Improving sustainable productivity in rice-based rainfed lowland systems of South and Southeast Asia

The lowland rice-producing areas of the world may be classified first by water regime: those with a reliable and controlled external supply of water and a drainage system, theirrigated ricelands, and those depending solely on rainfall and runoff, therainfed lowlands. The latter are diverse and range from drought-prone lands to those subjected to flooding in excess of several meters during the growing season. Rice production in these areas hasn't really benefited from the technological advances that were so successful for irrigated rice, yet hundreds of millions of Asia's poorest people depend upon the rainfed lowlands for their livelihood. This paper presents a retionale for devoting resources to research for the rainfed environments of Asia, and examines the institutional context and the key constraints and opportunities for intervention. The research strategies directed towards increasing sustainable productivity in these areas are presented, including the unique challenges presented by environmental heterogeneity and variability.     

对未来防洪减灾形势和对策的一些思考

简要介绍了20世纪90年代我国大江大河的防洪形势。重点指出:河道萎缩,江河泄洪能力下降,行洪水位抬高,城市水灾突出,洪涝矛盾加重和水灾损失急剧增加的特点。探讨了防洪减灾的目标和标准,在进行防洪策略历史回顾的基础上,阐述了防洪减灾对策和基本措施方向。     

中国西北地区干旱气象灾害监测预警与减灾技术研究进展及其展望

干旱灾害是制约中国西北地区社会经济发展、农业生产和生态文明建设的重要自然灾害,而且随着气候变暖西北地区极端干旱事件发生频率和强度均呈增加趋势,影响不断加重。"中国西北干旱气象灾害监测预警及减灾技术研究"成果是在数十个国家级科研项目的支持下,经过过去20年的理论研究和应用技术开发所取得的一系列创新性成果。该成果对西北干旱形成机理及重大干旱事件发生、发展的规律取得了新认识,尤其是发现了形成西北干旱环流模态的4种主要物理途径;研制了西北干旱预测的新指标、干旱监测的新指数及监测农田蒸散的新设备,明显提高了干旱监测准确性和针对性;提出了山地云物理气象学新理论,研发了水源涵养型国家重点生态功能区——祁连山空中云水资源开发利用技术;发现了干旱半干旱区陆面水分输送和循环的新规律,揭示了绿洲自我维持的物理机制;认识了干旱气候变化对农业生态系统影响的新特征,建立了旱作农业对干旱灾害的响应关系;开发了旱区覆膜保墒、集雨补灌、垄沟栽培、适宜播期等应对气候变化的减灾技术,为西北实施种植制度、农业布局及结构调整和农业气候资源高效利用提供了科学方案。该成果的完成提升了中国干旱防灾减灾技术水平,培养了中国干旱气象科技队伍,推进了西北地区干旱气象业务服务能力,对西北地区社会经济发展、农业现代化和生态文明建设等方面起到了重要的促进作用。在此基础上,展望了西北地区干旱气象科学研究中迫切需要、有可能突破的主要领域。     

International Symposium on Flood Disaster Reduction in South-East Asia (Nov. 10–11, 1991)

International Symposium on Flood Disaster Reduction in South-East Asia (Nov. 10–11, 1991) Editorial Note:     

The role of applied climatological research in alleviating the hazardous impact of the monsoons in South and Southeast Asia

This paper surveys the extent to which the Asian Monsoon system and, especially, its hazard component have been studied from the applied climatological standpoint and seeks to draw attention to the deficiencies and inadequacies. More intensive and detailed investigations are required for providing a better basis for planning, implementing and evaluating preventive and remedial action in hazard mitigation. The main focus of the discussion is the instability of the hydro-climate which constitutes the bane of Asian agricultural economies. It is felt that the main thrust of applied climatological inquires should be directed towards instilling in decision-makers, planners, and the farming community in general, a better knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of the opportunities and challenges of the water environment as an economic constraint. In this connection, more emphasis should be placed on the manageable aspects of the atmosphere/man interaction directly or indirectly contributing towards greater hazard proneness. The role that applied climatology proposes to play should be guided more by physical-environmental and socio-economic realities rather than by mere academic dictates. Also, the need for an inter-disciplinary approach to studying the adversities of the monsoon climate cannot be over-emphasized.     

东南亚矿业及相关产业产能合作研究

东南亚地区因其重要的战略地位、丰富的自然资源、良好的发展前景、巨大的市场需求以及发展矿业及相关产业的强烈意愿成为实践"一带一路"产能合作构想的理想区域。本文以东南亚地区矿业及相关产业为切入点,综合分析了东南亚地区的经济与需求态势、资源状况、矿业及相关产业发展情况、投资环境概况。结合各国政府对基础设施以及重点发展领域和区域的具体规划进行综合分析,提出了中国与东南亚国家的产能合作构想:能源领域合作建议油气、煤炭和新能源领域,以印度尼西亚为重点;固体矿产合作以铝土矿、铜、金、镍、锡矿和钾盐为重点,主要位于印度尼西亚、老挝、越南和泰国等;基础设施建设以泛亚铁路为先,产业园区主要以印度尼西亚、马来西亚、越南等相对发达的地区为主,可建成集冶炼加工产业合作、基础设施建设合作以及工业园区建设为一体的综合优选区。     

Fish,fishing, and sea boundaries: Tuna stocks and fishing policies in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific

