基于钻孔数据的多层DEM矿体模型建立与研究

为了建立多层DEM矿体模型,实现矿体逼真的三维可视化,使矿体的体积和土方量计算更为准确,利用宝日希勒露天矿钻孔数据,建立钻孔数据库,并对建模方法进行分析和研究,选择基于不规则三角网的层面建模方法,通过逐点插入法建立各个层面三角网,采用局部法对断层进行处理,按照矿体的空间顺序建立矿床实体模型,在建立宝日希勒露天矿体层面模型的基础上,采用C#和AE技术,实现钻孔数据的查询、放大、缩小等功能。     

露天矿采场时空数据模型的构建与应用

以地理信息系统技术为核心,建立露天矿采场时空数据库,通过构建采场的时空数据库,动态描述露天矿生产的剥、采、排过程,为露天开采的规划、设计、生产调度管理的优化预控决策提供全方位的空间信息支持。提出考虑台阶特征的不规则三角网（TIN）的露天矿采场三维建模理论与方法,采用基于基态修正和时间快照模型构建露天矿采场时空数据库,通过地理信息系统和虚拟现实技术,实现开采过程的回放和生产计划的超前演示,为数字露天矿建设构建基础的地理空间信息框架与平台。     

全站仪自由设站法在露天矿开采、剥离、施工测量中的方法探索

露天矿采场开采随着采掘工作的进展,露天矿中大部分的地形、地貌经常性地变化;而设在露天矿采场上的测量工作控制点经常被破坏。为了满足露天矿采场开采过程中对测量工作的要求;采用全站仪自由设站法,完善了露天矿采场掘进、施工放样,需要不断的补设测量工作控制点的应用;摸索出一种全站仪自由设站法应用于露天矿采场开采过程中建立工作控制点的方法;进行了理论上和实践上的试验,达到了预期精度效果,解决了全站仪自由设站法在露天矿采场进行测量工作控制点补充的测量方法问题。     

无人机摄影测量等效边坡模型建立及稳定性分析

以某露天矿边坡为研究对象,通过无人机对边坡低空摄影测量快速获取大量地形影像数据,基于SFM-MVS算法建立边坡高精度数字高程模型;基于Monte-Carlo理论构建能充分反映岩体节理分布特征的随机节理网络;最终通过3DEC软件建立等效边坡数值模型,采用强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析,实现了含节理岩质边坡模型的快速准确建立。该研究发挥了无人机摄影测量高效、便捷、高精度获取地形信息的优势,结合现场节理测量,快速建立三维等效边坡模型,实现边坡稳定性及时、快速、准确的分析,研究成果对复杂工况下露天矿边坡稳定性分析具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

基于测量机器人的露天矿边坡位移监测系统

随着露天矿的不断开采,矿山边坡处于不稳定状态,严重威胁着矿山人员的安全。为保障安全生产,文章结合鞍山市某露天矿边坡位移监测项目,以TM30测量机器人为研究对象,建立边坡监测系统:由监测网、测量机器人系统、数据处理及预警系统组成,比传统全站仪提高了工作效率。外业测量结果证明该系统能够实现数据采集、数据处理及危险预警的"三位一体"化,达到自动化程度高、数据精度高、工作效率高的"三高"目标。     

基于实景三维的露天矿山开采动态监管方法研究

采用三维地质建模技术,利用地质勘查数据,构建三维矿体模型、采矿区范围模型,并实现地上下三维一体化,整合完成露天矿山地上下三维模型,作为露天矿山动态开采的信息基础,进行了越界超采监测、开采量监测、开采活动监测、开采历史监测,总结了一套有效的露天矿山开采监测技术方法.     

基于特征约束的四面体剖分方法研究

针对地下空间复杂曲面约束情况，文中提出一种对多地层表面模型进行约束Delaunay四面体剖分构建地质体模型的方法，即利用Delaunay三角网构建地层约束，通过限定四面体单元半径边长比和最小二面角等特征约束控制网格质量剖分生成地质体的四面体格网模型。以陕西省某地区为例，应用此方法构建顾及地下空间约束及可视化效果较好的三维地质模型。实验表明，该方法可生成满足约束条件要求且格网质量较高的地质模型，可为地下矿体开采等实际生产提供数据支持。     

Landsat 7 pan数据与多光谱数据融合的工程化实现

采用建立流程化模型的方法对Landsat7pan数据与多光谱数据进行融合,并分别用乘积变换、Brovey算法、IHS变换进行了试验。其中,用乘积变换算法做了大量的工程实现。实践表明,采用建立流程化模型的方法直观、简单、快捷,而且在操作上比较灵活,可以根据实际情况进行设计,避免固定流程算法所带来的输入输出格式转换,为大批量数据的快速生产提供一种有效方法。     

