CCM3大气环流模式月-季尺度预报初步试验

以1991和1994年NCEP再分析格点资料作初始场, 用NCAR气候模式CCM3进行了48次月、季预报, 针对500 hPa高度和中国降水资料对其预测能力进行了检验.结果表明, CCM3对月尺度的高度场的预报有一定的能力.对中国160站的降水距平进行月尺度和季节预报, 其准确程度可以和目前经验预报的水平相当.比较使用实际海温和用外推法预测的海温两种下边界条件所作的预报结果发现, 两者的效果差异不大.     

MM5三维变分系统在北京地区冷暖季背景场误差的对比分析

NMC方法是目前较广泛采用的一种对模式背景场误差协方差进行统计分析的一种方法。本文根据积累的2002年8月份和2003年2月份各一个月模式预报结果,采用NMC方法,计算了中尺度模式MM5V3在北京地区的冷暖季背景场误差,详细给出其气候统计特征。通过对比分析发现,背景场误差特征对于不同的模式变量、水平分辨率、垂直层各不相同,冷暖季背景场误差也有不同的特征,其差别主要表现在风场。这些特征与模式模拟区域的平均天气状况相对应,同化应该在各模式区域分别进行。MM5三维变分系统在北京地区的实际应用中,应发展根据实际季节变换背景场误差协方差矩阵的方法。     

初、边值条件对区域气候模拟的影响

利用区域气候模式(RegCM2)对1998年夏季风气候进行了模拟,并就初、边值条件对模拟结果的影响情况进行了讨论,结果表明:该模式可以较好地模拟出月际尺度的气候变化,但对降水异常的模拟还需作进一步完善.通过在几个季节采用不同初始场进行的数值模拟发现,从春季开始的积分其结果对初始场的敏感性较高,初始场的差别会对后期模拟产生明显影响.相对来说,从冬季开始的积分,其对初始场的依赖性较小,初始场的差别会在积分过程中逐渐减小,因而在利用RegCM2进行区域气候模拟时宜从冬季开始.另外,通过对采用不同侧边界嵌套方案的模拟效果进行简单讨论,发现当采用较少的缓冲区(5圈)时,海绵边界对温度、比湿及位势高度的模拟要比指数松弛及流入流出边界好,降水的模拟也要比其他方案好一些,但对风场的模拟则不如指数松弛方案.     

全球海气耦合模式系统(NIM/COAMS)Ⅰ.一种新的再分析同步耦合方案

利用NCAR CCM2十八层全球大气环流谱模式和IAP／LASG OGCM二十层全球大洋环流模式，设计了一个通量场再分析同步耦合方案FRAC（Flux Re—Analysis Coupling scheme），建立了全球海气耦合模式系统（NIM／COAMS）。利用EOF理论消除分量模式通量在海气非线性相互作用过程中产生的高频振荡，保留模式通量场的主要成分．使模式误差不致被迅速放大。模拟结果表明，积分前10a全球平均海表温度仅上升0．1℃，全球平均表面温度仅上升0．3℃，以后基本保持不变，模式没有出现明显的气候漂移，50a积分显示，模式对气候态的模拟与观测基本一致，部分结果优于未耦合模式。     

CMIP5气候模式对东亚夏季平均环流场模拟能力的评估

利用第五次耦合模式比较计划(Phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,CMIP5)提供的30个全球气候模式模拟的1961~2005年的夏季逐月环流场资料及同期NCEP再分析资料,引入泰勒图及各种评估指标,探讨全球气候模式对东亚夏季平均大气环流场的模拟能力,寻求具有较好东亚夏季环流场模拟能力的气候模式。结果表明:1)全球气候模式能够模拟出东亚夏季平均大气环流的基本特征,CMIP5模式的总体模拟能力较第三次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP3)有较大程度的提高,如CMIP5模式对东亚大部分地区夏季海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)场的模拟偏差在6 h Pa以内。2)模式对不同层次环流场的模拟能力存在差异,500 h Pa高度场的模拟能力最强,其次为100 h Pa高度场、850 h Pa风场,SLP场最弱;对东亚夏季主要环流系统的模拟对比发现,模式对印度热低压及东伸槽强度指数的模拟能力最好。3)综合CMIP5模式对东亚夏季各层次平均环流场以及主要环流系统的模拟能力,发现模拟较好的5个模式为CESM1-CAM5、MPI-ESM-MR、MPI-ESM-LR、MPI-ESM-P和Can ESM2。4)相对于单一模式,多模式集合平均(MME)模拟能力较强,但较优选的前5个模式集合平均的模拟能力弱。     

