流体上升到3km左右、冷却到580℃左右发生沸腾,分离出超高盐度(60%～80%NaCl eq)流体包裹体和富气相包裹体,并导致大量磁铁矿的结晶和还原硫的释放,且伴随部分金属硫化物及部分金沉淀,形成早期的M、A型脉;随着温度的进一步降低和分离出的流体包裹体的聚集,在500℃～480℃之间、22～40MPa之间、深度约1.5km发生沸腾,大量释放出的硫与金属离子结合,导致了大量铜、金的沉淀,形成如B型脉等一系列脉系及浸染状的铜矿化。在450℃～400℃之间、压力20～32MPa之间、深度1.1km左右又发生了明显的沸腾事件,形成了如C型脉、S型等含铜脉系。在370℃～200℃之间、压力5～30MPa之间,包裹体以液相包裹体和多相包裹体为主,其盐度变化较大,可能是由于岩浆流体的稀释作用或少量大气降水参与循环所致,形成了D型脉及面状硅化。我们的研究结果揭示多不杂富金斑岩铜矿是主要由直接从岩浆熔体中出溶(600℃～950℃)的具高氧化性、(超)高盐度的富含成矿元素的岩浆流体形成的,是斑岩矿床系列中正岩浆端元的典型代表。     

川西甲基卡锂矿床伟晶岩结构分带及多期岩浆成矿作用

LCT(lithium- cesium- tantalum)伟晶岩的分带有两种形式,一种是单个伟晶岩脉的内部结构分带,这种伟晶岩脉通常体积巨大,内部结构显示出成分分带的特征,单一脉体中不同结构带中可能发育不同的稀有金属矿化带,例如新疆可可托海3号伟晶岩脉;另一种分带性表现为伟晶岩和成矿系统的区域分带,通常以高分异的过铝质花岗岩为中心,围绕花岗岩数以百计的伟晶岩脉显示出不同的伟晶岩类型和矿化类型,越向外围,伟晶岩的演化程度越高。区域分带内的伟晶岩单个脉体的规模不大、内部分带性差、含矿性各不相同,甲基卡锂矿就是这一类伟晶岩矿床的典型代表。对甲基卡矿区伟晶岩的野外观察发现,含Be的9号脉、含Li的133号脉和含Nb、Ta的528号脉具有相对较好的内部结构分带性,而含Li的104号脉和308号脉的内部分带性则相对较差,推测与脉体内部多期岩浆- 热液活动有关。甲基卡矿区伟晶岩脉的相互穿插现象说明,矿区存在多期次的岩浆与成矿作用。科学钻探在JSD- 2和JSD- 3两个钻孔中均发现含锂辉石的伟晶岩脉和细晶岩脉侵入在不含矿的马颈子花岗岩中,佐证了多期岩浆与成矿事件的存在。伟晶岩中不同矿物U- Pb定年结果表明,全区伟晶岩的形成至少有两期,分别发生在213~206 Ma和199~191 Ma。依据钻孔JSD- 1的研究表明,岩浆由深至浅逐步向高分异方向演化。从下向上,花岗岩与伟晶岩同步演化,花岗岩依次出现黑云母花岗岩、含白云母的黑云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩、白云母花岗岩和钠长石花岗岩,伟晶岩依次出现微斜长石型伟晶岩、微斜长石- 钠长石型伟晶岩、钠长石型伟晶岩和钠长石- 锂辉石型伟晶岩。根据不同深度伟晶岩的矿化特点,矿床的垂向分带大致划分如下：0~105 m的Li- Be- Nb- Ta矿化带;0~860 m的Be- Nb- Ta矿化带;0~1730 m的第一期Nb- Ta矿化带;1730~3170 m的无矿伟晶岩带;3170~3211 m的第二期Nb- Ta矿化带。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.