Numerical studies of neutrally stratified planetary boundary-layer flow above gentle topography

A numerical model of planetary boundary-layer flow above two-dimensional gentle topography is developed as an extension of the surface-layer model described by Taylor (1977). Comparisons are made with surface-layer predictions for flow over Gaussian hills; and the flow at various angles above hills, valleys and escarpments is modelled. Some simple case studies of the influence of gentle two-dimensional topography on pollutant dispersion are made which indicate relatively minor effects on surface pollutant concentrations in comparison with results for dispersion above a plane surface.     

Development and testing of a two-dimensional downslope wind model

A two-dimensional numerical model has been formulated, using a terrain-following coordinate system. By introducing an iterative procedure into the direct integration method, almost identical results to the more complicated implicit method were achieved. This allows much higher computing efficiency without compromising accuracy. By using the model, the effects of ground cooling rate, slope angle and limited slope length were determined. In order to test the robustness of the model, a field campaign to collect downslope wind data was conducted. Results from the two-dimensional model simulations agree well with the observed data. It is possible to derive some simple rules for the downslope wind, with ground cooling, slope angle and slope length as the principal inputs. These simple rules will undoubtedly be useful in practical situations when accurate numerical simulations are difficult to make.     

二维的大气CO2——大西洋碳循环模式

本文描述了一个二维（纬度×深度）的大西洋碳循环模式，模拟了大气和海洋间CO2的交换以及碳在海洋中的输送过程。模式在运行时使用了一个12层的三维动力学模拟的海洋环流的结果。大西洋被划分成397个网格箱，每个箱子中各种形式的碳的含量、总碱度、溶解的无机营养物和溶解氧的浓度以及几种14C(碳14)同位素的值分别得到求解。模式稳定状态的计算采用解大型稀疏线性方程组的直接解法。计算结果与“地球化学的海洋研究（GEOSECS）”的实际观测数据对比，表明模式较好地再现了实际大西洋中几种化学量的分布。     

对流边界层中公路线源扩散的Monte-Carlo法模拟

开发了一个Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ大气扩散模式且引入了一种检验随机数质量的填充二维点格的方法。通过与水槽试验资料对比,说明该模式具有较好的模拟效果。用该模式模拟公路线源的大气扩散,结果表明,高架路和一般公路的污染在地面浓度上的差异较大,而在垂直方向上差异较小。高架路引起的地面浓度值和扩散范围都较一般公路的大。垂直方向上尤其是２０米以上二者基本没有差异,浓度较大值都在５０～１００米以下。结合箱模式的思     

Turbulence modelling over two-dimensional hills using an Algebraic Reynolds Stress Expression

We carry out model studies of turbulence quantities for flow over two-dimensional hills using a non-hydrostatic version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). We test two turbulence closure models: the first one is an explicit Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model (ARSM) and the second one is a combination of the ARSM and a transport equation for the shear stress {ovuw}. Model predictions for the turbulent stresses are compared with data from a wind-tunnel experiment containing isolated two-dimensional hills of varying slope. From the comparison, it is concluded that the first model can only predict the normal stresses adequately while the second model provides satisfactory predictions for the normal stresses as well as giving an improved result for the shear stress {ovuw}.     

A two-dimensional and steady-state numerical model of the planetary boundary layer

In this paper, a two-dimensional and steady-state numerical model of the planetary boundary layer is developed. It includes the horizontal deformation of the eddy exchange coefficients and horizontal turbulence exchange. The difference between the structure of the heat island and cold island is analysed using this model.     

近四百年北半球气温变化的分析:EMD方法的应用

利用一个二维非弹性非静力的数值模式，讨论了初始扰动的尺度对于对称不稳定发展的影响。结果表明：虽然对称不稳定是β-中尺度的不稳定，但其不一定必须由β-中尺度的扰动来激发；由不同水平尺度的扰动所激发的倾斜环流有不同的特点；对称不稳定倾斜环流可能存在最小临界尺度；对称不稳定的发展存在最优扰动水平尺度，而扰动的垂直尺度对于对称不稳定的发展影响不大。     