月球圈层空间立体网格技术研究

选定月固坐标系为月球圈层空间网格的坐标基础,根据月球结构及其人造月球卫星轨道分布情况划分月球基准圈层面,采用剖分曲线l和b对月球圈层面进行层次细分,实现对圈层面层次细分。然后,结合圈层径等距细分对月球圈层体进行层次细分,实现对圈层体层次细分,建立月球圈层空间立体网格模型。采用Hilbert曲线填充算法,实现对月球圈层网格统一编码,编码效率较高,为网格数据组织奠定基础。     

露天矿边坡变形监测中BP神经网络模型优化设计

提出了一种提升露天矿边坡位移量预测精度和收敛速度的基于自适应混合跳跃粒子群算法(AHJPSO)改进的BP(Back Propagation)神经网络模型。传统的BP神经网络模型在位移量预测过程中存在收敛速度慢、预测精度低、易陷入局部极小值的问题,而自适应混合跳跃粒子群算法具有快速寻优能力以及能够在迭代计算的过程中有效避免陷入局部极小值的能力,所以采用自适应混合跳跃粒子群算法优化后的BP神经网络模型,能够使BP神经网络模型对露天矿边坡位移量的预测精度更高、算法收敛速度更快,并有效跳出局部极小值。     

无人机在露天矿山监测中的应用

在露天矿山开采过程中,对矿山进行实时动态监测很有必要,它不仅能够实时掌握开采进度和开采方案实施的准确性,还有利于数字矿山建设。本文以河北省保定市涞源县某露天矿区为例,利用Pix4Dmapper软件对无人机航拍影像进行数据采集与处理,获取矿区的三维点云数据、数字正射影像和数字地表模型,并利用Arc GIS和Global Mapper软件对生产成果进行矿山开发占地分析,实现露天矿山三维可视化。本文为准确掌握矿山环境治理执行情况,把握矿山开发整体情况给予了有力的参考和借鉴作用。     

含交叉断层的复杂地质体3维建模算法研究

在矿井生产中,出现交叉断层的区域往往是地质构造非常复杂的地方,也是危险高发的区域。对含交叉断层的3维地质建模的算法进行了研究。其主要思想是分别建立岩层和断层的TIN模型,以断层交线作为约束条件,进行带约束三角剖分,从而建立起交叉断层模型。这将有利于矿山的工程管理,减少危险的发生,作为后续采矿生产的依据。     

露天矿卡车调度系统关键技术研究

随着露天矿产量规模的不断扩大及设备大型化、机械化、自动化程度的不断提高,采运成本占矿山生产成本的比例也越来越高,优化车队运行、准确执行生产计划,以提高矿山产量,节约费用,取得较高经济效益显得尤为重要。露天矿卡车调度系统是集GPS定位技术、GPRS通信技术、GIS管理技术、运筹学以及优化理论于一身的综合系统。本文主要研究了该系统的构成以及设计该系统所需要的关键性技术问题,并提出了相应的解决方法。     

Application of remote sensing for investigating mining geological hazards

Abstract

To investigate geological mining hazards using digital techniques such as high-resolution remote sensing, a semi-automatically geological mining hazards extraction method is proposed based on the case of the Shijiaying coal mine, located in Fangshan District, Beijing, China. In the method, the vegetation is first removed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on the GeoEye-1 data. Then, geological mining hazards interpretation features are determined after color enhancement using principal component analysis (PCA) transformation. Bitmaps mainly covered by geological mining hazards are isolated by masking operation in the environment for visualizing images software. Next, each bitmap is classified into a two-valued imagery using support vector machine algorithm. In the two-valued imagery, 1 denotes the geological mining hazards, while 0 denotes none. Afterwards, the two-valued imagery is converted into a vector graph by corresponding functions in the ArcGIS software and no geological mining hazards regions in the vector graph are deleted manually. Finally, the correlation between factors (such as mining activity, lithology, geological structure, and slope) and geological mining hazards is analyzed using a logistic regression and a hazardous-area forecasting model is built. The results of field verification show that the accuracy of the geological mining hazards extraction method is 98.1% and the results of the hazardous-area forecasting indicate that the logistic regression is an effective model in assessing geological hazard risks and that mining activity is the main contributing factor to the hazards, while geological structure, slope, lithology, roughness of the surface, and aspect are the secondary.     

露天矿区多源数字高程模型数据对比分析

针对数字高程模型数据源不同会带来一定的不确定性和差异性的问题,选取德国某露天矿为实验区,以高精度DEM数据TanDEM-X为参照,对比了SRTM、AW3D30、ASTER GDEM与TanDEM-X数据的高程精度,分析了DEM数据的差异.结果表明:(1)露天矿区的开采和复垦活动明显地体现在了不同时期获取的DEM高程变化...     

