湖南津市黄牯山第四纪泥砾混杂堆积成因探讨

湖南省津市黄牯山发育一套泥砾混杂堆积,前人曾认为属冰川成因。近年笔者对该套堆积的沉积层序、结构组成、横向变化、砾石组构与表面特征等作了详细考察,发现堆积中下细上粗的层序特征,砾石扁平面的优选定向,沿层理经差异风化和磨蚀所形成的假"冰川擦痕",由壳状裂口经磨蚀、圆化所形成的凹面石,沉积体短距离内的相变,以及周边仅有低矮丘陵的地貌背景等,表明泥砾混杂堆积为泥石流产物,而不是冰川成因。     

泥石流堆积特征及其斜坡稳定性评价

以往对泥石流的研究多集中在活动泥石流及其危害方面，边坡稳定性评价中，常据泥石流堆积体边坡看作均质边坡。通过对川西山区若干典型泥石流堆积边坡的研究，划分了泥石流的堆积类型，发现泥石流堆积边坡并非一种完全均质边坡，而是一种具有控制性沉积结构面的堆积边坡，并论述了不同类型泥石流堆积边坡的控坡要素及其边坡稳定性。     

西安翠华山古崩塌性滑坡体的沉积特征及其形成过程

西安翠华山风景地貌由古崩生滑坡体高速运行堆积而成,堆积体存在一些反映其运动和动力状况的沉积特征,将崩塌性滑坡体的平面堆积体划分出５个平面相带;中央相带、边缘相带、抛掷相带、气浪溅泥相带和特殊的残留相带,各带有不同的沉积特征,反映出调整运动中的崩塌式滑坡体动力过程和沉积过程在平面上分布的差异,通过研究该古积物的粒径变化、砾石组构和沉积结构、构造的差异,认为该崩塌式滑坡体在运动和沉积过程,存在前后部位     

云南东川蒋家沟宽级配砾石土原位渗透试验初步研究

土体的渗透试验是研究滑坡转化泥石流起动过程和机理的重要研究手段。选择泥石流典型流域——云南东川蒋家沟的泥石流源地土体和堆积土体进行原位土体渗透试验。由于宽级配砾石土的与众不同的特征，表现出特殊的渗透特性。通过试验发现：1．泥石流源地土体的渗透特性的原位渗透系数依次由大到小顺序为林地→耕地→灌丛→荒地→滑坡前缘；2．有表层的堆积土体的渗透性比去除了表土层的渗透性小得多；3．堆积土体的侧渗性很大。结合蒋家沟径流与人工降雨实验，发现在宽级配砾石土体中渗流出的浑水中有许多细颗粒土体，可以认为宽级配砾石土体的渗流不同于一般的渗透，其伴随有细颗粒土体的运移，随时间发展土体渗透性在空间上和时间上都在不断变化。     

