高度计波高数据同化对印度洋海域海浪模式预报影响研究

为提高海浪模式预报的精度,改善初始场是途径之一。研制了基于最优插值(OI)方法的海浪数据同化并行程序模块,并将其植入第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH IIITM,建立了印度洋海域海浪同化预报方法,使用卫星高度计波高数据进行了同化预报试验。OI模块的并行设计使得植入同化模块的海浪模式仍能以并行方式运行。文中5°S以北印度洋海域为目标区域,嵌套在WAVE-WATCH IIITM的全球网格中,使得目标区域开边界条件得到较好解决。同化数据使用Jason-2高度计测量有效波高(SWH)沿轨数据。海浪同化预报模式由大气模式WRF(Weather Research andForecasting)输出的1小时一次的海面10 m风场驱动。将同化的模式结果(SWH)、无同化的模式结果(SWH)分别与高度计沿轨数据(SWH)进行比较,表明同化改善模式预报初始场的效果是明显的。以同化初始场出发进行海浪预报试验,结果表明,高度计波高数据同化在一定程度上可改进海浪短期预报的精度。     

海流海浪耦合作用对台风浪影响的数值研究

漂浮式海上风电工程设计对波浪参数等必要环境参数提出了更高的要求。本文针对福建南日漂浮式海上风电场海域建立了高分辨率的海浪-海流耦合数值模型,研究海上风电场区水位和海流对海浪的影响。模拟结果显示,耦合模式所得有效波高更加准确,可以体现水位和流速变化对波高的影响。通过分析台风过程中的浪流耦合作用对海浪模拟结果的影响发现,浪流耦合作用对最大有效波高的影响空间分布差异明显,1307号、1319号、0908号和1617号四次台风过程中,耦合作用对工程区域最大有效波高的影响可达-1.0～1.0 m。对单点的模拟结果分析发现,流向和浪向同向时对浪高有削弱作用,反向时对浪高有增强作用。此外,浪流耦合作用对波向和谱峰周期也有明显的影响,在1319号台风过程中,波向变化可达20°,谱峰周期变化可达2 s。本文论证了采用海浪-海流耦合模式在重现海浪极值中的重要性,对海上工程设计具有参考价值。     

两种海浪模式对一次冷空气海浪场过程的模拟比较

以CCMP(Cross-Calibrated,Multi-Platform)风场为驱动场,分别驱动目前国际先进的第三代海浪模式WW3(WAVEWATCH-III)、SWAN(Simulating WAves Nearshore),对2011年3月发生在中国海的一次强冷空气所致的海浪场进行数值模拟,就冷空气海浪场的特征进行分析,并对比分析两个海浪模式的模拟效果,以期可为防灾减灾提供参考。结果表明:(1)以CCMP风场分别驱动WW3、SWAN海浪模式,可以较好地模拟发生在东中国海的冷空气海浪场过程,两个模式模拟的有效波高都具有较高精度,SWAN模拟的有效波高明显小于观测值和WW3模式的模拟值。(2)冷空气给中国海带来了明显的大风、大浪过程。整个冷空气期间,波向与风向保持了较好的一致性,且向岸效应比较明显;波高与风速的分布特征也保持了较好的一致性,海浪以风浪为主导。(3)冷空气进入渤海,相伴着出现了大风过程,但由于海域狭小,大风范围较小,大风中心的风速仅12 m/s左右,相应波高也在1.0 m左右。冷空气南下进入黄海中部时,黄海中南部大范围海域的风速在16 m/s以上,相应区域的波高在4.5 m以上,高值中心可达5.0 m以上,波向和风向都以北-东北向为主。冷空气南下行进至南海北部海域时,强度大为减弱,风速的和波高的相对大值区分布于台湾岛周边海域,尤其是台湾海峡、吕宋海峡、东沙群岛附近海域。     

台风“Megi”(2010)过程中海浪的特征及其对大气海洋的影响研究

使用海-气-浪耦合系统模拟了台风"Megi"(2010)过程中海洋与大气变化过程,重点研究了台风浪的有效波高、波周期、波向和波长等波参数的分布特征,并通过一组针对海浪的控制试验检验了海浪对台风及海洋环流的影响状况。结果表明:台风过程中的海浪有效波高最高达到了12 m以上,波高高值区域在移动方向的右前方;台风中心附近的海浪波长最长,周期最大,谱峰周期大于平均周期,谱峰波向较平均波向向右偏转了15°～20°。通过与未耦合海浪模式的控制试验对比发现,通过拖曳作用,海浪调节了海面风速的大小,使得台风后部风速减小约3～5 m/s;同时,由于海面粗糙度的增加,台风内核区域潜热通量有所增加,最大达到了15%。另外,海浪的加入加剧了海洋混合,导致了更大程度的降温,模拟值更接近实况值,同时也改变了海流的方向,影响了SST等海洋热动力状态模拟的准确性。     