三维变分系统在我国夏季降雨预测中的应用试验

采用MM5模式及其三维变分系统(MM5/3DVAR)对我国夏季降雨进行了一个月的连续预测试验,并对试验结果进行评估.试验中首先采用"National Meteorological Center(NMC)"方法,将2005年8月的MM5模式的预测结果形成与试验区域和水平分辨率相匹配的背景误差场,并将其与全球背景误差场进行了对比分析,结果表明,采用2005年8月MM5模式预报结果生成的背景误差场的基本特征与系统提供的全球背景误差场相似,且长度尺度随着水平分辨率的提高而减小.之后,分别利用NCEP再分析资料(NCEP试验)、NCEP再分析资料基础上采用CRESSMAN方法分析观测资料(LITT试验)和NCEP再分析资料基础上采用3DVAR系统同化观测资料(3DVAR试验)形成模式预报初始场,再次对2005年8月降雨进行逐日连续预报.逐日降雨预报结果表明,相对NCEP试验,LITT试验中1 和10 mm的预报评分有明显提高,但 25 和 50 mm的预报评分却有所下降,而3DVAR试验的预报评分在10 mm以上均有明显提高.对于降雨期间的形势场预报,3个试验中,除温度场和湿度场外,其他变量场的均方根误差随高度增加而增加,但相比而言,3DVAR试验的均方根误差小于其他2个试验.3DVAR试验对降雨的明显改进,可能是因为其对与背景场信息差别比较大的反应中尺度系统的观测资料的分析结果比较靠近观测资料.     

集合降维变分同化中的初始扰动和局地化

集合降维变分同化方法ERDVar不需要求解切线性模式和伴随模式,不仅能减少同化计算量,而且能够提供“流依赖”的背景误差协方差矩阵。本文提出用NMC初始扰动生成方法和分区同化方案,来解决初始扰动样本生成问题和全球同化局地化问题,最终实现将ERDVar应用到全球中期数值预报模式T106L19。试验结果表明：①使用ERDVar方法能够有效提取真实增量信息,提高全球同化精度。②用NMC方法产生的扰动样本反映预报误差结构特征,在预报过程中不容易衰减,同化后至少使预报误差降低10%。③与全球ERDVar同化试验相比,分区ERDVar同化试验各变量平均的均方根误差降低14%,计算代价进一步降低。分区ERDVar方法和NMC样本的联合应用使同化改进效果更稳定。     

我国华东地区月尺度气候动力预测的研究:(Ⅱ) 嵌套模式的回报评估

采用数值模式方法对我国华东地区进行月尺度短期气候预测。预测框架由改进的低分辨率全球环流模式T63 L9嵌套并入了水文模型VXM的区域气候模式RegCM3构成,根据嵌套气候模式的积分结果,经剔除系统误差后制作短期气候预报。本文利用国家气候中心的评分方法对2003、2004两年的降水和地表气温回报结果作了评估;还将本系统的预报结果与CMAP降水资料、NMC温度资料及全国160站的观测资料进行了对比。结果表明,该系统可以比较稳定地对我国华东地区的降水和温度进行月尺度预测。     

GRAPES全球变分同化背景误差协方差的改进及对分析预报的影响：背景误差协方差三维结构的估计

回顾并详细推导了估计背景误差协方差统计特征的美国国家气象中心(NMC)方法及其优缺点;采用NMC方法系统地估计了新版GRAPES全球模式的背景误差方差、水平相关特征尺度和垂直相关结构,并与欧洲中心模式结果进行了比较。结果表明,目前GRAPES全球模式的背景误差方差比以前有了显著减小;水平相关特征尺度随纬度和高度有显著变化;背景误差垂直相关结构与欧洲中心模式结果非常一致,相比经验公式结果更具物理意义,同时,单点试验结果也表明,更新后的垂直相关结构产生的分析增量更合理。通过与欧洲中心模式背景误差协方差三维结构的对比,分析了不同模式间背景误差协方差的异同及GRAPES全球同化分析系统目前存在的一些不足及可能原因。为新版GRAPES全球模式的三维变分系统提供了基本的背景误差协方差的三维结构。     

