三江平原毛苔草沼泽CO2排放通量日变化研究

利用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,在毛苔草(Carex lasiocarp)4个生长期(开花期、果熟期、果后营养期和立枯期),对三江平原毛苔草沼泽CO2排放通量的日变化进行了观测实验。结果表明,在开花期和果熟期,沼泽CO2日平均排放通量较大,分别为1 286.79 mg/(m2.h)和829.28 mg/(m2.h),在果后营养期和立枯期,沼泽CO2日平均排放通量较小,分别为472.54 mg/(m2.h)和237.27 mg/(m2.h);在开花期、果熟期和果后营养期,沼泽CO2排放通量的日变化与温度的相关性不明显,而在立枯期,沼泽CO2排放通量的日变化与气温和地表温度(水温)呈显著正相关(n=11,p<0.05)。各生长期的沼泽CO2日平均排放通量之间具有显著差异(n=4,p<0.01)。从整个生长季来看,CO2日排放通量与气温、地表温度(水温)、5 cm地温和10 cm地温呈显著正相关(n=40,p<0.01),与15 cm地温也呈显著正相关(n=40,p<0.05)。     

内蒙古温带半干旱羊草草原N2O通量及其影响因素

利用静态箱 -气相色谱法于 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原进行了连续 2年的野外定位试验 ,获得羊草草原原状群落与土壤N2 O年排放通量分别在 3 91～ 4 71μgm- 2h- 1以及 5 5 0～ 10 0 3μgm- 2 h- 1范围内变动 ,证明内蒙古温带半干旱羊草草原生态系统是大气中N2 O的源 ;系统分析了羊草草原N2 O通量的季节变化、源汇特征以及关键的环境因子对草地N2 O通量的影响等 ,建立了N2 O通量与环境因子间的回归方程 ;并利用两年连续完整的观测数据对羊草草原N2 O年排放量进行了估算     

胶州湾大沽河口湿地CH_4排放通量特征

利用静态箱—气相色谱法,在2009年9月15日至2010年8月15日期间,对胶州湾大沽河口芦苇(Phragmites australis)盐沼和芦苇—盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)盐沼CH_4排放通量进行了观测,对两种湿地CH_4的日排放通量、不同月份观测日排放通量和不同季节观测日排放通量特征进行了研究。结果表明,两种湿地CH_4日排放通量变化规律相同,其在夏季变化最大,在春季和秋季的变化次之,在冬季变化最小。在春季和夏季观测日,芦苇盐沼CH_4排放通量白天高于夜间,在秋季和冬季采样日,夜间CH_4排放通量高于白天;芦苇—盐地碱蓬盐沼四季CH_4排放通量都为白天高于夜间,只有冬季夜间表现为微弱的吸收。芦苇盐沼和芦苇—盐地碱蓬盐沼CH_4排放通量的最小值出现在2月15日,分别为0.016[mg/(m~2·h)]和0.008[mg/(m~2·h)],最大值出现在7月15日,分别为5.736[mg/(m~2·h)]和1.880[mg/(m~2·h)],主要原因是温度和生物量的差异所致。两种湿地不同季节观测日排放通量都为夏季最高,冬季最小。芦苇盐沼在四季的CH4排放通量都大于芦苇—盐地碱蓬盐沼,主要原因是湿地的水文特征和植物种类不同所致。芦苇—盐地碱蓬盐沼CH_4排放通量与5 cm深度土壤温度、10 cm深度土壤温度、气温和箱温都显著相关(p0.01),而芦苇盐沼的相应因子则不相关,主要原因是芦苇盐沼CH_4排放除受温度影响外,潮汐周期性波动导致的水位和盐度等环境因子也影响CH_4的排放。     

西双版纳地区稻田甲烷的排放通量

2005年,采用静态箱(暗箱)-气相色谱法对云南西双版纳热带地区单季稻田甲烷(CH4)排放进行田间原位观测。试验设置了三个处理,即无氮肥对照处理(NN)、低氮施肥处理(LN)和高氮施肥处理(HN),氮肥(尿素和复合肥)水平分别为0 kg/(N.hm2)、150 kg/(N.hm2)和300 kg/(N.hm2)。结果表明在水稻生长期CH4排放通量的季节变化峰值出现在拔节孕穗期,且只有1个典型的排放峰。NN、LN和HN处理的CH4季节平均排放速率分别为6.69±0.37 mg/(m2.h)、7.19±0.43 mg/(m2.h)和6.04±0.31 mg/(m2.h)。不同氮肥用量对CH4排放通量的影响规律不明显。各处理的CH4排放通量与温度的相关关系不同,与稻田水深均无显著的相关关系。     