MASNUM海浪模式对波数离散角度的敏感性数值实验

本研究基于MASNUM第三代海浪数值模式,利用2005年太平洋区域17个浮标的有效波高数据做检验,对海浪模式波向在12、24、36和48四种离散划分进行了数值实验。结果表明,在太平洋区域中纬度和太平洋东部地区,36个角度划分是较好的选择,而在太平洋低纬度,24个波向划分是较好的选择;冬、夏季数值模拟与检验对比表明,较好的角度划分数分别是24和36;有效波高在2.0~4.0m时,较好的波向划分数是24;有效波高小于2.0m时,24与36个波向划分数值模拟结果非常相近。而在高海况下,36个角度划分是较好的选择。上述结果均比采取波向离散12的结果有明显改进。文章认为,应使用高于12的波数离散数划分,24或36个波数角度离散划分是较好选择。     

海浪破碎对北太平洋海表面温度模拟的影响

基于海浪模式WAVEWATCH Ⅲ模拟北太平洋海浪要素,结合NDBC浮标资料进行验证,发现模拟出的有效波高与浮标测量值具有很好的一致性。基于改进型白冠覆盖率耗散模型,利用海浪模式模拟出的有效波高、有效波周期和摩擦速度等海浪要素计算出单位面积水柱内因海浪破碎产生的湍动能通量。通过改变环流模式sbPOM湍动能方程的上边界条件,引入海浪破碎产生的湍动能通量,并探究海浪破碎对北太平洋海表面温度模拟的影响。研究表明,由于海浪破碎的引入,环流模式sbPOM对北太平洋海表面温度模拟的准确程度得到提升,这为大气模式提供一个准确的北太平洋下边界条件具有重要意义。     

利用WAVEWATCH和SWAN嵌套计算珠江口附近海域的风浪场*

基于CCMP(Cross Calibrated Multi-platform)卫星遥感海面风场数据,通过将WAVEWATCH和SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore)模型嵌套的方法,数值模拟了珠江口附近海域的风浪场。将总计10个月的数值模拟的有效波高、波周期和波向分别与相应的观测值进行了定量比较。结果说明,有效波高的平均绝对误差为15.4cm,分散系数SI为0.240,相关系数为0.925;波周期的平均绝对误差为1.9s,分散系数SI为0.433,相关系数为0.636;波向的平均绝对误差为23.9°。计算的波高和波向与观测结果的变化趋势相吻合。由于第三代海浪模式本身的缺陷,导致所计算的波周期偏小。总体说来,本文所采用的数值模式能较好地模拟珠江口附近海域的风浪场。另外,还设计了6个算例以探讨采用不同的计算方法和风场对计算结果精度的影响。结果表明使用本文的数值方法和高精度的CCMP风场确实可以提高计算结果的精度。     

基于两种嵌套方案数值模拟烟台北部海域海浪的对比研究

采用第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH Ⅲ-SWAN三层嵌套以及SWAN三层自嵌套两种方式建立两套烟台市北部近岸海域的海浪数值模拟系统,利用ERA-Interim再分析风场对几次大浪过程进行后报,对比分析两种嵌套方式的模拟效果,以选取更适合烟台近岸海域海浪数值模拟的嵌套方案.结果表明:两种嵌套方案模拟的有效波高在空间分布...     

WWATCH模式模拟南海海浪场的结果分析

利用美国NOAA/NCEP环境模拟中心海洋模拟小组近年新开发的一个准业务化的海浪数值模式WAVEWATCH Ⅲ(以下简称WWATCH),以每天4次的NOAA/NCEP再分析风场资料为输入,模拟了1996年的南海海域的海面风浪场,通过分析TOPEX/Poseidon(以下简称T/P)高度计的上升和下降轨道在南海海域的交叉点位置处的风、浪观测资料与NCEP风场和WWATCH模式模拟的有效波高大小,可以看出,NCEP风场基本与T/P高度计的风速观测结果一致,相应的模式模拟的有效波高也基本与卫星高度计的有效波高观测结果相一致,但从空间上看,在计算区域中心附近海域的结果一致性较好,靠近计算边界附近海域的结果相对较差,但这种因边界而影响模拟结果的范围很有限;从时间上看,冬季风期间的结果一致性较好,而夏季风期间的结果偏小的趋势明显,并且这种偏小主要出现在夏季风期间的极小风速值附近。     

1957～2002年南海—北印度洋海浪场波候特征分析

利用ERA-40海表10 m风场驱动第三代海浪数值模式WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ,得到南海—北印度洋1957年9月至2002年8月的海浪场,并分析其波候(风候)特征.研究发现如下主要特征:(1)该海域的波高波向、风速风向受季风影响显著;(2)北印度洋大部分海域的海表风速呈显著性逐年线性递增趋势,大约0.01～0.02 m/(s·a),南海线性递增的区域则较少,有效波高呈显著性逐年线性递增的区域主要集中在低纬度中东印度洋(约0.003～0.006 m/a)、索马里附近海域(大约0.002～0.005 m/a)、南海大部分海域(约0.002～0.004 m/a),线性递减的区域主要集中在孟加拉湾海域(约-0.002 m/a);(3)Nino3指数与南海—北印度洋的海表风场、浪场存在密切的关系;(4)南海—北印度洋的海表风速与有效波高存在5.2a左右的共同周期,南海的海表风速、有效波高还存在2.0a左右的共同周期,北印度洋的海表风速、有效波高还存在26.0a的长周期震荡.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.