全球海洋资料同化系统ZFL_GODAS的研制和初步评估试验

本研究发展了一个全球海洋资料同化系统ZFL_GODAS。该系统是一个短期气候数值预测业务系统的子系统,为短期气候预测海气耦合模式提供全球海洋初始场。系统能够同化的观测资料包括卫星高度计资料、卫星海表温度(SST)资料,以及Argo、XBT、TAO等各种不同来源的现场温盐廓线资料。系统使用的海洋模式为中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室开发的气候系统海洋模式LICOM1.0,同化方案为集合最优插值(EnOI)方案。系统使用一个由海洋模式自由积分得到的静态样本来估计背景场误差协方差。这样的基于集合样本的背景场误差协方差具有多变量协变、各向异性的特征,且能反映海洋物理过程固有的空间尺度特征。针对EnOI同化程序的特点,开发了一套特色鲜明、负载均衡、高效的并行化同化程序。本文通过与不同类型观测资料的比较,对同化系统的性能进行了评估。通过比较海表温度和海面高度的年际变率,海表温度异常随时间的变化,SST、海面高度异常(SLA)以及次表层温盐预报产品的均方根误差,5年平均温度偏差廓线、平均盐度廓线、平均纬向流速廓线等发现:系统工作正常、同化效果较好;经过同化以后,各变量都更加接近观测,误差更小,与观测场的相关性更好,可以为短期气候预测系统提供较好的海洋初始场,也可以为物理海洋学的研究提供有效的再分析资料。     

谱模式中截断方式对月长期天气预报影响的数值研究

以１９９２－０４－０１Ｔ１２（ＧＭＴ）北京国家气象中心的客观分析资料为初始场,通过对比分析ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ７）模式的月数值预报结果,研究了谱模式在不同截断方式下,水平分辨率及网格结构分地月长期烽值预报的影响。结果表明：虽然以上两模式具有相同的垂直结构,以及相近的高斯网格格点数和计算量,但由于Ｒ１５Ｌ７较Ｔ２１Ｌ７有更为合理的水平分辨率分布,具有由高纬长方形（长轴为南北向）经中纬正方形到低纬长方形     

Comparison of the climate simulated by the CCM3 coupled to two different land-surface models

We present results from a coupled atmosphere-biosphere model CCM3/IBIS (the Community Climate Model coupled to the Integrated BIosphere Simulator), which is designed to study the dynamic interactions between climate and vegetation and the global carbon cycle. We analyze the climate simulated by CCM3/IBIS with fixed vegetation conditions and we compare it to the climate simulated by the standard CCM3, which includes the LSM (land surface model) land-surface package. Important differences between the two models include simple parametrizations of lakes, wetlands and crops in CCM3/LSM not taken into account in CCM3/IBIS. CCM3/IBIS and CCM3/LSM share common biases (compared to observations) in the temperature field in boreal winter and in the precipitation field annually, making the atmospheric model the most probable cause of those biases. The models differ in the temperature field and surface energy balance in the Sahara annually and in the mid-to high latitudes from spring through fall. CCM3/IBIS simulates global annual air temperatures that are on average 1.7 °C higher than CCM3/LSM and 0.5 °C higher than the observed climatology. Differences in albedo and/or snow parametrization explain most of the Sahara and high-latitude temperature disagreement. Our sensitivity study with CCM3/LSM shows that the presence of lakes and wetlands in CCM3/LSM can account for about half of the difference in temperature in summer over the lake and wetland regions of the mid-latitudes. A second sensitivity study shows that higher surface roughness length in CCM3/IBIS can also explain part of the difference in summer surface temperature in the mid-latitudes. Surface roughness length affects the surface temperature through a feedback mechanism linking surface wind speed, planetary boundary layer height, low level cloudiness and radiation     

