海潮负荷对不同地区GNSS基准站的定位影响分析

针对在不同位置地区进行高精度卫星导航定位中会受海潮负荷大小的影响,该文通过GAMIT/GLOBK对山东省、湖南省区域的国家GNSS基准站数据进行了解算,并分别对基线解结果、测站定位结果进行了分析探讨。结果表明,海潮负荷对整体测站的定位均有不同程度的影响,在U方向影响较大,且海潮负荷对近海区域的测站定位影响为对内陆地区测站影响的3～4倍;且海潮负荷造成影响不仅与基线长度有关,而且与基线端点的所处位置有关,近海地区测站相对内陆地区测站所受海潮负荷影响更大。因此,在解算国家站数据时,应当加入海潮负荷改正,尤其单独解算沿海测站时。     

海潮负荷效应对我国及周边IGS站的影响

针对近海区域海潮变化复杂且海潮负荷效应显著,而全球海潮模型在近海区域精度较低的问题,该文提出了将全球海潮模型NAO.99b和区域模型osu.chinasea.2010相结合,分析海潮对中国大陆及周边地区IGS站的影响。使用GAMIT软件解算IGS站实测数据,通过海潮负荷计算软件SPOTL对解算结果进行改正,并对改正效果进行对比和分析。结果表明,海潮负荷对中国及周边区域站点的影响主要体现在垂直方向,对一些站点的影响可以达到厘米级;海潮负荷对站点坐标的改正效果明显,特别是日本的种子岛站改正效果接近30%;站点改正效果从沿海到内陆逐渐减弱。     

海潮改正模型对GPS基线的影响

利用GAMIT软件解算了2011年前200天国内9个IGS站的数据,解算时考虑采用未加入和分别加入4种不同的海潮改正模型等情况,对4种不同海潮改正模型在基线分量上的影响进行了比较,说明了不同模型对GPS基线的影响差异较小;并对含沿海地区GPS测站和只含内陆地区GPS测站的基线进行了分析,结果表明含沿海地区GPS测站的基线比只含内陆地区GPS测站的基线受海潮改正模型的影响大;最后重点采用功率谱分析了海潮改正对GPS基线分量影响的周期,得到其3个方向的变化周期。     

GPS/BDS-3基线解算中海潮模型的影响分析

为了分析全球定位系统/北斗三号(GPS/BDS-3)长基线解算中海潮模型的影响,该文采用常用的NAO.99b、FES2004、FES2014海潮模型,分别对BDS-3和GPS基线解算进行标准化均方根误差(NRMS)、基线重复率和均方根误差对比分析。通过中国周边17个MGEX站7 d数据测试表明：加入海潮模型后GPS/BDS-3的NRMS值均有提升,GPS基线重复性略优于BDS-3,均达到10^-9;NAO99.b、FES2004、FES2014海潮模型对BDS-3内符合精度在N、E方向上提升不明显,U方向上分别提升6%、8.5%、9%,外符合精度在E方向上提升19%、23.8%、28.8%,在U方向上提升6.5%、5.5%、8%;GPS内符合精度提升不明显,外符合精度在N方向上提升1%、11.9%、12.2%,在E方向上精度相当,在U方向上提升2.3%、4.1%、5.1%。     

海潮负荷对江苏CORS高精度测量的影响

江苏连续运行参考站网络(JSCORS)是数字江苏基础设施之一。它能够提供高精度、高时空分辨率、高效率和高覆盖率的全球导航卫星系统综合信息服务。针对JSCORS高精度测量的影响误差之一海潮负荷进行了研究。利用CRS4.0和FES2004两种海潮模型得到的结果表明,海潮负荷对JSCORS基线X方向和Z方向的位移影响要小于Y方向,其值与台站位置和基线长度有关;且两种模型间的改正值较差,在X方向最大值为1mm,Y方向为0.5mm,Z方向则只有0.2mm,这在利用JSCORS高精度测量中是必须考虑的。     

不同海潮模型对东南极沿海地区GPS基线解算的影响

在高精度GPS数据处理中,海潮的影响是一个不可忽略的因素。利用GAMIT软件解算2011年东南极沿海地区中国中山站及其周边6个IGS站的GPS数据,对比分析了FES2004、DTU10、EOT11a、GOT4.7、HAMTIDE11a、OSU12以及TPXO7.2等7个全球海潮模型在不同测站的海潮负荷差异,比较了海潮负荷对于GPS基线解的影响。结果表明,海潮负荷对GPS基线解的影响与测站所处位置及基线方位有关,达到cm级,相对影响达到10^-8,因此,在高精度的GPS基线解算中必须考虑海潮的影响;但选用不同海潮模型对东南极沿海地区GPS基线解算的差异可忽略不计。     

不同海潮模型对闽海潮负荷位移估计的影响

针对新型海潮模型对区域海潮负荷位移估计的影响分析不足的问题,该文依托福建省基础地理信息中心A级GNSS网,基于八大系列全球海潮模型的最新版本和区域海潮模型NAO99Jb,分析了不同海潮模型对福建地区海潮负荷位移的影响,并利用验潮站数据评定了海潮模型在当地的适用性.结果表明,海潮模型的差异主要集中在台湾海峡两岸,而在湄洲湾以北至浙江沿海一带,M2分潮的STD甚至超过30 cm;海潮模型差异主要影响海潮负荷位移的垂向分量,平均影响程度基本是水平分量的3倍;福建地区M2、S2、N2、K1和O1等分潮负荷位移的最大差异可达亚毫米至毫米级,且各分潮负荷位移的STD随着离海距离增大按负指数函数规律减小,海潮模型差异仅对近海50 km内的地区影响较大;FES2014b在闽台附近海域精度最高,是福建地区海潮负荷位移估计首选的海潮模型.     