北京大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇的特征及其演变过程

北京山区由于山坡陡峻、构造发育、岩体破碎,加上气候条件,泥石流灾害的发生较为频繁.密云县是北京山区泥石流高发区,冯家峪镇则是密云县泥石流发生最多的区域.密云县冯家峪镇西白莲峪历史上发生多次泥石流,其流域自然地理条件复杂、泥石流堆积形态多样,大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇具有一定的代表性.研究泥石流堆积特征及其演变过程,以期丰富北京山区泥石流基础资料,同时对完善泥石流灾害防治的危险区区划有所裨益.在收集当地泥石流发生历史资料的基础上,详细的调查了西白莲峪大烂碴沟的自然地理状况和泥石流堆积物的特点.大烂碴沟上游沟谷剖面呈"V"形,切割明显,地形坡度一般在32.以上,而下游沟谷剖面呈"U"形.从泥石流形成的年代和冲刷痕迹推测,"U"形沟谷为泥石流冲刷形成.整个流域成扇形,泥石流形成区面积为0.58 km2,流通区面积为0.09 km2.大烂碴沟流通区沟道极短,这样,形成区汇集洪水到达流通区后,严重冲刷沟谷坡脚,破坏基岩的稳定性,造成两岸岩石滑坡、崩塌和沟床岩石的整体性搬运,从而形成泥石流.流域出口处有泥石流扇形堆积体,砾石含量较多.采用野外调查和室内实验结合的方法对大烂碴沟泥石流的堆积物特点进行研究,具体如下:(1)地貌特征:采用野外量测与填图的方法,主要调查堆积扇的部位及其地形、沟道比降与宽度,堆积物外部形态等.(2)结构组成:主要有颗粒级配、岩性组成、砾石排列与分选性、堆积物的结构与构造特征,以及粒态、擦痕、砾石包裹情况,大漂砾粒径、堆积位置与排列等颗粒特征.砾石的调查通过在沟道内随机选取一定数量的砾石进行abc长度和倾向调查.以上参数通过现场观测、测量取得.选定泥石流堆积区典型部位Ⅰ和Ⅲ,通过挖圆形探坑,取出全部颗粒.将颗粒直径大于10 mm的大颗粒筛出,称重,将剩余颗粒1 kg左右带回实验室分析.粒度分析的主要方法为:平均粒径比中值能更正确地反映碎屑颗粒的集中趋势,按福克和沃德的平均粒径的表达式Mx:φ16 φ50 φ80/3判别碎屑颗粒的集中趋势;采用由福克和沃德提出的标准偏差σ=φ84-φ16/4 φ95-φ5/6.6判别颗粒大小的均匀程度;采用福,克和沃德的偏度公式:SK1=φ16 φ84 2φ50/2(φ84-φ16) φ5 φ95-2φ50/2(φ95-φ5)判别粒度分布的不对称程度;峰度是用来衡量粒度频率曲线尖锐程度的,也就是度量粒皮分布的中部与两尾端的展形之比,采用福克和沃德提'出的峰度公式KG=φ95-φ5 φ80/2.44(φ75-φ25)判别.在查阅历史资料和堆积物调查的基础上,本文对大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇的发育和演变过程进行了分析.研究结果表明,该区泥石流堆积扇的形成受到初次水石流和二次粘性泥石流两种泥石流形成过程的影响,水石流形成堆积扇主体,粘性泥石流则起到显著改变堆积扇形态特征的作用.大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇的演变过程和特征明显受到大烂碴主沟和西白莲峪主沟水流的影响.从外部特征来看,堆积扇可以分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ四个区,其中Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ区表现为二次泥石流堆积特征,Ⅳ区表现为初次泥石流堆积特征.两次泥石流形成过程中固体物质的运动方式、搬运距离和侵蚀强度不同,其堆积扇在不同分区的沙砾粒径、排列方向和圆度也反映出两次泥石流的形成特征.该研究结果对今后进一步探讨北京山区泥石流形成机理和运动过程以及为北京山区泥石流防治制定有效措施提供了科学依据.     

泥石流拦砂坝坝前沉积与坝基扬压力实验研究

泥石流在坝前堆积固结的过程发生泥石流浆体中固体颗粒沉降和孔隙水压力消散,它直接影响了坝基扬压力大小和变化,对坝体稳定性造成影响。本文通过自制实验模型装置模拟不同密度泥石流作用在坝前的沉积渗透过程,观测不同密度泥石流坝前沉积特征和浆体细颗粒沉降速率,并通过水压传感器测得坝前沉积底部孔隙水压力和坝基扬压力随沉积时间的变化过程,最后结合不同密度泥石流沉积特征分析了泥石流沉积过程对扬压力衰减过程的影响。研究结果表明:稀性泥石流沉积过程中具有明显的颗粒分选性,且浆体细颗粒沉降速率与泥石流密度表现出线性负相关性;泥石流沉积底部孔隙水压力随沉积时间呈指数衰减趋势,拟合指数函数系数与上部浆体细颗粒沉降速率满足线性正相关性;沉积过程中坝基扬压力与坝前沉积底部孔隙水压力具有相同的对数衰减趋势,两者呈线性正相关性。本研究着眼于拦砂坝扬压力产生机制,研究了泥石流坝前颗粒沉积和水力扩散过程对坝基扬压力变化过程的影响,为拦砂坝扬压力计算提供了新的视角,具有一定的工程和理论意义。     