积云酸化和冲刷过程的数值试验研究

用一组化学模式和二维时变积云模式及扩散模式相结合，研究了云和降水发展各阶段污染物浓度对云水和降水的降化影响及SO2冲刷过程的影响（侧重灵敏度试验的讨论）。     

基于模糊熵的GLLE熵阈值分割方法

图像分割是计算机视觉中基础且重要的一个问题.熵阈值图像分割作为一种有效的分割方法,被广泛应用于模式识别和图像处理中.传统的图像分割方法并不能获得足够有效的图像特征.为解决这个问题且进一步探究熵阈值在图像分割中的应用,引入一种GLLE（Gray Level and Local Entropy）二维直方图改进熵阈值图像分割模型,并提出了基于模糊熵的方法计算所建立的二维直方图模型.通过标准实验数据集上的对比实验表明,基于模糊熵的GLLE熵阈值分割方法可以得到更加准确的阈值,提高了分割精度.同时在处理不同类型图像的表现上优于往常的算法,具有更强的鲁棒性.     

Numerical simulation of a stable planetary boundary layer over the Argentine continental shelf

A two-dimensional planetary boundary-layer model is employed to simulate numerically observed temperature and humidity profiles of an airflow over the Argentine continental shelf. Predicted profiles satisfactorily agree with observed ones which are characterized by a stable boundary layer.     

数值试验中时间步长的选取

建立一个二维的海陆风静力模式来讨论时间步长的选取，发现定时间步长不宜取得太大或者太小，必须是某个适当的值。变时间步长的模拟效果要比定步长理想。时间步长越大，海风中心强度模拟值变小。     

A nonhydrostatic model for simulation of airflow over mesoscale bell-shaped ridges

This paper describes a nonhydrostatic and incompressible mesoscale model formulation using a terrain-following coordinate system. A tensor transformation procedure is used to derive a diagnostic equation for the nonhydrostatic pressure field. The model features a simplified second-order turbulence closure scheme. The two-dimensional version of the nonhydrostatic model, as well as the corresponding hydrostatic model, are applied to simulate stably stratified airflow over mesoscale bell-shaped mountain ridges. The results show that the nonhydrostatic model is capable of simulating nonhydrostatic dynamics of mesoscale lee wave systems such as the trapped wave phenomenon.     

A theoretical study on the interaction between airflow over a mountain and the atmospheric boundary layer

In this paper, a two-dimensional atmospheric meso-scale numerical model with a higherorder turbulent closure is used to investigate the interaction between the diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the airflow over a mountain of finite amplitude.     

Mathematical modeling of thermodynamic and oxygen regimes in a reservoir

A two-dimensional X-Z mathematical model of current velocity, water temperature, and water dissolved oxygen in a reservoir of complicated form is developed. The model reflects the development of stratification in the reservoir and the formation of an anoxic zone in hypolimnion.     

二维全球气候模式的发展——由对流层向平流层的扩展

采用Arakawa的σ-p混合坐标,将李维亮等人发展的一个二维全球原始方程模式由对流层扩展到平流层中层(10 hPa)。垂直分层采用等lnp方案。发展后的模式不仅在计算上具有很好的稳定性,而且能较好地模拟平均温度场、平均纬向风场和平均经向风场及其季节性变化。同时,在模式对流层之上加上平流层后改善了对流层上层环流的模拟。     

Numerical modeling of ice drift in the Sea of Azov

Considered is the dependence of the evolution of the ice drift velocity field in the Sea of Azov on the direction and duration of the impact of wind of constant intensity based on the constructed two-dimensional mathematical model.     

Simulating the Moderating effect of a Lake on Downwind Temperatures

A steady-state, two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate air temperatures and humidity downwind of a lake at night. Thermal effects of the lake were modelled for the case of moderate and low surface winds under the cold-air advective conditions that occur following the passage of a cold front. Surface temperatures were found to be in good agreement with observations. A comparison of model results with thermal imagery indicated the model successfully predicts the downwind distance for which thermal effects due to the lake are significant.     

Simulating the moderating effect of a lake on downwind temperatures

A steady-state, two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate air temperatures and humidity downwind of a lake at night. Thermal effects of the lake were modelled for the case of moderate and low surface winds under the cold-air advective conditions that occur following the passage of a cold front. Surface temperatures were found to be in good agreement with observations. A comparison of model results with thermal imagery indicated the model successfully predicts the downwind distance for which thermal effects due to the lake are significant.