一种CORS基准站整周模糊度解算方法

利用CORS基准站坐标精确已知,根据各种双频线性组合观测方程,探讨了一种长基线整周模糊度快速解算方法,详细介绍了其解算原理,逐步推导了计算公式。最后通过CORS站实例,数据计算分析结果显示,其方法可快速、准确地确定整周模糊度值。     

连续运行参考站自动化系统的关键技术

简述国内外连续运行参考站建设状况以及广泛的应用，描述连续运行参考站自动化系统的功能设计、结构与软件设计、数据自动传输、系统报警和远程监控等多种关键技术，为今后设计和建设连续运行参考站提供了依据。     

卫星定位连续运行参考站质量检验技术分析

全球导航卫星系统连续运行参考站是国民经济和国防建设基础设施,对于组网后的系统而言,参考站的建设是系统能够提供有效、准确的服务基础,其建站质量决定系统质量。针对参考站建设成果质量检验研究的不足,文章以国家级全球卫星导航定位连续运行参考站(CORS)的检验为研究对象,对检验的关键技术进行探讨研究,旨在为各级CORS参考站建设成果质量检验提供参考,并在一定程度上为相关检验标准的制定提供依据。     

Validating ocean tide loading models using GPS

Ocean tides cause periodic deformations of the Earths surface, also referred to as ocean tide loading (OTL). Tide-induced displacements of the Earths crust relying on OTL models are usually taken into account in GPS (Global Positioning System) data analyses. On the other hand, it is also possible to validate OTL models using GPS analyses. The following simple approach is used to validate OTL models. Based on a particular model, instantaneous corrections of the site coordinates due to OTL are computed. Site-specific scale factors, f, for these corrections are estimated in a standard least-squares adjustment process of GPS observations together with other relevant parameters. A resulting value of f close to unity indicates a good agreement of the model with the actual site displacements. Such scale factors are computed for about 140 globally distributed IGS (International GPS Service) tracking sites. Three OTL models derived from the ocean tide models FES95.2.1, FES99, and GOT00.2 are analyzed. As expected, the most reliable factors are estimated for sites with a large loading effect. In general, the scaling factors have a value close to unity and no significant differences between the three ocean tide models could be observed. It is found that the validation approach is easy to apply. Without requiring much additional effort for a global and self-consistent GPS data analysis, it allows detection of general model misfits on the basis of a large number of globally distributed sites. For detailed validation studies on OTL models, the simultaneous estimation of amplitudes and phases for the main contributing partial tides within a GPS parameter adjustment process would provide more detailed answers.     

CORS 基准站的稳定性分析与研究

CORS 系统作为地理空间框架的重要基础设施,需向用户提供精确的三维定位服务。CORS 系统基准网自身的稳定性是确保系统正常运行的关键。以广州CORS网为例,简要介绍了基准站网稳定性分析的流程,主要包括：数据整理准备、基线解算、平差计算、稳定性分析等,并最终得到可靠的分析成果。结果表明了该方法的可行性,对后续稳定性分析工作具有一定的指导意义。     

海潮及大气荷载改正在连续运行基准站网（CORS）稳定性监测中的影响分析

北京市CORS网络是由多家单位共建、共享的GNSS综合应用服务系统,随着连续运行基准站系统应用领域的不断发展和在一些高精度监测领域的应用,其稳定性越发显得重要。本文简要介绍了基准站网稳定性监测流程,包括基线的精密解算、秩亏网平差、拟稳分析,并最终得到可靠的监测成果。文章重点讨论了海洋潮汐、大气荷载对区域GPS基线应用GAMIT软件精密解算的影响,并对基线数据和坐标结果进行了分析,对后续稳定性分析工作具有一定的指导作用。     

Assessing the accuracy of predicted ocean tide loading displacement values

The accuracy of ocean tide loading (OTL) displacement values has long been assumed to be dominated by errors in the ocean tide models used, with errors due to the convolution scheme used considered very small (2–5%). However, this paper shows that much larger convolution errors can arise at sites within approximately 150 km of the coastline, depending on the method used to refine the discrete regularly spaced grid cells of the ocean tide model to better fit the coastline closest to the site of interest. If the local water mass redistribution approach is implemented, as used in the OLFG/OLMPP software recommended in the IERS 2003 conventions, OTL height displacement errors of up to around 20% can arise, depending on the ocean tide model used. Bilinear interpolation only, as used in the SPOTL and CARGA softwares for example, is shown from extensive global and regional comparisons of OTL displacement values derived from the different methods and softwares to be more appropriate. This is verified using GPS observations. The coastal refinement approach used in the OLFG/OLMPP software was therefore changed in August 2007 to use bilinear interpolation only. It is shown that with this change, OTL displacement values computed using OLFG/OLMPP, SPOTL and CARGA invariably agree to the millimetre level for coastal sites, and better than 0.2 mm for sites more than about 150 km inland.     