闽江河口藨草湿地CH_4排放特征

用静态箱法,在2007年阴历每月(除2月和4月外)的初三或初四以及2007年7月12～13日(生长季)和12月16～17日(非生长季),分别采集闽江河口鳝鱼滩藨草(Scirpus triqueter)湿地的气体样品,利用GC-2010气相色谱仪分析样品的CH4浓度,并计算CH4排放通量.结果表明,10个月中,藨草湿地CH4排放通量涨潮前和落潮后的最大值分别出现在7月和8月,最小值分别出现在3月和1月;涨潮前和落潮后CH4排放通量变化范围分别为0.39～9.08 mg/(m2·h)和0.95～12.78 mg/(m2·h);各观测月藨草湿地涨潮前和落潮后CH4排放通量与距地表1 m气温和20 cm土温有显著的正相关关系(n=10, p<0.01),此外,涨潮前各观测月藨草湿地CH4排放通量与盐度显著负相关(n=10, p<0.05),与土壤含水量显著正相关(n=10, p<0.05);夜间的CH4排放通量总体低于白天;生长季和非生长季日变化观测中,各观测时刻藨草湿地CH4排放通量的变化范围分别为2.43～12.66 mg/(m2·h)和0.09～1.30 mg/(m2·h),潮汐是影响CH4排放通量日变化的主要因子.     

海南东寨港红树林土壤二氧化碳和甲烷排放通量研究

2013年11月至2014年10月期间,在海南东寨港红树林中的天然海莲(Bruguiera sexangula)群落和人工无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)群落区,采用静态箱—气相色谱法和LI-8100A土壤碳通量测定系统,每月6~11日,在6块采样地,分别采集气样和土样,测定了土壤理化指标,测量和估算了土壤CO_2和CH_4排放通量。在研究中,对采样点的土壤进行了4种处理,分别为去除土壤中的植物根系、去除土壤中的凋落物、去除土壤中的植物根系+凋落物、保持土壤原状,对比了4种处理下土壤CO_2和CH_4排放通量,分析影响天然海莲群落和人工无瓣海桑群落区土壤CO_2和CH_4排放通量的主要因素。研究结果显示,天然海莲群落和人工无瓣海桑群落区土壤的平均CO_2排放通量为(420.0±26.1)mg/(m~2·h),平均CH_4平均排放通量为(29.9±1.4)mg/(m~2·h),人工无瓣海桑群落区土壤的CO_2和CH_4排放通量显著大于天然海莲群落区;植物群落类型,尤其是植物根系,能明显影响土壤CO_2和CH_4排放通量,土壤表面凋落物覆盖、土壤养分含量、土壤含水量、气温和降水量都能影响土壤CO_2和CH_4排放通量。     

民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型固沙植物生殖物候对气候变化的响应

通过对民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型固沙植物多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)1974-2009年开花及结实物候的观测,结合同步观测的气象资料,分析了3种植物生殖物候特征对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:(1)研究区年平均气温、年平均空气相对湿度呈增加趋势; 年降雨量波动,变幅不大; 20世纪90年代以来蒸发量呈显著下降趋势。(2)3种植物始花期提前,花期延长; 3种植物结实始期先延迟后缩短,结实期延长; (3)3种植物生殖物候与年降雨量、气温、空气相对湿度及前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温、累计空气相对湿度之间的相关性不一致; (4)3种植物始花期与前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温、累计空气相对湿度的相关性总体上表现为大于年降雨量、年均气温、年均空气相对湿度的相关性; 除空气平均相对湿度对结实始期影响大于前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温和累计空气相对湿度外,其他与开花物候相似,表明植物开花物候和结实物候与前期气象因子有着密切的关系,尤其是物候发生前期累计气象指标。     

三江平源治泽湿地与稻田CH4排放对比研究

2001年5－10月，在三江平原对毛果苔草沼泽湿地和由沼泽地开垦后稻田的CH4排放通量进行了同步观测，三江平原毛果苔草沼泽湿地CH4排放通量范围是1．32－46．38mg/(m^2.h)，平均值为17．29mg(m^2.h).稻田的CH4 放通量范围是0．05－24．37mg(m^2.h)，平均值为6．67mg(m^2.h)，沼泽湿地CH4排放通量平均值是稻田的2．5倍，水分条件和因土地利用方式改变引起的土壤理化条件变化是导致二者的CH4排放通量产生差异的主要原因，CH4排放通量有明显的季节变化，7－8月高温期出现CH4排放高峰。     

