中西太平洋金枪鱼围网技术及存在的问题

金枪鱼围网产量约占全球金枪鱼捕获量的70%,发展金枪鱼围网渔业具有广阔的前景.本文根据中鲁远洋渔业股份有限公司金枪鱼围网渔船的作业情况,分析了围网作业中的一些捕捞技术,并探讨了在发展该项目中存在的问题.     

基于贝叶斯分类器的南海黄鳍金枪鱼渔场预报模型

本文利用来自中西太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓2000-2011年的历史渔获数据和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)气候预报中心提供的海表温度最优插值数据和法国空间局(CNES)卫星海洋数据中心提供的多卫星融合高度计月合成海面高度资料,基于贝叶斯分类器,根据模型中环境因子的选取以及渔区分类策略的不同预拟了8种构建方案对2011年南海外海黄鳍金枪鱼的渔场进行分类预报,并将预报结果与实际渔场进行对比检验,比较分析不同方案对最终分类结果和精度的影响。检验结果表明,方案1-8总体精度分别为71.4%、75%、70.8%、74.4%、66.7%、68.5%、57.7%和63.7%。方案1-6在65%以上,均能够满足实际渔场预报业务化需求。采用SST和SSH双环境因子的方案均比采用单SST环境因子的方案总体精度稍高,一定程度上提高了预报精度,其中采用去除SST和SSH相关性的第一主分量作为预报因子的方案2达到了75%最高精度。采用CPUE平均值正负标准差作为节点比以33.3%与66.7%作为节点来区分高、中、低CPUE渔区的预报结果要更加准确。因此在模型筛选的基础上,选用模型方案2完成南海金枪鱼渔场渔情预报服务系统的系统实现。     

基于深度卷积嵌入式聚类(DCEC)的海洋环境特征提取对渔情预报模型的改进研究——以西南印度洋大眼金枪鱼为例

为提高大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)延绳钓渔情预报模型的预测能力,本研究提出了一种基于深度卷积嵌入式聚类(DCEC)的海洋环境时空特征提取方法,结合广义可加模型(GAM)对西南印度洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场进行预报。采用2018年1-12月0.041 6°×0.041 6°的MODIS-Aqua和MODISTerra海表面温度三级反演图像数据(以日为单位)构建DCEC模型,基于Davies-Bouldi指数(DBI)确定最佳聚类数,在此基础上提取各月海表温度(SST)的类别特征值F M;采用美国国家海洋和大气管理局网站2018年1-12月1°×1°的Chl a浓度月平均值作为辅助环境特征因子;采用印度洋金枪鱼委员会2018年1-12月1°×1°的大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据(以月为单位),计算单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE);将SST月类别特征值F M、Chl a浓度月平均值与CPUE数据进行时空匹配,构建改进GAM;采用SST月平均值、Chl a浓度月平均值与CPUE数据构建基础GAM;采用联合假设检验(F检验)验证模型解释变量对响应变量的影响;采用赤池信息准则(AIC)、均方误差(MSE)、绘制实测值和预测值的散点图并计算相关系数r,分析改进GAM相比于基础GAM的提升效果。实验结果表明:(1)基于DCEC模型提取的F M能够较好地反映西南印度洋海表温度的时空动态特征与规律,并与西南印度洋的气候条件、季风状况和水文特征等相互耦合;(2) F M相比SST平均值的因子解释率更高,对大眼金枪鱼CPUE影响更为显著,高渔获率集中在暖冷流交汇区域;(3)改进GAM相比基础GAM的AIC值降低了9.17%,MSE降低了26.7%,散点图显示改进GAM预测的CPUE对数值与实测CPUE对数值的相关性较显著,r为0.60。本研究证明了DCEC模型在海洋环境特征提取方面的有效性,可为后序大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔情预报模型的改进研究提供参考。     

基于空间自回归和空间聚类的渔情预报模型

作者针对远洋渔场渔情预报精度偏低的问题,提出一种基于空间自回归和空间聚类的渔情预报模型。该模型利用空间自回归对收集到的渔业历史数据进行预处理,然后通过空间聚类将所有数据样本根据地理位置分划成若干个区域,最后研究每个区域中环境数据与渔获数据之间的数学关系,各自建立栖息地适宜性指数模型(Habitat Suitability Index,HSI),并以印度洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)为例进行验证。结果表明,本模型的均方差为0.1742,与传统线性回归方法的均方差0.2363相比,能更好地表达海洋环境数据与渔获量之间的关系,预测精度显著提高。     