全球数值模式中的台风初始化Ⅰ:方案设计

由于缺少大量有效的观测资料,台风初始化对数值天气预报业务模式而言,仍然是一个悬而末决的难题.中国国家气象中心自从1996年将台风数值预报系统投入业务运行以来,一直使用经验的人造bogus涡旋台风初始化技术.实际上,不同时期的台风有着不同的环流结构,即使同一个台风在不同的生命期也具有不同的结构特征,而这些结构特征的差异并不能依靠现有的bogus涡旋技术体现出来,这种主观方法的统一性与台风在时空上的差异性形成了强烈的反差.最近,基于国家气象中心全球资料分析同化-预报循环系统,设计和发展了一套新的台风初始化业务方案,它主要由初始涡旋形成、涡旋重定位和涡旋调整3部分过程组成.相比于业务中使用的人造bogus涡旋台风初始化方案,新方案在很大程度上减少了人为因素对台风涡旋结构的影响,而更多地是依靠数值模式自身的动力和物理过程来协调约束产生三维空间的涡旋结构.应用新方案,文中对生成于西北太平洋的2006年0605号台风格美(Kaemi)进行了数值试验,初步分析表明,新方案在实现台风涡旋环流结构的初始化方面效果较好,同时,对台风格美多个时次的预报结果也显示,相比于业务使用的bogus方案而言,新方案对台风路径平均预报误差有了大幅度的降低.     

A regional climate model for the western United States

A numerical approach to modeling climate on a regional scale is developed whereby large-scale weather systems are simulated with a global climate model (GCM) and the GCM output is used to provide the boundary conditions needed for high-resolution mesoscale model simulations over the region of interest. In our example, we use the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) community climate model (CCM1) and the Pennsylvania State University (PSU)/NCAR Mesoscale Model version 4 (MM4) to apply this approach over the western United States (U.S.). The topography, as resolved by the 500-km mesh of the CCM1, is necessarily highly distorted, but with the 60-km mesh of the MM4 the major mountain ranges are distinguished. To obtain adequate and consistent representations of surface climate, we use the same radiation and land surface treatments in both models, the latter being the recently developed Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). Our analysis emphasizes the simulation at four CCM1 points surrounding Yucca Mountain, NV, because of the need to determine its climatology prior to certification as a high-level nuclear waste repository.We simulate global climate for three years with CCM1/BATS and describe the resulting January surface climatology over the western U.S. The details of the precipitation patterns are unrealistic because of the smooth topography. Selecting five January CCM1 storms that occur over the western U.S. with a total duration of 20 days for simulation with the MM4, we demonstrate that the mesoscale model provides much improved wintertime precipitation patterns. The storms in MM4 are individually much more realistic than those in CCM1. A simple averaging procedure that infers a mean January rainfall climatology calculated from the 20 days of MM4 simulation is much closer to the observed than is the CCM1 climatology. The soil moisture and subsurface drainage simulated over 3–5 day integration periods of MM4, however, remain strongly dependent on the initial CCM1 soil moisture and thus are less realistic than the rainfall. Adequate simulation of surface soil water may require integrations of the mesoscale model over time periods.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. of up to several months or longer.     

Interannual variability and expected regional climate change over North America

This study aims to analyse the interannual variability simulated by several regional climate models (RCMs), and its potential for disguising the effect of seasonal temperature increases due to greenhouse gases. In order to accomplish this, we used an ensemble of regional climate change projections over North America belonging to the North American Regional Climate Change Program, with an additional pair of 140-year continuous runs from the Canadian RCM. We find that RCM-simulated interannual variability shows important departures from observed one in some cases, and also from the driving models’ variability, while the expected climate change signal coincides with estimations presented in previous studies. The continuous runs from the Canadian RCM were used to illustrate the effect of interannual variability in trend estimation for horizons of a decade or more. As expected, it can contribute to the existence of transitory cooling trends over a few decades, embedded within the expected long-term warming trends. A new index related to signal-to-noise ratio was developed to evaluate the expected number of years it takes for the warming trend to emerge from interannual variability. Our results suggest that detection of the climate change signal is expected to occur earlier in summer than in winter almost everywhere, despite the fact that winter temperature generally has a much stronger climate change signal. In particular, we find that the province of Quebec and northwestern Mexico may possibly feel climate change in winter earlier than elsewhere in North America. Finally, we show that the spatial and temporal scales of interest are fundamental for our capacity of discriminating climate change from interannual variability.     