草原土壤的碳氮含量及其与温室气体通量的相关性

通过采样分析研究内蒙古锡林流域温带草原土壤有机碳及全N的含量特征,探讨它们的含量与温室气体CO2、N2O、CH4通量的相关性。结果表明：沿470－150mm年降水梯度线，土壤表层（0－20cm）有机碳含量从2．38％递减到1．23％，全N含量从0．218％递减到0．136％，而且放牧和开垦都有使有机碳及全N含量降低的趋势；CO2通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C／N及N2O通量显著相关，N2O通量与有机碳含量、C／N及CO2通量显著相关，且CO2和N2O的通量都有沿降水梯度递减的趋势；CH4通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C／N、CO2通量及N2O通量都没有显著相关性。     

闽江河口感潮段淡水湿地CO_2排放通量对SO_4~(2-)沉降的响应

以闽江河口感潮段塔礁洲野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia L.)淡水湿地为研究对象,2015年12月—2016年10月每月小潮日定期向试验样地施加0、60和120 kg S·hm-2·a-1的K2SO4溶液,探讨闽江河口感潮段淡水湿地CO_2排放通量特征对SO_4~(2-)沉降的响应,并同步观测主要环境因子。结果表明,1)对照(CK)和2个SO_4~(2-)沉降处理CO_2排放通量具有相似的月变化动态,夏秋季节排放通量较高,冬春较低。2)除夏季60 kg S·hm-2·a-1的SO_4~(2-)输入显著降低CO_2排放通量外(P0.05),2种SO_4~(2-)处理均未显著影响河口感潮段淡水湿地CO_2排放通量(P0.05)。3)相关分析显示,不同处理下的CO_2排放通量与土壤温度显著正相关(P0.01)。     

苏北盐沼DMS、CS_2和CH_4排放通量沿高程梯度的变化

在中国东部海岸带盐沼沿环境梯度采用静态箱技术原位测定CH4、DMS和CS2气体的通量.结果表明,苏北海岸带盐沼整体上表现为CH4、DMS和CS2气体的源,其中,互花米草带(Spartina alternflora)排放率最高.CH4、DMS和CS2排放率之间的正相关关系支持DMS是甲烷生产底物的推断.高等植物地上部分是CH4、DMS和CS2气体的重要源,但植物排放这些气体的机制还不清楚.盐沼CH4、DMS和CS2气体的净排放可能与盐沼丰富的有机质含量有关,有机质为土壤微生物提供充足的碳源和能量.     

大、小潮日闽江口短叶茳芏+芦苇沼泽甲烷排放通量日变化特征

利用"静态箱-悬浮箱-气相色谱法",分别在小潮日(2010年4月4～5日和9月2～3日)和大潮日(2010年4月14～15日和9月9～10日),在闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地的中高潮滩过渡区短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)+芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽中,取样并测定了该沼泽24h的甲烷排放通量,并同步对潮水水位、温度等环境因子进行了观测。研究结果表明,不论大、小潮日,总体上,沼泽是甲烷排放源,白天的甲烷排放通量大于夜间;4月、9月的2个小潮日的甲烷排放通量分别为4.43mg/(m2·h)和8.13mg/(m2·h),2个大潮日的甲烷排放通量分别为1.39mg/(m2·h)和3.25mg/(m2·h),小潮日甲烷排放通量明显大于大潮日;大潮日,涨落潮阶段的沼泽水-气界面甲烷排放通量低于非涨落潮阶段;温度和潮水水位是控制甲烷排放通量日变化的重要环境因子。     

冬小麦水分利用效率及其环境影响因素分析

１９９６年４月～６月在华北平原采用波文比－能量平衡法测定冬小麦田蒸散和ＣＯ２通量，求取冬小麦瞬时水分利用效率。土壤湿度较低时，冬小麦瞬时水分利用效率呈Ｌ型或Ｕ型日变化，其变化范围在－０．０１９４～０．６４１４；日较差范围在０．１１３８～０．６３２１。瞬时水分利用效率早晨最高且变化迅速，白天较低且变化平缓。土壤湿度较高时，瞬时水分利用效率范围在－０．０１５７～０．１３８１；日较差范围在０．０６１６～０．１５３７，其日变化不明显。从冬小麦拔节期到灌浆期，水分利用效率白天平均值变化较大，其范围在０．０１１０～０．０５３２，日较差变化范围在０．０６１６～０．６３２１，二者均于５月中旬达到最高，之后在波动中呈下降趋势。冬小麦水分利用效率白天平均值和日较差的季节变化明显受土壤水分影响。冬小麦水分利用效率白天平均值与０ｃｍ～６０ｃｍ的有效土壤水分呈负相关，达到０．０５显著水平；与０ｃｍ～２０ｃｍ和０ｃｍ～１００ｃｍ土层土壤有效水分无明显相关关系。冬小麦瞬时水分利用效率与饱和差呈极显著负相关，达到０．０１显著水平。土壤湿度较低时二者呈幂相关关系；土壤湿度较高时二者呈线性相关，且相关系数比土壤湿度低时高。在低土壤含水量下，冬     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that co2 and N2O were generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest co2 emission occurred in August, whereas almost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a daily variation, the maximum co2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in co2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=0.86), whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables. co2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