论现代泥石流沉积岩石学特征

泥石流堆积扇是由山前向邻近河谷低地延伸的一种由粗细混杂碎屑物组成的扇形堆积体,它代表陆源沉积体系中分选性最差的近源单元。泥石流堆积扇常出现在干旱、半干旱地区以及有丰富冰碛物或火山碎屑物供给的山区,其发展速度之快为一般山洪成因堆积体所不及。由于过去对泥石流沉积岩石学研究很少,把山麓地带的无分选性、粒径悬殊和粗粒碎屑散布在细粒基质中或细粒物质填充在粗粒碎屑空隙中的陆源沉积物笼统地归属于混杂堆积(diamictons),目的是为了避免对研究不深的沉积物勉强作成因上的解释,这本身就说明各类混杂堆积在成因类型上是容易混淆的。近10年来,世界上许多沉积学家开始把注意力转向泥     

藏东南泥石流沉积区植物群落结构和物种多样性特征

藏东南是我国泥石流灾害分布最集中,危害严重的区域之一,泥石流堆积扇广布。泥石流沉积区植被恢复是生物治理泥石流和生态恢复措施的重要内容,也是高寒区生态恢复关注的焦点。对林芝县扎西岗、鲁朗定位站和芽依3个不同年代形成的泥石流沉积区植物群落结构和物种进行了多样性调查,结果表明:植物群落结构与泥石流发生的年限、所处的海拔和发生的强度有密切关系。泥石流沉积区植物群落主要为云南沙棘+云南锦鸡儿+蕨麻萎陵菜群落、糙皮桦+高丛珍珠梅+西南草莓群落和糙皮桦+云南锦鸡儿+西南草莓群落组成,包含糙皮桦、云南锦鸡儿等29种植物。泥石流沉积区形成时间越长,群落物种多样性水平有下降趋势,群落优势度C值有一定程度的提高。泥石流沉积区植物群落层次多样性表现为一般草本层多样性水平较高,乔灌层较低。乔灌草均匀度指数Jsw值略大于草本层。泥石流暴发时间过长或过短,Jsw值较小。优势度C值与丰富度指数Ma值呈负相关性,与泥石流沉积区形成时间呈正相关系。     

初论堰塞湖溃坝沉积相特征

堰塞湖溃坝类型包括冰川、冰碛,火山和多种块体地貌(滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等)过程,而溃坝堆积相的种种特点以后者所造成的最具代表性。堆积体平面展布范围大(几平方公里~几十平方公里),剖面规模也大(高几十米),层次(层理)和结构全剖面均一,无超大的砾石;微观上有部分泥石流堆积特点,显示是高密度流,搬运介质是水。堆积体很少细砂和粘土物质。在平面上可划分出:扇顶(上游)、扇中(中游)、扇缘(下游)等微相。     

震区砾石土泥石流起动临界状态与力学性状

虽然汶川震区的松散砾石土历经近10年的自然固结过程,坡面植被恢复良好,但灾后持续活跃的泥石流等地质灾害告诉我们,了解这类因地震产生的砾石土的力学性状,仍然是理解灾区地质灾害肆虐的最重要的方面之一。本文以汶川县映秀镇牛圈沟泥石流源区的砾石土为研究对象,采用人工水槽模型试验与三轴测试,观察泥石流起动时砾石土的宏细观现象,分析粗细颗粒含量变化对砾石土干密度的影响,并从临界状态土力学角度,探讨了泥石流起动时砾石土的力学性状,提出砾石土临界状态数学表达式。结果表明:(1)泥石流起动时间、模式与初始干密度密切相关,其过程伴随着干密度和孔隙比的变化;(2)细颗粒迁移与粗细颗粒含量调整引起土体内部细观结构重组是干密度与孔隙比变化的主要原因;(3)相同级配的砾石土在等同围压条件下排水剪切,会近似达到一个临界孔隙比;(4)砾石土力学性状可根据其状态参数(e,p')与e_c-p'平面临界状态线的相对位置来判断;(5)砾石土边坡在降雨淋溶下失稳形成泥石流,坡体内同时存在剪胀与剪缩两种力学性状,且以剪胀为主。本文研究成果一方面能对泥石流起动机理的理论体系进行完善与补充,另一方面能为震区砾石土泥石流的防治预警预报提供初步依据。     

