岩石多次全过程压入硬度的测试试验

介绍了在ＭＴＳ８１５型岩石力学试验机上配置专用夹具和平底圆柱压模后成功地进行岩石表面多次全过程压入破碎试验的情况,分析了这种试验方法与传统的单次压入硬度测试法相比在反映岩石破碎过程特征、表征岩石压入硬度方面所具有的优点。最后邮进一步研究应解决的几个问题。     

基于岩石损伤本构的破碎比功评价模型研究与应用

由于钻头上的牙齿在油气井中是连续破碎岩石的,而传统破碎比功仅能评价牙齿单次加载的破岩效率,不能评价和预测牙齿二次加载及连续加载的破岩效果。基于ANSYS自定义损伤本构的二次开发,建立了试验和仿真的二次破碎比功和总破碎比功模型。选用单齿单次压入破岩工况,结合试验和理论计算验证了损伤本构模型和数值仿真方法的正确性,最后利用二次开发的损伤本构模型对单齿一次、二次和连续总的破碎比功进行了分析。结果表明,基于损伤本构的破碎比功评价模型能够准确地预测二次破碎及连续破碎的效果,且随着载荷增加破碎比功缓慢下降,与单齿一次破碎比相比,在同一处的二次破碎及连续两次破碎的破碎比功将分别减小约80%和60%。     

岩石压入硬度试验的简易方法

一、迴转钻进时岩石硬度概念迴转钻进时确定岩石可钻性的最主要因素一般认为是岩石的硬度和研磨性。其理论与实践依据是：第一、现用迴转钻进碎岩工具以硬质合金、金刚石作为钻头齿刃，钻进过程依赖压入—剪切、压裂—压碎的作用；细粒孕镶金刚石钻头以磨削破碎岩石。如果把磨粒放大，也和前者的破碎岩石作用相仿。十分明显，一般较坚硬的岩石总是比较软的岩石难以钻进，也就是钻进速度较低。     

岩石压入硬度及其在坑探工程中的应用

为了探讨压入硬度与点载荷强度之间的关系及利用压人硬度预估冲击钻凿岩石可钻性的可能性，采用2种不同直径的压模，在39种岩石中进行了史氏压入硬度试验，同时还进行了不规则岩样的点载荷试验及风动凿岩机的钻速测定。     

最小钻压与岩石压入硬度的试验研究

维持孕镶金刚石钻头的正常钻速,需给钻头施加一个最小钻压。该钻压值随岩石压入硬度值的提高而增大;随钻头转速的提高而增加。通过对13种岩石的测试和同归计算,得出了最小钻压随压入硬度变化的表达式: P_(min)=44.3168+0.2633H_y     

一种测定岩石硬度的新仪器 摆球硬度仪

“硬度”一般是指一种物体抵抗另一种物体压入或刻入的能力。测定矿物普遍采用莫氏硬度,测定金属常用肖氏、罗氏和布氏硬度等。测定物体硬度的方法很多,但到目前为止对于测定岩石的硬度还缺乏一种完善的方法,特别是通过测定岩石的硬度来确定岩石级别的问题,更是急待研究的一个问题。我所宋信琮同志,在总路线的光辉照耀下,破除了迷信,创造了一种摆球硬度仪,现已试制成功。用这个仪器测定的硬度和岩石按可钻性的分级有着一定的关系,特介绍如下：     

岩石材料史氏硬度标准测试影响因素敏感性分析

在油气工程领域,岩石史氏硬度是刻画地层抗钻特性,优化钻头和钻井工艺的重要技术参数。然而,目前史氏硬度测试缺乏统一的测试方法和标准,各种测试因素对结果的影响不明确,导致各实验室的硬度测试结果缺乏可比性。本研究以有机玻璃,水泥及露头砂岩3种材料为例,综合密度、波速、CT图像、史氏硬度测试等多个角度探讨了标准测试样品的选取、制备及物理力学特性的评估过程,并开展了史氏硬度测试敏感性分析。结果表明,岩性类型控制着压入曲线形态、史氏硬度值及压入破坏特征;史氏硬度测试结果还受试样尺寸、加载速率、压头直径、压痕点位置等因素的显著影响,硬度值与试样尺寸、加载速率呈正相关关系,但与压头直径呈负相关关系;压痕点位于样品中心一点比位于边缘点时测试的硬度值更高。此研究深度探讨了史氏硬度测试结果稳定性与准确性所依赖的核心因素,研究成果有助于推动岩石硬度测评与分级标准的建立。     