我国海洋渔业地理信息系统发展现状

详细总结了我国海洋渔业地理信息系统的研究与应用现状,远洋渔业地理信息系统主要应用于金枪鱼、鱿钓业和秋刀鱼的资源分布、渔获量与渔场环境关系、渔情预报、渔场图绘制等方面,近海主要用于分析东海渔业资源分布和漂移特征、渔场环境分布、部分种类渔获量分布与环境关系及渔情预报等方面。除渔业资源与渔场领域外,渔业地理信息系统还被应用到渔船跟踪、捕捞违法行为判别、渔业信息发布和水产品查询,以及渔港建设等领域,国内学者在进行渔业地理信息系统技术应用的同时,还注重了其技术的研究及改进。     

模糊类比分析法在渔业数值预报中的应用研究

渔业数值预报除涉及水文、气象、饵料生物量、资源幼体等的资源环境因子外 ,还要考虑经济、社会等因素。本文在分析 1987～ 1993年历史资料的基础上 ,利用资料之间的类比性 ,提出渔情预报的模糊类比分析方法 ,将预报年份与历史记录之间的多指标综合类比排序 ,得出预报值。在东海北部鲐渔情预报中发现 ,与直接估算法比较 ,该方法具有所需资料少、预报迅速合理的优点 ,而且随着历史资料的扩充 ,自身能够不断学习更新。     

西白令海狭鳕渔场与环境因子关系研究

根据2013~2018年白令海海域拖网作业的狭鳕( Theragra chalcogramma)渔获数据以及环境数据,利用GAM模型对CPUE进行了标准化,建立了三个基于不同环境因子的剩余产量模型:(1)基于SST因子的剩余产量模型;(2)基于SST和Chl-a因子的剩余产量模型;(3)基于SST、Chl-a和SSHA因子的剩余产量模型,分析了环境因子对西白令海狭鳕资源的影响。研究表明:基于SST和Ch-a因子的剩余产量模型拟合程度最好,表达式为Cm=0. 9343f-0. 0003 fm^2+0.155Tmfm +0.325 4cam fm,狭鳕资源量的变动受捕捞努力量、渔场SST以及Chl-a控制。分析认为:SST是导致西白令海狭鳕CPUE产生月间波动的最重要的环境因子,Chl-a对狭鳕CPUE也有一定的影响,而SSHA的影响则相对较小。建议将SST以及Chl-a作为狭鳕渔场分析与渔情预报研究的重要环境因子。     

基于最优化相关分析的油菜开花期预报模型研究

为了最大限度地满足政府举办特色农业旅游的需求,以高淳为例,研究分析了高淳油菜农业气象观测数据,发现油菜开花期与t≥3℃的有效积温呈极显著相关关系;进而利用最优化相关分析法,筛选出影响油菜开花期的最佳建模因子,创建了开花期气象中期预测模型以及基于环流和海面温度的开花期长期预测模型,均达到α=0.001显著水平,预报时效可提前10～30 d;经检验,三种模型的历史拟合结果和三年试报效果较好;在此基础上,试用了三种模型的复相关系数作为加权系数进行加权平均,综合集成预报效果更佳。油菜开花期预报将对公众踏青赏花和政府招商引资具有现实的意义,同时预报思路可为其他作物花期预报研究提供借鉴。     

基于海表温度和海面高度的东太平洋大眼金枪鱼渔场预测

开展东太平洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)渔场预报技术研究,建立基于多环境因子渔场预报模型,将对该资源的高效开发和利用具有重要的意义。作者根据2009~2011年东太平洋海域(20°N~35°S、85°W~155°W)延绳钓生产统计数据,结合海洋遥感获得的表温(SST)和海面高度(SSH)的数据,运用一元非线性回归方法,以渔获量为适应性指数,按季度分别建立了基于SST和SSH的大眼金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数,采用算术平均法获得基于SST和SSH环境因子的栖息地指数综合模型,并用2012年各月实际作业渔场进行验证。研究结果显示,大眼金枪鱼渔场多分布在SST为24~29℃、SSH为0.4~0.8 m的海域。指数模型较好地拟合了因子适应性曲线(P0.05)。基于栖息地指数的2012年大眼金枪鱼中心渔场预报准确性平均达63%,可为金枪鱼延绳钓渔船寻找中心渔场提供指导。     

