Some geochemical aspects of tin mineralization in the Tasman Geosyncline

Differentiation analysis using Köhler-Raaz indices has been applied to 284 granitic rocks from various parts of the Tasman Geosyncline in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. It was found that the majority (about 80%) of rocks known to be associated with tin mineralization (mostly leucocratic granites and adamellites) have a well defined range of Köhler-Raaz indices (qz=60–70%, F=20–25%, fm=5–15%) in agreement with findings in other parts of the world. Rocks associated with cassiterite deposits usually have a higher tin content than those not carrying cassiterite — but this information has to be used with caution because the form of tin in the rock (i. e. as an economic mineral e. g. cassiterite or in a host mineral, e. g. in biotite) is determined by several factors. All these factors (geochemical, physicochemical and geological) must be considered in an integrated approach to exploration for new tin deposits.     

综合物化探方法在地质找矿“攻深找盲”中的应用

物化探找矿方法面临着新形势下复杂地质条件中找矿的新挑战,单一物化探分析方法很难具有说服力,综合各种地质信息和勘探方法显得尤为重要。笔者结合河南省某矿床的找矿实践,介绍了高精度磁测、X荧光土壤分析和EH4测深等物化探综合分析方法,在工作区内发现了与成矿有关的物化探异常,经查证与地表地质现象吻合较好,说明该综合物化探评价技术方法在该矿床的应用是成功的,显示了其快速、高效和精准的特点。     

Developments of geochemical methods for ore prospecting in Bulgaria

Three periods in the development of geochemical methods for ore prospecting in Bulgaria may be distinguished — initial (1954–1960), middle (1961–1969) and contemporary (since 1970) — which are characterized by successively increasing numbers of samples and improving methods of geochemical data evaluation. Geochemical methods have been recognized as effective, rapid and relatively cheap methods for prospecting for ore deposits (Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, W, Mo, etc.), some nonmetalliferrous raw materials (fluorite, barite, phosphorites) and hydrocarbons. They are used in all stages of exploration at scales from 1:200,000 to 1:200. They have contributed to the elucidation of the ore perspectives in many regions, and a number of new ore bodies and deposits have been discovered.Basic geochemical methods applied to ore prospecting in the country utilize soil and rock to detect secondary and primary aureoles. Stream-sediment surveys, hydrochemical and atmochemical methods are of more restricted use. Samples are analyzed by emission spectrometry, atomic absorption and other methods. A united system of computerized processing of geochemical data has been developed, including automatic drawing of geochemical maps.Interpretation of the data consists in selection of prospective geochemical anomalies and prognostication of the composition, morphology, depth and industrial significance of hidden ore bodies. The main problem in the mathematical processing of data is the presentation of polydimensional results from analyses in the form of generalized quantities — multiplicative or additive geochemical indicator ratios for the type of mineralization, coefficients of zoning, intensity, etc. The geochemical indices for evaluation of the newly found anomalies are derived through studies of the primary geochemical aureoles of typical standard ore deposits.Residual secondary soil aureoles in most cases are well correlated in composition and structure with the ore bodies and primary aureoles which have generated them. Their successful use is related to the landscape-geochemical conditions in the ore regions. Micro- and macro-chemical zoning of ground waters and different concentration of soluble components in different elevation belts are used for evaluation of hydrochemical anomalies.     

The use of tourmaline in geochemical prospecting for gold and copper mineralization

Chemical composition, unit cell parameters, and trace elements of tourmalines from Mesozoic gold-quartz-sulphide and gold-bearing copper-porphyry ore-magmatic systems of the Trans-Baikal area and Mongolia show that they belong to the specific schorl-dravite highly ferruginous oxytourmaline series. They are low in alumina (Al₂O₃ = 16–33%) and have MgO contents (up to 10%) and Fe₂O₃ (1%). There is a direct correlation of unit cell parameters (a,c,V) with total iron, which permits composition estimates from X-ray diffraction analyses. As a rule, these tourmalines contain high concentrations of Au, Pb and Cu, which are mainly hosted by inclusions of native gold and ore minerals. The highest As abundances are contained in the tourmalines of the copper-porphyry field.Two trends of isomorphic replacement are related to increasing Fe content of oxyferruginous tourmalines:(1) “Acid leaching” trend (less ferruginous part of the series) Mg + Fe²⁺ + 4Al + 40 4Fe³⁺ + 2 + 4(OH,F); and (2) “conjugate deposition” trend Mg + 1.5Fe²⁺ + 1.5Al + 4(OH,F) 4Fe³⁺ + 4O.These features distinguish tourmalines from gold-bearing systems from schorl-dravites of tin and rare-metal deposits. They may be used in metallogenic analyses, interpretation of the origin of primary and secondary anomalies, and assessment of the type and zonation of ore fields.     