CHANGES IN ICE-MARGIN PROCESSES AND SEDIMENT ROUTING DURING ICE-SHEET ADVANCE ACROSS A MARGINAL MORAINE

Advance of part of the margin of the Greenland ice sheet across a proglacial moraine ridge between 1968 and 2002 caused progressive changes in moraine morphology, basal ice formation, debris release, ice‐marginal sediment storage, and sediment transfer to the distal proglacial zone. When the ice margin is behind the moraine, most of the sediment released from the glacier is stored close to the ice margin. As the margin advances across the moraine the potential for ice‐proximal sediment storage decreases and distal sediment flux is augmented by reactivation of moraine sediment. For six stages of advance associated with distinctive glacial and sedimentary processes we describe the ice margin, the debris‐rich basal ice, debris release from the glacier, sediment routing into the proglacial zone, and geomorphic processes on the moraine. The overtopping of a moraine ridge is a significant glaciological, geomorphological and sedimentological threshold in glacier advance, likely to cause a distinctive pulse in distal sediment accumulation rates that should be taken into account when glacial sediments are interpreted to reconstruct glacier fluctuations.     

Debris-covered Glaciers and Rock Glaciers in the Nanga Parbat Himalaya, Pakistan

The origin and mobilization of the extensive debris cover associated with the glaciers of the Nanga Parbat Himalaya is complex. In this paper we propose a mechanism by which glaciers can form rock glaciers through inefficiency of sediment transfer from glacier ice to meltwater. Inefficient transfer is caused by various processes that promote plentiful sediment supply and decrease sediment transfer potential. Most debris‐covered glaciers on Nanga Parbat with higher velocities of movement and/ or efficient debris transfer mechanisms do not form rock glaciers, perhaps because debris is mobilized quickly and removed from such glacier systems. Those whose ice movement activity is lower and those where inefficient sediment transfer mechanisms allow plentiful debris to accumulate, can form classic rock glaciers. We document here with maps, satellite images, and field observations the probable evolution of part of a slow and inefficient ice glacier into a rock glacier at the margins of Sachen Glacier in c. 50 years, as well as several other examples that formed in a longer period of time. Sachen Glacier receives all of its nourishment from ice and snow avalanches from surrounding areas of high relief, but has low ice velocities and no efficient system of debris removal. Consequently it has a pronounced digitate terminus with four lobes that have moved outward from the lateral moraines as rock glaciers with prounced transverse ridges and furrows and steep fronts at the angle of repose. Raikot Glacier has a velocity five times higher than Sachen Glacier and a thick cover of rock debris at its terminus that is efficienctly removed. During the advance stage of the glacier since 1994, ice cliffs were exposed at the terminus, and an outbreak flood swept away much debris from its margins and terminus. Like the Sachen Glacier that it resembles, Shaigiri Glacier receives all its nourishment from ice and snow avalanches and has an extensive debris cover with steep margins close to the angle of repose. It has a high velocity similar to Raikot Glacier and catastrophic breakout floods have removed debris from its terminus twice in the recent past. In addition, the Shaigiri terminus blocked the Rupal River during the Little Ice Age and is presently being undercut and steepened by the river. With higher velocities and more efficient sediment transfer systems, neither the Raikot nor the Shaigiri form classic rock‐glacier morphologies.     

Hydrodynamic interpretation of a boulder berm and associated debris-torrent deposits

The hydrodynamic environment associated with a boulder berm is reconstructed from the geometry and sedimentology of the berm and associated debris-torrent deposits. Berms may result from a variety of hydrodynamic scenarios but in this instance the berm was associated with flow separation downstream of an abrupt change in channel morphology. Sediment fabric analyses are summarized particularly as eigenvalues and these data compared with the fabric of debris flows and clear-water gravel deposits. Although data are few, the eigenvalue results can be interpreted consistently as reflecting a transition between the end members of a sediment fabric continuum.The value of detailed studies of berm geometry and sedimentology is discussed with reference to their hydraulic significance. This latter aspect is important for palaeo-discharge reconstruction of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows.     

泥石流的结构两相流模型:Ⅱ.应用

本文应用泥石流的结构两相流模型对各类泥石流的运动机理进行探讨,并成功地解释了泥石流运动中的一系列特殊现象,如可能出现的颗粒浓度“上大下小”型分布、泥石流垂线速度的“反Ｓ”型分布、泥石流中颗粒脉动速度分布变化的特殊性、泥石流的输移特性以及在一定条件下出现的“流核”现象,等等。模型计算结果得到了实验资料的验证。     

A morphometric analysis of gullies scoured by post-fire progressively bulked debris flows in southwest Montana, USA