黄东海近海区表层水温纵向预报试验——黄东海温盐预报方法研究之二

海水温度和盐度的变化与鱼类的行动和分布息息相关。当前在海洋渔业生产上广泛开展渔情预报工作,对发展海洋渔业生产,进行科学捕鱼作出了一定的贡献,而海水温、盐度的预报,往往是分析渔情,预测渔况和发布渔情预报的重要依据。本研究课题是直接为海洋渔业生产服务的,因而,我们主要选择渔汛期和渔场区进行了水温纵向预报试验。所谓纵向预报,这里是指多年同月水温序列的预报,借以同横向时间序列预报相区别。     

基于改进ConvLSTM网络太平洋长鳍金枪鱼时空分布趋势预测

渔场资源与位置的变动由空间与环境因子共同驱动,远洋渔场时空演变信息的精准预测是远洋捕捞的关键支撑。该研究考虑渔业生产统计数据,并兼顾同期海洋环境数据包括海表面温度（Sea surface temperature, SST）、海表面盐度（Sea surface salinity, SSS）、初级生产力（primary productivity, PP）和溶解氧浓度（dissolved oxygen concentration, O2）,提出了一种融合卷积长短期记忆网络（ConvLSTM）和卷积神经网络（CNN）的渔场时空分布预测模型。首先对时空因子进行编码,提取高层时空特征;其次采用CNN提取海洋环境变量的抽象特征,并基于ConvLSTM提取渔业数据的时空特征,最后融合高层时空关联信息对渔场时空演变趋势进行预测。以1995－2018年太平洋海域的延绳钓生产数据对模型进行验证,模型的根均方误差为0.1036,实验对比发现较传统渔场预报模型的预测误差降低15%~40%,预测的高产渔区与实际作业的高渔获量区匹配度高。该研究构建的渔场时空预测模型能够准确地预测出太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的时空分布,为太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的延绳钓渔业提供科学参考依据。     

Comparison of nominal and standardized catch per unit effort data in quantifying habitat suitability of skipjack tuna in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

In the western and central Pacific Ocean, upper strata waters exhibit highly dynamic oceanographic features under ENSO variability. This has been proved to be responsible for the dynamic change of both abundance and zonal distribution of skipjack tuna(Katsuwonus pelamis). Although causality has been suggested by researchers using physical–biological interaction models, cumulative evidence needs to be obtained and the tenability of assertion needs to be tested from an ecological habitat perspecti...     

The past,present and future use of drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Indian Ocean

The use of drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) has become the dominant practice in tropical tuna purse seine fishing. However, just as FADs can increase fishing efficiency, their use has been associated with several negative ecosystem impacts, and moves are being made to manage the use of FADs. In the evaluation of potential management options it is important to consider how fishers will respond to the introduction of control measures, which first requires an understanding of fishery and fleet dynamics. This paper addresses this need by characterising the past and present use of FADs in the Indian Ocean tropical tuna purse seine fishery. The paper describes historical trends in fishing practices, summarises spatiotemporal patterns in the use of FADs and establishes and attributes variation in FAD fishing strategies within the fleet. It also provides an overview of current FAD management policies in the Indian Ocean and examines the observed effects of existing measures on the behaviour of the purse seine fleet. Using this comprehensive understanding, the potential impact on the purse seine fleet of a number of plausible FAD management options are discussed and inferences are drawn for the future sustainability of tropical tuna purse seine fishing in the Indian Ocean.     

关于我国金枪鱼围网渔业发展问题的几点探讨

本文通过对联合国粮农组织公布的1989－1998年金枪鱼渔获量的分析，清晰了我国发展金枪鱼围网渔业的趋势，并着重对于围网生产密切相关的渔场选择、捕捞技术进行了几点探讨，还对开发科研工作谈了个人看法。     

海渔况信息产品的制作原理及其应用

海渔况信息产品对于渔业资源的研究、调查、预测、评估具有重要意义。利用计算机制作的海渔况图对于信息的表达一目了然,具有速度快、时效新、反应及时等特点,因此计算机制图已经成为目前海渔况信息产品的主要制作手段。论文将以《太平洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场与SST叠加分布图集》和《东海中心渔场预报图》为例,简要介绍海渔况信息产品的制作原理及其应用。     

