轻便实用的高速水龙头

针对各种水龙头的缺点,设计加工了轻便实用的高速水龙头。简要介绍了该水龙头的结构特点及其使用情况。     

反循环钻进用水龙头结构的改进

现有反循环钻进用水龙头结构采用填料密封 ,其压紧程度不易调整 ,密封性能差。新型水龙头采用浮封环O型橡胶圈和密封环支座等密封 ,并改进了结构 ,密封可靠 ,操作简便 ,寿命长 ,成本低 ,便于故障诊断。     

对某单通道水龙头的改进

单通道水龙头是XY型系列岩心钻机中的一个重要部件,起着联接胶管和主动钻杆问的腔内通道和实现动、静状态转换的功能,针对其使用中易泄漏、维修不便的问题,在原型结构的基础上进行了改进,具有泄漏维修不拆卸、密封件使用寿命长等特点,提高了作业效率。     

山区森林条件下疏松沉积物的厚度对放射性异常参数的影响

现在提出了利用不同的参数来定量评价放射性异常的远景。这些参数有:测到的γ放射性的极大值,晕的含矿性和放射性异常的延拓。在所有的情况下,评价的可靠性取决于在代表性层面上进行的普查工作的可靠性。确定代表性层位埋深的一个因素是疏松沉积层的厚度。在山区森林的分水岭和山坡地区,疏松层的厚度一般为0.5至5.0米。由于所研究的各种山区森林的地形占有的面积为总面积的30—70%,所以评价疏松沉积物的厚度对用放射性测量γ     

盐矿物的红外吸收光谱

红外吸收光谱是各种化合物的最重要的特征。根据化合物的红外吸收光谱,研究各种物质的结构和成分,已是重要的现代方法之一。随着仪器的不断改进和样品制备技术的日益完善,红外光谱在矿物学研究的应用上日趋广泛。不同的矿物有着不同的红外吸收光谱。单个矿物红外光谱的唯一性是鉴定矿物的主要依据。在光谱的红外区域被矿物吸收的射线的波长与晶体中分子或原子间的振动有关。     

整体下水道修复的有效措施

本文的目的是提供介绍减少降雨派生的渗漏和流入的努力有效评估方法及目前的一些修复项目的结果。方法的解释是为那些准备和考虑对于修复结果的流量数据进行评估的人作为一个引物。方法的讨论范围从基本的线综述到风暴数据的评估及控件的使用。成为修复计划或是考虑实际工程的应用及他们的并发症。结果来源于被呈现的降雨派生的渗漏和流入的峰值的缩减范围从14％到61％及降雨派生的渗漏和流入的体积缩减范围从42％到70％的7个修复项目和阶段。     

一种TOC分析中的特殊技术——VITA的介绍

在热催化高温燃烧TOC分析中，我们所面临的最棘手的问题是如何避免气体流速的波动对检测结果的影响。而影响气体的流速有下列因素：①由于高温燃烧，短时间所产生的气体的快速蒸发；②由于样品基体的不同，所产生的流速的变化；③由于管路上堵塞所引起的流速的变化；④催化剂形状的变化，所引起的流速的变化。     

含不同半径孔洞的颗粒体模型的力学行为数值模拟

本文通过编程建立了非连续介质(颗粒体材料)模型,采用FLAC软件模拟了静水压力条件下不同半径的巷道围岩中的剪切应变增量、最小主应力及最大主应力的分布规律。研究表明,随着孔洞半径的增大,呈圆环形的剪切应变增量与最小主应力的高值区的圈数、呈辐射状的最大主应力的高值区的延伸范围及剪切应变增量的最大值都呈先慢后快的增长趋势。模型中最大的拉应力接近于在模型四周所施加的压应力,而最大的压应力约为所施加的压应力的5～10倍。模型内部的剪切应变增量、最小主应力及最大主应力的分布是高度不均匀的。具有较高的差应力的位置与具有较高的剪切应变增量的位置具有很好的一致性。     

试论矿田断裂地球化学

构造地球化学这株刚萌芽的幼苗正以其强大的生命力引起国内外地质工作者的重视.构造地质学是研究地壳运动规律的科学;地球化学则是研究组成地壳的化学元素——原子运动规律的科学.十分明显,这种宏观的岩块、地块的运动与组成它们的基本单位——原子的微观世界的运动之间必然存在着密切的内在联系.我们可以看到,世上的超基性岩都沿深断裂带分布;火山岩都出现在地壳的某些活动区;与岩浆活动有关的内生金属矿产大多和地壳一定的构造带息息相关,如智利、赞比亚和乌拉尔的铜矿带和我国南岭的稀有-有色金属矿带部是引人注目的例子.即使在一个矿床的形成过程中,不同的构造阶段亦常有不同的元素富集,而且这种构造-岩浆-矿液的发展演化往往具有十分明显的规律性.这些现象并非偶然的巧     

新世纪地球科学视野中的新技术和新方法(代序)

从科学发展战略的角度 ,讨论了新技术、新方法在地球科学中的应用。新世纪的地球科学在新技术、新方法的应用方面呈现出鲜明的时代特色 ,即观测范围的扩大与观测能力的增强 ,多学科观测的海量数据的积累与地球观测系统的整合 ,不断增强的挑战非线性复杂地球系统中的预测问题的能力。特别是 ,作为地球观测系统的整合的“数字地球”和作为地球过程的模拟工具的高效并行计算 ,将在地球系统科学的发展中发挥重要作用。从方法论的角度 ,文中特别指出 ,只有掌握新技术、新方法的人对新技术、新方法有正确的理解 ,并具有创新性的思维 ,新技术、新方法才能发挥其应有的效能。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

悬板开孔对排沙漏斗流场特性的影响

排沙漏斗的水沙分离性能取决于其流场特性,为了弄清楚悬板开孔对流场特性的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术和数值模拟方法,分别对悬板溢流段和非溢流段同时均匀布孔、仅在非溢流段布孔和无孔时的排沙漏斗流场特性开展研究。结果表明：①布孔位置不影响涡流性质但影响其强度,均匀布孔时涡流强度最小,不利于水沙离心分离;②无孔和仅在非溢流段布孔时的流场特性有利于泥沙径向输移、沉降和排出,均匀布孔径向速度和二次流流速减小不利于泥沙输移和排出;③仅在悬板非溢流段布孔时悬板表面速度大于其他方案,泥沙不易淤积于悬板。为减少悬板上的泥沙淤积量且同时要保证较高的泥沙截除率时可采用仅在悬板非溢流段布孔的方案优化悬板体型。     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997