铜陵地区地球化学找矿的几点认识

在总结已知矿床元素分带特征的基础上 ,来评价异常、估量矿化剥蚀程度、推测矿体的延伸情况 ,提出本区今后工作的建议     

电法地球化学方法快速寻找隐伏矿的效果

电池地球化学找矿方法在一些矿区勘探运用中取得了很好的效果，且该方法具有经济快速的特点，有推广应用的意义。     

Landscape geochemistry as the theoretical basis of geochemical prospecting methods

This article is a review of A. I. Perel'man's book "Landscape Geochemistry" (1961). The first part of the book deals with the theoretical aspects and basic theory of geochemical landscapes. This is followed by a short section on the main aspects of the geography of geochemical landscapes. Geochemical landscapes are classified on the basis of the motion of matter in the third part of the book, which is followed by a discussion of the geochemical features of landscapes of the geologic past. The last part of the book deals with the geochemistry of individual elements in landscapes, and contains sections on the practical applications of landscape geochemistry. The reviewer notes that geologists concerned with geochemical prospecting methods should make this well-written book part of their basic library. — R. D. DeRudder.     

非传统化探方法研究的新进展

在20世纪的找矿实践中,水系沉积物、土壤和岩石地球化学测量等传统化探方法发挥了令矿产资源勘查界瞩目的重要作用。随着深部找矿,特别是覆盖区找矿工作的日益增多,传统化探方法已不完全适应这种找矿条件,急需有新的方法技术予以补充。20世纪诞生的一套非传统化探方法,如选择性提取法、生物地球化学测量、地下水地球化学测量、地下气体测量等,重又受到青睐。在现代化学分析技术的支撑下,选择性提取技术成为当前化探界研究的热点,试点性研究显示了其找寻隐伏矿的有效性;生物地球化学找矿方法在植物积累元素的控制条件、分析测试方面均取得了较大进展,已经从幼年期进入成熟的早期阶段;地下水地球化学测量方法在地下水中矿物饱和度与物质计算、高质量的物理化学数据的获取和不同矿床类型的元素化合物指示标志的研究与评价方面做了大量的工作。同时,数据处理技术、重矿物地球化学找矿标志和同位素地球化学示踪技术的研究近年来也受到了极大关注。实验性研究表明,尽管这些非传统技术在找寻隐伏矿方面显示了良好的应用前景,但仍有许多问题需要深入研究。     

非传统化探方法研究的新进展

在20世纪的找矿实践中,水系沉积物、土壤和岩石地球化学测量等传统化探方法发挥了令矿产资源勘查界瞩目的重要作用.随着深部找矿,特别是覆盖区找矿工作的日益增多,传统化探方法已不完全适应这种找矿条件,急需有新的方法技术予以补充.20世纪诞生的一套非传统化探方法,如选择性提取法、生物地球化学测量、地下水地球化学测量、地下气体测量等,重又受到青睐.在现代化学分析技术的支撑下,选择性提取技术成为当前化探界研究的热点,试点性研究显示了其找寻隐伏矿的有效性;生物地球化学找矿方法在植物积累元素的控制条件、分析测试方面均取得了较大进展,已经从幼年期进入成熟的早期阶段;地下水地球化学测量方法在地下水中矿物饱和度与物质计算、高质量的物理化学数据的获取和不同矿床类型的元素化舍物指示标志的研究与评价方面做了大量的工作.同时,数据处理技术、重矿物地球化学找矿标志和同位素地球化学示踪技术的研究近年来也受到了极大关注.实验性研究表明,尽管这些非传统技术在找寻隐伏矿方面显示了良好的应用前景,但仍有许多问题需要深入研究.     

非传统化探方法研究的新进展

在20世纪的找矿实践中,水系沉积物、土壤和岩石地球化学测量等传统化探方法发挥了令矿产资源勘查界瞩目的重要作用。随着深部找矿,特别是覆盖区找矿工作的日益增多,传统化探方法已不完全适应这种找矿条件,急需有新的方法技术予以补充。20世纪诞生的一套非传统化探方法,如选择性提取法、生物地球化学测量、地下水地球化学测量、地下气体测量等,重又受到青睐。在现代化学分析技术的支撑下,选择性提取技术成为当前化探界研究的热点,试点性研究显示了其找寻隐伏矿的有效性;生物地球化学找矿方法在植物积累元素的控制条件、分析测试方面均取得了较大进展,已经从幼年期进入成熟的早期阶段;地下水地球化学测量方法在地下水中矿物饱和度与物质计算、高质量的物理化学数据的获取和不同矿床类型的元素化合物指示标志的研究与评价方面做了大量的工作。同时,数据处理技术、重矿物地球化学找矿标志和同位素地球化学示踪技术的研究近年来也受到了极大关注。实验性研究表明,尽管这些非传统技术在找寻隐伏矿方面显示了良好的应用前景,但仍有许多问题需要深入研究。     

综合化探方法在草原覆盖区矿产普查中的应用

研究了土壤地球化学、土壤电导率和土壤元素活动态测量在内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗干旱-半干旱草原覆盖区的应用效果,圈出3处土壤地球化学综合异常,3处土壤电导率异常和1处土壤元素活动态综合异常,各异常在研究区对应的位置均有不同程度的套和。通过对比研究得出,利用土壤地球化学、土壤电导率和土壤元素活动态测量相结合的集成方法可以取得更好、更快的找矿效果;三种方法可以相互印证异常;土壤元素活动态测量,能够进一步强化异常。文中所用的方法和取得的一些认识,对内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗地区乃至其它草原覆盖区的地质找矿工作,具有一定的指导意义。     