Second-guessing uncertainty: Scenario planning for management of the Indian Ocean tuna purse seine fishery

An important task of natural resource management is deciding amongst alternative policy options, including how interventions will affect the dynamics of resource exploitation. Yet predicting the behaviour of natural resource users in complex, changeable systems presents a significant challenge for managers. Scenario planning, which involves thinking creatively about how a socio-ecological system might develop under a set of possible futures, was used to explore uncertainties in the future of the Indian Ocean tuna purse seine fishery. This exercise stimulated thinking on how key social, economic and environmental conditions that influence fleet behaviour may change in the future, and how these changes might affect the dynamics of fishing effort. Three storylines were explored: an increase in marine protection, growing consumer preference for sustainable seafood, and depletion of tuna stocks. Comparing across several possible future scenarios, a number of critical aspects of fleet behaviour were identified that should be important considerations for fishery managers, but which are currently poorly understood. These included a switch in fishing practices, reallocation of effort in space, investment in new vessels and exit from the fishery. Recommendations for future management interventions in the Indian Ocean were offered, along with suggestions for research needed to reduce management uncertainty.     

Full retention in tuna fisheries: Benefits,costs and unintended consequences

Several tuna regional fisheries management organizations (t-RFMOs) have adopted retention requirements for skipjack, bigeye and yellowfin tunas caught by purse seine vessels to reduce discards, create disincentives to catch small fish, and incentivize the development and adoption of more selective technologies. Although retention policies in the t-RFMOs have been limited to target tunas in purse seine fisheries, some have advocated for an expansion of those policies, and t-RFMOs could consider expanding retention policies to a greater number of species and/or to other gear types. This paper discusses the benefits and costs of broader retention policies for purse seine and longline tuna fisheries in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO). Using bycatch data from observers and logbooks from the U.S. purse seine and longline fleets operating in the WCPO, this paper documents the types and magnitude of fish discarded. For the purse seine fishery, this information was used to estimate direct impacts of having to off-load at the initial point of landing in key Pacific Island ports. For the longline fishery, estimates of direct impacts were limited to Honolulu and Pago Pago, American Samoa, the two primary ports where U.S. catch is landed. Expanding retention policies beyond the target tunas and to other gear types would further reduce discarding and possibly provide stronger incentives to develop and use more selective techniques. Beyond impacts to the ecosystem and fisher behavior, adopting broader retention policies may have other implications, and this paper explores those implications on vessels, processors, and communities. In general, as is the case with most direct interventions on fishing operations, there will be both benefits and costs, and the magnitude of those impacts will depend on the scope and extent of any expanded retention policy.     

Biodiversity and environmental characteristics of the bycatch assemblages from the tropical tuna purse seine fisheries in the eastern Atlantic Ocean

The impact of human activities such as fishing has been identified as a main factor in diversity loss in the open ocean. This paper studies the diversity patterns and environmental characteristics of the bycatch assemblages in Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and Free School sets (sets made on schools of tuna) from the tropical tuna purse seine fishery in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (35°W–15°E and 20°N–15°S). Data were collected from scientific observer programmes carried out between 2003 and 2011 on board Spanish and French fleets. The results showed different structure and diversity patterns of the bycatch assemblages depending on the fishing mode, with higher number of species and diversity found in FAD sets than in Free School sets. Bycatch assemblages showed preferences for specific oceanographic characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean, such as the equatorial and seasonal coastal upwelling systems, the Cape Lopez front system and the Guinea dome. The type of set and sea surface temperature play an important role to describe the diversity patterns of these species. These results confirm the importance of integrating different methods to study the marine ecosystem towards the correct implementation of the Ecosystem Approach to Fishery Management (EAFM).     

Replacing purse seining with pole-and-line fishing in the central and Western Pacific: Some aspects of the baitfish requirements

Tuna purse seining in the Pacific Islands region is the world’s largest tuna fishery. Currently some organizations are publicising the desirability of replacing at least some of the purse seining with pole-and-line fishing—a technique which requires significant quantities of live baitfish. This research was undertaken to determine the quantity of baitfish required to replace purse seining. It is estimated that to catch a million tonnes of tuna annually in the Pacific Islands region (i.e. replace the purse seine fishery) would require about 31,250 t of baitfish per year. Historical catches of baitfish suggest that catches this large may not be possible. There is also some question of the practicality and desirability of a substantial increase in baitfish harvesting in the region.