东亚夏季风变化机理的模拟和未来变化的预估:成绩和问题、机遇和挑战

东亚夏季风对于我国东部气候具有重要影响,呈现出多种时间尺度的变化特征。在理解东亚夏季风过去和当前的变化机理、预测和预估其未来变化等方面,气候系统模式发挥着不可替代的作用。但是当前的气候模式在东亚夏季风的模拟上尚存在诸多不足,这使得其模拟结果存在不确定性,既制约了我们对过去和当前季风变化机理的准确理解,又降低了未来预测预估结果的可信度。关于造成季风模拟偏差的原因,既涉及模式本身的性能问题,又与模拟系统的构建、强迫资料的误差、乃至我们当前对季风变化规律自身的认知水平有关。本文以时间尺度为序,从气候态、日变化、年际变率、年代际变率、长期气候变化和未来预估等季风学界关注的热点问题角度,本着总结成绩、归纳问题、寻找机遇、面对挑战的目的,从七个方面系统总结了当前气候模式的水平,归纳了其主要偏差特征,讨论了影响模式性能的可能因素。内容涉及模式分辨率和地形效应、对流和云辐射效应的作用、与季风相关的热带海气相互作用关键过程、内部变率（太平洋年代际振荡）、自然变率（太阳辐照度变化和火山气溶胶强迫）和人为辐射强迫（人为温室气体和气溶胶排放）对季风变化的不同影响、热力和动力过程及气候敏感度对季风环流（副高）和降水预估不确定性的影响等。最后从优化参数、实现场地观测和过程模拟的协同、发展高分辨和对流解析模式等角度,讨论了提升东亚夏季风模拟能力的技术途径。     

On the tropical origin of uncertainties in the global land precipitation response to global warming

Understanding the response of the global hydrological cycle to recent and future anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols is a major challenge for the climate modelling community. Recent climate scenarios produced for the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are analysed here to explore the geographical origin of, and the possible reasons for, uncertainties in the hydrological model response to global warming. Using the twentieth century simulations and the SRES-A2 scenarios from eight different coupled ocean–atmosphere models, it is shown that the main uncertainties originate from the tropics, where even the sign of the zonal mean precipitation change remains uncertain over land. Given the large interannual fluctuations of tropical precipitation, it is then suggested that the El Niño Southern Ocillation (ENSO) variability can be used as a surrogate of climate change to better constrain the model reponse. While the simulated sensitivity of global land precipitation to global mean surface temperature indeed shows a remarkable similarity between the interannual and climate change timescales respectively, the model ability to capture the ENSO-precipitation relationship is not a major constraint on the global hydrological projections. Only the model that exhibits the highest precipitation sensitivity clearly appears as an outlier. Besides deficiencies in the simulation of the ENSO-tropical rainfall teleconnections, the study indicates that uncertainties in the twenty-first century evolution of these teleconnections represent an important contribution to the model spread, thus emphasizing the need for improving the simulation of the tropical Pacific variability to provide more reliable scenarios of the global hydrological cycle. It also suggests that validating the mean present-day climate is not sufficient to assess the reliability of climate projections, and that interannual variability is another suitable and possibly more useful candidate for constraining the model response. Finally, it is shown that uncertainties in precipitation change are, like precipitation itself, very unevenly distributed over the globe, the most vulnerable countries sometimes being those where the anticipated precipitation changes are the most uncertain.     

外强迫对热带季节内振荡影响的模拟研究

应用经过修改的NCAR CCM3模式和CAM2模式进行的数值实验结果以及NCEP的GFS模式的输出结果讨论了海温等外强迫作用对热带季节内振荡的影响.结果表明,热带季节内振荡是热带大气固有的内部变率.它是由大气内部过程的相互作用决定的.但外强迫对热带季节内振荡的强度、传播方向等有明显的影响.当外强迫没有变化时,模式可以模拟出与观测近似的低频振荡.当作为外强迫的海温和太阳辐射有年内季节变化时,模式模拟的季节内振荡则明显减弱.当海温与辐射不仅有季节变化而且有年际变化时,模式模拟的季节内振荡会进一步减弱.具有长周期的外强迫还会削弱季节内振荡中东移波动的能量而增加静止波的强度.在与海洋模式耦合的状态下,模式不受来自海洋的外强迫影响,而是与海洋构成一个耦合系统,可以产生最强的季节内振荡.     

The South China Sea Monsoon Experiment(SCSMEX) Implementation Plan

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