Estimation of ground heat flux and its impact on the surface energy budget for a semi-arid grassland

Three approaches, i.e., the harmonic analysis (HA) technique, the thermal diffusion equation and correction (TDEC) method, and the calorimetric method used to estimate ground heat flux, are evaluated by using observations from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) in July, 2008. The calorimetric method, which involves soil heat flux measurement with an HFP01SC self-calibrating heat flux plate buried at a depth of 5 cm and heat storage in the soil between the plate and the surface, is here called the ITHP approach. The results show good linear relationships between the soil heat fluxes measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate and those calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method, respectively, at a depth of 5 cm. The soil heat fluxes calculated with the latter two methods well follow the phase measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate. The magnitudes of the soil heat flux calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method are close to each other, and they are about 2 percent and 6 percent larger than the measured soil heat flux, respectively, which mainly occur during the nighttime. Moreover, the ground heat fluxes calculated with the TDEC method and the HA technique are highly correlated with each other (R² = 0.97), and their difference is only about 1 percent. The TDEC-calculated ground heat flux also has a good linear relationship with the ITHP-calculated ground heat flux (R² = 0.99), but their difference is larger (about 9 percent). Furthermore, compared to the HFP01SC direct measurements at a depth of 5 cm, the ground heat flux calculated with the HA technique, the TDEC method, and the ITHP approach can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 percent, 7 percent, and 6 percent at SACOL site, respectively. Therefore, the contribution of ground heat flux to the surface energy budget is very important for the semi-arid grassland over the Loess Plateau in China. Using turbulent heat fluxes with common corrections, soil heat storage between the surface and the heat flux plate can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 to 7 percent, resulting in a closure of 82 to 83 percent at the SACOL site.     

Fluxes of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique,fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001,determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2O were generally released from the soil,while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O ranged widely.The highest CO2 emission occurred in August,whereas almost 90?of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season.But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment.During a daily variation,the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00,and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning.Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures(R^2=0.73)and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm(R^2=0.86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables.CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

THE STUDY ON LATENT AND SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER MIRE IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

Energy exchange is one of the most importantprocesses in wetland ecosystems,because it has agreat influence on temperature,water transport,plantgrowth,productivityetc.(Dennison and Berry,1989).On small scales,understanding of surface en-ergy exchange is n…     

Phenology of ten common plant species in western Saudi Arabia

The phenology of ten common desert plant species, representing the main life-forms in western Saudi Arabia, was studied in relation to air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, precipitation and soil water potential. Environmental data collected between 1989 and 1991 revealed a little year to year variation in precipitation and soil water potential. Six different patterns of phenological behaviour were detected among these species. The vegetative growth of most extended over a longer period in 1989 than in 1990, while their flowering activities were characterized by one prominent maximum. Fruiting patterns were usually parallel to flowering patterns, with maximum fruiting approximately 4–6 weeks after flowering.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠近地层湍流热通量计算方法比较研究

利用2007年8月3日至10月31日在塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站取得的大气边界层观测资料,比较了涡动相关法、波文比法和空气动力学法计算得到的湍流热通量,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量的日变化特征。结果表明：波文比法、空气动力学和涡动相关法计算得到的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地湍流热通量日变化特征是一致的,整个观测期间,空气动力学方法和波文比法计算得出的湍流通量大于涡动相关法。它们的顺序分别为,波文比法计算得出的湍流热通量最大,空气动力学方法次之,涡动相关法最小;塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量基本上以12:00时为中心,呈对称分布。净辐射、土壤热通量、感热通量具有非常明显的日变化特征。净辐射日最高值324 W·m-2出现在当地时间11:30,最小值-85 W·m-2出现在当地时间18:30;土壤热通量在12:00左右达到日最高值143 W·m-2,而20:00时出现最小值-69 W·m-2;感热通量在13:30时左右达到最高值178 W·m-2,19:00时左右出现最小值-7 W·m-2;相对于上述3个能量平衡分量,潜热通量的日变化特征不太明显。每日12:30左右出现潜热通量的最大值43 W·m-2,06:00时出现日最低值－1 W·m-2。