In the fall of 2001, an intense thunderstorm in southwest Montana triggered many debris flows in the burned area of Sleeping Child Creek. In most instances, the debris flows cut deep gullies into previously unchannelized colluvial hollows and deposited large volumes of sediment onto the valley floor. The presence of rill networks above the gullies as well as the absence of landslide features indicate that the gullies were scoured by progressively bulked debris flows, a process in which dilute surface runoff becomes increasingly more laden with sediment until it transforms into a debris flow. In this contribution, we present a morphometric analysis of six of the gullies to better understand this relatively understudied process. We find that the locations of the rill heads and gully heads conform to slope-area thresholds that are characteristic of erosion by overland flow. Our data also suggest that the volumes of the debris flows increase exponentially with normalized drainage area, thus lending support to an assumption used in a recently proposed debris flow incision law. Finally, the debris flow fans have been relatively unaltered since deposition, suggesting that the valley may be currently aggrading while the hillslopes are being denuded.     

与泥石流有关的现象和名词

科学名词总是与学科发展相关的 ;新兴学科也总是存在各种名词问题。在泥石流研究中 ,每一个名词几乎都牵涉到若干不同的现象和过程 ,特别是某些通常认为属于滑坡的现象 ,在物态性质和运动特征上很难与我们所描述的“泥石流”截然分开。这一方面产生了不同程度的混乱 ,另一方面却使我们从名词的一些关联看到现象的联系 ,也就为未来提出确切的名词和定义提供了一些借鉴。     

Nature and origin of corrugated ground moraine of the Des Moines lobe,Story County,Iowa

Corrugated ground moraine in Story County, Iowa consists of low relief (1–2 m) ridges which most commonly consist of late Wisconsinan till. The average spacing between ridges is about 105 m, and they generally parallel the configuration of the Bemis Moraine, the terminal moraine of the Des Moines glacial lobe. Till fabric (pebble orientations and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility), facies variations and landform fabric analyzed at three sites in typical corrugated ground moraine landscape near Ames in Story County, Iowa indicate that at sites 1 and 2 the ridges consist of till probably deposited by lodgement. At site 3, two ridges consist of till and massive to cross-bedded sand. Till at site 3 is also probably lodgement till. The nature of the till and related glaciofluvial sediments at each site suggests that the corrugation ridges formed in basal cracks or crevasses in the Des Moines Lobe. The cracks are postulated to have formed during extending flow of the Des Moines lobe as it advanced toward its terminal position. Retreat of the Des Moines lobe was rapid enough to preclude significant accumulations of supraglacial sediment upon corrugated ground moraine.     

高位滑坡的运动转化形式

高位滑坡剪出口高于坡脚,它一旦滑离滑坡发生区,运动可能转化成四种形式:1.崩塌:由滑体经分级解体滑过剪出口处依次向前倾倒而成;2.碎屑流动或3.碎屑滑动:由滑动块体经碎屑化而成;4.泥石流:在适当的细粒物质量和水体条件下生成的碎屑流动。     

The genesis of the northern Kettle Moraine, Wisconsin

Interpreting past glacial dynamics from the glacial record requires that the depositional environments of glacial sediments and landforms be understood. In the case of interlobate deposits, models that incorporate various components of pro, supra and subglacial deposition have been developed and tested in the northern Kettle Moraine (nKM), Wisconsin; a large interlobate deposit that formed between the Green Bay and Lake Michigan lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. In this paper, we interpret a new genesis for the nKM using sediment analysis and distribution along with landform distribution. In Sheboygan County, the nKM consists of two steep-sided, high-relief, hummocky ridges separated by a low elevation and low-relief central axis. Gravel in the bounding hummocky ridges is well-sorted and well-rounded. Some bedding is collapsed. Large, isolated moulin kames are restricted to the axis area and composed of relatively poorly sorted, more angular gravel and diamicton. The distribution of these different sediments and landforms are explained by the accumulation of supraglacial debris that insulated the ice below the axis of the nKM, while the melting of cleaner ice on either side formed channels on the ice surface. As deglaciation proceeded, a substantial thickness of well-rounded, stream-deposited sand and gravel accumulated on ice in the bounding channels. Eventual collapse of this sediment formed the two hummocky ridges. Poorly sorted debris along the axis fell and slid into moulins and larger collapse areas in the ice. Thus, differential debris insulation and ice ablation controlled the mainly supraglacial deposition of this part of the nKM.