冲击作用下岩石破碎比功理论分析及模糊预测模型

从岩石破碎机制分析出发,通过建立岩石破碎比功模态,确定破岩机具结构尺寸、岩石力学特性和破岩工艺三类对岩石破碎比功有影响的参数。引入模糊逻辑法,将上述参数作为模糊逻辑分析的输入变量,岩石破碎比功作为模糊逻辑分析的输出变量,建立用于预测岩石破碎比功的预测模型。将该模糊预测模型应用于某工程实例,通过对比模型所得结果与工程实践中的真实岩石破碎比功,该模型所得结果与工程实践中的真实值比较接近,预测模型设计合理,模糊推理规则能够表达工程实践,在给定输入变量的情况下,该模型可有效预测岩石破碎比功这一重要特征参数。     

用VB程序求解岩石的压入硬度与塑性系数

介绍了一种用ＶＢ程序求解岩的压入硬度和塑性系数的方法。压力和位移的值通过常规的岩石压入硬度计测得。该方法免去了传统人工求解的繁杂过程,精度高,结果可靠。     

压头压入时声发射图像与岩石破碎机理关系的探讨

为研究压头压入时声发射图像与岩石破碎过程的关系，采用6种脆性和塑性岩石进行了试验。试验得到的声信号频率和平均幅度的图像表明：较硬的脆性岩石的压入破碎过程可分为微裂纹和微孔隙闭合、弹性变形，以及破碎后等五个阶段；而对于较软的塑性岩石则难以划分破碎阶段。另外还发现岩石压入硬度与声发射的峰值平均幅度有良好的相关关系。这种关系可能用来预测岩石可钻性。     

Estimation of Rock Cuttability from Shore Hardness and Compressive Strength Properties

Summary Shore hardness has been used to estimate some mechanical and physical properties of rocks for many years. This study differs from previous studies in a way that it is directly oriented to rock cuttability. Two Shore hardness values (SH ₁ andSH ₂) and a coefficient of deformation value (K) have been measured for 30 different rock samples. In the first stage of the study, optimum specific energy values for 16 different rock samples obtained from full-scale cutting tests were correlated with the Shore hardness values of the same rock samples changingSH ₁ values from 9 to 66 andSH ₂ values from 25 to 83, with deformation coefficient values changing from 26 to 195. In the second stage, the performance of a roadheader used in the Kü?üksu (Istanbul) tunnel was recorded in detail and the instantaneous cutting rate of the machine was determined. Then, the relationship between Shore hardness values, deformation coefficient and the instantaneous cutting rate of the machine was determined for different formations encountered. It is concluded that there is a relationship between Shore hardness values, optimum specific energy and compressive strength, which may be used to estimate the rock cuttability and the instantaneous cutting rates of roadheaders within certain limits of reliability.     

Predicting the Performance of Chain Saw Machines Based on Shore Scleroscope Hardness

Shore hardness has been used to estimate several physical and mechanical properties of rocks over the last few decades. However, the number of researches correlating Shore hardness with rock cutting performance is quite limited. Also, rather limited researches have been carried out on predicting the performance of chain saw machines. This study differs from the previous investigations in the way that Shore hardness values (SH₁, SH₂, and deformation coefficient) are used to determine the field performance of chain saw machines. The measured Shore hardness values are correlated with the physical and mechanical properties of natural stone samples, cutting parameters (normal force, cutting force, and specific energy) obtained from linear cutting tests in unrelieved cutting mode, and areal net cutting rate of chain saw machines. Two empirical models developed previously are improved for the prediction of the areal net cutting rate of chain saw machines. The first model is based on a revised chain saw penetration index, which uses SH₁, machine weight, and useful arm cutting depth as predictors. The second model is based on the power consumed for only cutting the stone, arm thickness, and specific energy as a function of the deformation coefficient. While cutting force has a strong relationship with Shore hardness values, the normal force has a weak or moderate correlation. Uniaxial compressive strength, Cerchar abrasivity index, and density can also be predicted by Shore hardness values.     

Stress fields and subsurface crack propagation of single and multiple rock indentation and disc cutting

Summary Indentation stress fields of one- and two-point loads applied on an ideal elastic half-space are presented. Laboratory observations, although few, are in surprisingly good agreement with long median and cone-type tensile cracks predicted by normal principal stresses. Results indicate that simultaneous loading by multiple indenters offers a possibility partly to control the direction and length of such cracks. This suggests the development of new cutter configurations with a possible increase in efficiency, as compared with present rock boring and rock cutting practice. A simple fracture mechanics calculation of the length of subsurface cracks is performed by applying indentation fracture studies of ceramics. Results demonstrate the influence of material parameters such as fracture surface energy, hardness and elastic constants.     