露天矿精细DEM模型的建立及更新方法

由于露天矿复杂特殊的地形特征,在建模过程中应充分考虑相应的约束条件,否则会出现台阶被削平等现象。本文提出一次性约束三角网生成算法,经过空间数据提取、拓扑关系建立以及空间索引建立,最终建立起边界约束线以内的约束不规则三角网;并提出扩展边界概念,利用扩展边界及上述三角网生成算法,可实现局部模型建立以及局部模型与整体模型间的无缝拼接,最终完成整体DEM模型的更新。     

三维露天采场模型的生成算法

本文给出了一种基于约束Delaunay三角剖分的三维露天采场模型的生成算法.算法结合采场数据的特点,利用约束Delaunay三角剖分把台阶线、地表特征线等嵌入三角网,使生成的三维模型更接近实际采场,提高了露天采场三维模型的精度,增强了三维显示效果.通过精确的三维可视化显示,可以使矿山工作者形象直观地看到地形和采场布置,...     

Open-pit mining geomorphic feature characterisation

Among the anthropogenic topographic signatures on Earth, open-pit mines are of great importance. Mining is of interest to geomorphologists and environmental researchers because of its implication in geomorphic hazards and processes. In addition, open-pit mines and quarries are considered the most dangerous industrial sector, with injuries and accidents occurring in numerous countries. Their fast, accurate and low-cost investigation, therefore, represents a challenge for the Earth science community. The purpose of this work is to characterise the open-pit mining features using high-resolution topography and a recently published landscape metric, the Slope Local Length of Auto-Correlation (SLLAC) (Sofia et al., 2014). As novel steps, aside from the correlation length, the terrace’s orientation is also calculated, and a simple empirical model to derive the percentage of artificial surfaces is tested. The research focuses on two main case studies of iron mines, both located in the Beijing district (P.R. China). The main topographic information (Digital Surface Models, DSMs) was derived using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetric technique. The results underline the effectiveness of the adopted methodologies and survey techniques in the characterisation of the main mine’s geomorphic features. Thanks to the SLLAC, the terraced area given by open-cast/open-pit mining for iron extraction is automatically depicted, thus, allowing researchers to quickly estimate the surface covered by the open-pit. This information could be used as a starting point for future research (i) given the availability of multi-temporal surveys to track the changes in the extent of the mine; (ii) to relate the extent of the mines to the amount of processes in the area (e.g. pollution, erosion, etc.), and to (iii) combine the two points, and analyse the effects of the change related to changes in erosion. The analysis of the correlation length orientation also allows researchers to identify the terrace’s orientation and to understand the shape of the open-pit area. The tectonic environment and history, or inheritance, of a given slope can determine if and how it fails, and the orientation of the topographic surface or excavation face, with respect to geologic features, is of major significance. Therefore, the proposed approach can provide a basis for a large-scale and low-cost topographic survey for sustainable environmental planning and, for example, for the mitigation of environmental anthropogenic impacts due to mining.     

Monitoring active open-pit mine stability in the Rhenish coalfields of Germany using a coherence-based SBAS method

With the recent progress in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology, especially the new generation of SAR satellites (Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X), our ability to assess slope stability in open-pit mines has significantly improved. The main objective of this work is to map ground displacement and slope instability over three open-pit mines, namely, Hambach, Garzweiler and Inden, in the Rhenish coalfields of Germany to provide long-term monitoring solutions for open-pit mining operations and their surroundings. Three SAR datasets, including Sentinel-1A data in ascending and descending orbits and TerraSAR-X data in a descending orbit, were processed by a modified small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm, called coherence-based SBAS, to retrieve ground displacement related to the three open-pit mines and their surroundings. Despite the continuously changing topography over these active open-pit mines, the small perpendicular baselines of both Sentinel-1A and TerraSAR-X data were not affected by DEM errors and hence could yield accurate estimates of surface displacement. Significant land subsidence was observed over reclaimed areas, with rates exceeding 500 mm/yr, 380 mm/yr, and 310 mm/yr for the Hambach, Garzweiler and Inden mine, respectively. The compaction process of waste materials is the main contributor to land subsidence. Land uplift was found over the areas near the active working parts of the mines, which was probably due to excavation activities. Horizontal displacement retrieved from the combination of ascending and descending data was analysed, revealing an eastward movement with a maximum rate of ∼120 mm/yr on the western flank and a westward movement with a maximum rate of ∼ 60 mm/yr on the eastern flank of the pit. Former open-pit mines Fortuna-Garsdorf and Berghein in the eastern part of Rhenish coalfields, already reclaimed for agriculture, also show subsidence, at locations reaching 150 mm/yr. The interferometric results were compared, whenever possible, with groundwater information to analyse the possible reasons for ground deformation over the mines and their surroundings.