基于Gamit数据解算的CORS站点稳定性监测研究

CORS系统一般由多个连续运行参考站建立,它维护着区域控制测量框架和基准,因此对参考站本身的稳定性分析十分重要.由于CORS系统的参考站间距多在40 km以上,常规的GPS数据处理软件难以解算相关数据.以宁波市CORS站点为例研究利用Gamit软件进行CORS站点的稳定性监测.     

An estimate of the errors in gravity ocean tide loading computations

The error contributions within the ocean tide loading (OTL) convolution integral computation were determined to be able to estimate the numerical accuracy of the gravity OTL values. First, the comparison of four OTL programs by different authors (CONMODB, GOTIC2, NLOADF and OLFG/OLMPP) at ten globally distributed gravity stations using exactly the same input values shows discrepancies between 2% and 5%. A new program, called CARGA, was written that is able to reproduce the results of these programs to a level of 0.1%. This has given us the ability to state with certainty the cause of the discrepancies among the four programs. It is shown that by choosing an appropriate interpolation of the Green’s function, refinement of the integration mesh and a high-resolution coastline, an accuracy level of better than 1% can be obtained for stations in Europe. Besides this numerical accuracy, there are errors in the ocean tide model such as a 1% uncertainty in the mean value of the sea-water density and the lack of conservation of tidal water mass, which can produce offsets of around 0.04 μgal.     

A comparison of GPS, VLBI and model estimates of ocean tide loading displacements

In recent years, ocean tide loading displacements (OTLD) have been measured using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). This study assesses the accuracy of GPS measurements of OTLD by comparison with VLBI measurements and estimates derived from numerical ocean tide models. A daily precise point positioning (PPP) analysis was carried out on ∼11 years of GPS data for each of 25 sites that have previous OTLD estimates based on data from co-located VLBI sites. Ambiguities were fixed to integer values where possible. The resulting daily estimates of OTLD, at eight principal diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal frequencies, were combined to give GPS measurements of OTLD at each site. The 3D GPS and VLBI measurements of OTLD were compared with estimates computed (by convolution with Green’s functions) from five modern ocean tide models (CSR4.0, FES2004, GOT00.2, NAO99b and TPXO6.2). The GPS/model agreement is shown to be similar to the VLBI/model agreement. In the important radial direction, the GPS/model misfit is shown to be smaller than the VLBI/model misfit for seven of the eight tidal constituents; the exception being the K2 constituent. Fixing of GPS carrier-phase ambiguities to integer values resulted in a marginal improvement to the GPS/model agreement. Statistically, it is shown there is no significance to the difference between the fit of the GPS and VLBI measurements of OTLD to modelled values. Equally, differences in fit of either the complete set of GPS or VLBI estimates to the five sets of model-derived values cannot be identified with statistical significance. It is thus concluded that, overall, we cannot distinguish between GPS and VLBI measurements of OTLD, and that at the global scale, present ocean tide models are accurate to within the current measurement noise of these techniques.     

The gravitational effect of ocean tide loading at high latitude coastal stations in Norway

Gravity measurements close to the ocean are strongly affected by ocean tide loading (OTL). The gravitational OTL effect consists of three parts, i.e. a change in gravity caused by direct attraction from the variable water-masses, by displacement of the observing point due to the load, and by redistribution of masses due to crustal deformation. We compare the OTL gravitational effect of several global models to observed time-series of gravity to identify the best model for four arctic observation sites. We also investigate if the global models are sufficient for correcting gravity observations. The NAO99b model fits the observations best at three stations. At two stations (Tromsø and Bodø) the global models explain the variability in the observations well. At the other two (Honningsvåg and Andøya), a significant periodic signal remains after the OTL correction has been applied. We separate two of the gravitational effects, the direct attraction and the change in gravity due to displacement, to study the local effects. Simple geometric models of the water load and independent measurements from local tide-gauges are used to calculate these effects. This leads to improved correspondence with the OTL signal, hence demonstrating the importance of careful modelling of local effects for correction of gravity observations in coastal stations.     

江苏省CORS系统解算中IGS基准站选取的研究

本文针对江苏连续运行参考站网(以下简称江苏CORS)数据处理中IGS基准站的选取问题,简要介绍了数据处理软件GAMIT,探讨了选取IGS基准站的方位分布对基线解算结果U方向的影响以及IGS站数量的选取对江苏CORS网解算精度的影响.通过实验证明,在本文给出的GAMIT解算策略下,选择北半球较高纬度的IGS基准站与江苏C...