Improved discrete element modeling for proppant embedment into rock surfaces

Brinell indentation tests were performed on Montney siltstone, and the results were compared with discrete element indentation simulations that use the micro-parameters calibrated using compression test data from the same siltstone samples. The simulated proppant indentation into the rock surface can be 15% less than the laboratory measurements. A lower effective particle–particle modulus and thus a lower Young’s modulus are needed in discrete element models for proper simulation of indentation. An equation to find the appropriate value of Young’s modulus for indentation simulation is proposed using Brinell indentation tests including 198 laboratory tests and 32 discrete element simulations. This equation can improve the prediction of Young’s modulus and thus the particle–particle effective modulus for indentation simulations to match the measured force–indentation depth curve in the laboratory. Using the improved micro-parameters, a parametric analysis of the influence of rock Young’s modulus and proppant particle size on proppant embedment was performed. An equation to estimate Brinell hardness as a function of Young’s modulus and closure stress was derived. A practical procedure was developed to predict proppant embedment from the estimated hardness. The predictions agree with the laboratory measurements in a case study on the Montney Formation.

     

全断面岩石掘进机滚刀最优刀间距计算公式研究

基于剪切与张拉破岩机制,提出拉剪综合失效机制假设;建立了非协同切削与协同切削体积模型,推导了协同切削模式的滚刀比能耗理论模型;通过离散元仿真得到滚刀侵入岩石裂纹长度与贯入度的映射关系;推导出滚刀最优刀间距理论公式;以全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）回转切削试验台为基础,水泥模拟料为切削对象,通过多次压痕试验得到滚刀贯入度和岩石裂纹长度的趋势曲线,验证了仿真结果;通过滚刀滚动破岩进行了12组不同贯入度与刀间距的物理切削试验,统计滚刀做功与岩石破碎体积,拟合得到比能耗关系曲线,验证了最优刀间距理论公式的结论。研究表明：TBM滚刀最优刀间距计算公式综合考虑了岩石特性与滚刀结构特性,适应性较广泛;刀间距超过滚刀协同工作距离时,滚刀破岩以剪切破碎为主;刀间距小于2倍岩石裂纹长度时,张拉破碎的影响更加明显;随着贯入度的增加,最优刀间距逐渐增大,而最优滚刀间距S与贯入度P之比（S/P）值则逐渐减小。     

金刚石岩心钻探压力的探讨

从孕镶钻头金刚石出刃与分布、岩石抗压强度和压入硬度及碎岩机理等方面对孕镶金刚石钻头给进压力的确定方法进行了分析探讨，提出综合碎岩机理，确定钻进行压力的计算方法和公式。     

Performance Prediction of Large-Diameter Circular Saws Based on Surface Hardness Tests for Mugla (Turkey) Marbles

Surface hardness tests such as Shore hardness (SH) and Schmidt hammer rebound hardness (SR) may provide a quick and inexpensive measure of rock hardness, which may be widely used for estimating the mechanical properties of rock material such as strength, sawability, drillability and cuttability. In the marble industry, circular sawing with diamond sawblades constitutes a major cost in the processing. Therefore, several models based on the relations between hourly slab production (P _hs), rock surface hardness (SH and SR) and mineral grain size (S _cr) were developed using the data obtained from field and laboratory measurements on five different marbles quarried in the Mugla Province of Turkey. The models which include surface hardness and crystal size may as well be used for the prediction of sawability (hourly slab production) of carbonate rocks using large-diameter circular saws.     

巴东组岩石能量耗散规律的实验研究

岩石变形和破坏可以看作能量耗散和释放的过程,基于巴东县城西壤坡库岸巴东组岩石压缩实验数据,利用岩石能量学分析理论,分析了巴东组岩石能量的耗散规律,并探讨了巴东组岩石的破坏模式和库岸斜坡失稳机制。结果表明:(1)压缩试验得到了4类破坏模式,其中楔形剪-张破坏模式的平均能耗最大、沿弱面剪切破坏的能耗最小; (2)峰值前外荷输入能(E1)、峰值前岩块损伤能(ED)及单位长度裂纹耗能率均表明,巴东组岩石在垂向上硬度不均。在构造作用下,岩体内部广泛发育顺层滑脱带; (3)硬度高的岩石常表现为脆性破坏,破裂时能量耗散速度快。硬质岩斜坡在破坏前所集聚的弹性能,远大于破坏时所需的破裂能,易发生剧烈滑动; (4)在矿物成分变化处,巴东组岩石能量分析的各项指标表现出明显的波动,灰质高的岩石强度相对于黏土质高者的强度大。研究成果对于解释巴东组岩石强度特征和巴东城区内滑坡的失稳模式具有参考意义。