The distribution of various tuna species in the Pacific Ocean is bounded by the 20°C isotherm while their migrations are influenced by the major current systems and other oceanographic parameters which are here described. Tuna fisheries are important for the island nations of the tropical Pacific with Japan, the USA, Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines prominently engaged in them. The fishery relies on longline, bait-dependent pole and line and purse seining techniques. The various tuna species are among the highest priced fishery commodities vigorously entering international trade in the frozen state or canned. However, with 200 nautical mile extended economic zones now being customary international law, new patterns of resource ownership and management needs have arisen that call for enhanced international cooperation in fisheries research and in surveillance and enforcement; a discussion of possible patterns for such cooperation terminates this article.This article is a contribution of the Oceans Project of the East-West-Center, Honolulu, Hawaii     

东南亚中南半岛成矿带初步划分与区域成矿特征

东南亚中南半岛成矿带是特提斯（地中海－喜马拉雅－东南亚）洲际成矿域的重要组成部分,富含丰富的矿产资源。基于该区的地质矿产图,结合前人的研究,分别以古地缝合带和深断裂为界,将其划分为5个一级成矿省,19个二级成矿带。研究表明：①在古老陆核结晶基底区形成沉积变质型铁、铜和稀土金属矿床;②在板（断）块的结合带形成典型的与基性—超基性岩浆活动有关的铬铁和铜镍硫化物矿床;③在板内沉积凹陷区形成盐类矿床;④在造山带的各个演化阶段形成与花岗质岩浆活动有关的斑岩铜金矿床、热液型铅锌矿床、热液脉状金矿床与热液脉状钨锡矿床。研究成果不仅为从整体上认识该区的成矿规律提供了基本框架,而且为在中国西南“三江”成矿带寻找与毗邻国家类似的矿床提供了新的启示。     

东南亚中南半岛成矿带初步划分与区域成矿特征

东南亚中南半岛成矿带是特提斯（地中海－喜马拉雅－东南亚）洲际成矿域的重要组成部分,富含丰富的矿产资源。基于该区的地质矿产图,结合前人的研究,分别以古地缝合带和深断裂为界,将其划分为5个一级成矿省,19个二级成矿带。研究表明：①在古老陆核结晶基底区形成沉积变质型铁、铜和稀土金属矿床;②在板（断）块的结合带形成典型的与基性—超基性岩浆活动有关的铬铁和铜镍硫化物矿床;③在板内沉积凹陷区形成盐类矿床;④在造山带的各个演化阶段形成与花岗质岩浆活动有关的斑岩铜金矿床、热液型铅锌矿床、热液脉状金矿床与热液脉状钨锡矿床。研究成果不仅为从整体上认识该区的成矿规律提供了基本框架,而且为在中国西南“三江”成矿带寻找与毗邻国家类似的矿床提供了新的启示。     

东南亚中南半岛成矿带初步划分与区域成矿特征

东南亚中南半岛成矿带是特提斯(地中海-喜马拉雅-东南亚)洲际成矿域的重要组成部分,富含丰富的矿产资源.基于该区的地质矿产图,结合前人的研究,分别以古地缝合带和深断裂为界,将其划分为5个一级成矿省,19个二级成矿带.研究表明:①在古老陆核结晶基底区形成沉积变质型铁、铜和稀土金属矿床;②在板(断)块的结合带形成典型的与基性-超基性岩浆活动有关的铬铁和铜镍硫化物矿床;③在板内沉积凹陷区形成盐类矿床;④在造山带的各个演化阶段形成与花岗质岩浆活动有关的斑岩铜金矿床、热液型铅锌矿床、热液眯状金矿床与热液脉状钨锡矿床.研究成果不仅为从整体上认识该区的成矿规律提供了基本框架,而且为在中国西南三江成矿带寻找与毗邻国家类似的矿床提供了新的启示.     

Perspectives of Natural Disasters in East and South Asia,and the Pacific Island States: Socio-economic Correlates and Needs Assessment

The regions of East and South Asia, and the Pacific Islands are among the most-hazardprone areas in the world. Because of this, during the last century, most of the humancasualties of `natural-triggered' disasters have taken place in this region. This circumstance therefore has become a major global humanitarian concern. Another major concern, specifically for the donor agencies, is the damage sustained by infrastructure resulting from environmental disasters. These recurrent loses take away a significant proportion of the cumulative economic gains accrued from development investments over many years.Stepwise multiple regression results substantiated the fact that many of the socio-economic and demographic variables significantly influence disaster-related deaths and injuries in this part of the world. A comparative temporal analysis has shown that, over the past two decades, demographic variables have become prominent predictors of disaster-loss in South, Southeast and East Asian and the Pacific states.Many countries of the region are lagging behind in understanding and recognizing thebroader scope of disaster mitigation and management. Emerging needs and awarenessamong the decision-makers and the general public, however, have prompted institutionsin many countries to initiate a critical review of the prevailing approaches. Thecountry-specific disaster-management capacities and needs in the region vary widely.There are many differences in historical courses, institutional and administrative settings, sociocultural characteristics, as well as political and economic systems. Development of a common institutional framework for the region, therefore, seems unfeasible. Based upon a regional review, it has become clear that the research calls for improving the understanding of the significance of disaster mitigation and management in light of sustainable development and the emerging global issues. In addition, aspects of human resource development to enhance institutional mitigation and response capacities are emphasized.