Surface geochemical methods used for oil and gas prospecting — a review

The majority of the world's oil and gas deposits have been discovered by drilling in the vicinity of natural petroleum seeps, and to date the most successful geochemical prospecting methods still rely upon the surface detection of hydrocarbons. Gas chromatographic techniques are now commonly used in the analysis of hydrocarbon gases for prospecting both onshore (analysis of soils and rocks) and offshore (analysis of near-bottom waters and sediments). Detection of helium fluxes has been partially successful as a geochemical prospecting technique. Many indirect techniques such as the determination of isotope and metal-leaching anomalies in surface rocks and the measurement of radon fluxes have not been widely used.Onshore geochemical prospecting appears to have more problems associated with it than offshore prospecting due to the more complex migration mechanism of near-surface waters containing dissolved gases. No onshore prospecting studies have been published which thoroughly consider this factor and the success of onshore prospecting remains equivocal. In offshore prospecting “sniffers” have been used to detect hydrocarbon anomalies in near-bottom waters, and coring equipment has been used for the detection of hydrocarbons in near-surface sediments. Success is claimed using these techniques.Geochemical prospecting methods are complementary to the widely used geophysical methods. Geochemical methods can provide direct evidence for the presence of petroleum accumulations and are relatively cheap and rapid. Failures in prospecting to date are attributable to the simplistic manner in which data have been interpreted; insufficient attention has been paid to the hydrological and geological factors which modify the upward migration of indicator species to the surface. As oil and gas deposits become more difficult to locate, greater attention should be paid to geochemical prospecting techniques, especially as a regional exploration tool.     

物化探方法在浅覆盖区找矿工作中的应用效果

由于浅覆盖区特殊的地质景观,传统找矿方法难以直接获取地层、岩体、构造、矿产(化)等地质体信息,造成地质认识水平整体不高,最终影响找矿效果。本文以大兴安岭中北段东坡马场沟一带找矿工作为例,探讨利用物化探方法(地面高精度磁测、极化激发法、土壤测量)解译断裂构造、圈定岩体及矿化蚀变带、大致判别矿产种类,逐渐缩小找矿范围,最终查明矿(化)体的位置,发现金矿点1处、金矿化点2处、铅锌银矿点1处,取得了较好的找矿效果。     

Some geochemical and environmental aspects of the Chernobyl nuclear accident

The Chernobyl nuclear accident took place on 1986-04-26, and resulted in radionuclide pollution of vast regions of Byelorussia. This has raised several geochemical problems: (1) investigation of the distribution and behaviour of radionuclides in the natural and technogenic landscapes (which were examined as a result of a 5-a study); (2) modes of occurence of radioactive elements in the environment; and (3) preliminary estimation of radionuclide migration in the future. As background information, geochemical studies carried out within Byelorussia, as well as landscape investigations in the period 1953–1987 made under the guidance of K.I. Lukashev were very important for solving the above questions. According to the results of these investigations, the lithogeochemical and hydrogeochemical zoning of Byelorussia is understood and the radioactive background of the republic was studied in the 1960s, as well as the distribution and peculiarities of clay minerals, carbonates, FeMn oxides, organic matter, pH-Eh, and the contents of many elements in the surficial deposits of Byelorussia. All these factors are of great importance for understanding the behaviour of radionuclides.Radionuclide fallout on Byelorussia in the first days after the accident was mainly dependent on the mass movement of air and rain. In cities, fallout was confined to regions with intensive industrial dust emissions, as well as to river valleys, where degassing of deep-seated zones through faults occurred side by side with evaporation. Radionuclide washout from upland territories can be related to secondary processes.After 5 a, the radioactive emission near the surface of the Earth decreased due to the decay of short-lived isotopes and penetration of radionuclides deeper into the soil, although the major part still occurs at a depth of 1–5 cm. Bogs, peat-bog soils, aquifers with fluctuating groundwater levels, variable pH-Eh conditions and a igh biological activity are all factors contributing to radionuclide migration in the Byelorussian landscape. A part of the radionuclides is gradually removed from eluvial landscape and accumulated in subareal landscape (e.g. lakes, oxbow-lakes, water-storage basins).The Chernobyl debris are represented by the following substances: “hot” particles, pseudocolloids, aerosols and gaseous compounds. Study of the modes of occurrence of radionuclides by different methods (e.g. extracts, sorbents) made it possible to estimate the migration capacity of some radionuclides (Cs, Sr, Ce, Ru), and to distinguish two zones around the reactor—the nearest and remote ones—differing in the ratio of “hot” particles and condensate fallout, which causes a different migration capcity of radionuclides.A very important part is assigned to biological processes and organic matter, which cause the destruction of “hot” paricles, the formation of organomethallic complexes, and water migration of nuclides.In the future (within 300 and more years), the redistribution of radionuclides in the landscape involves processes of weathering, erosion and sedimentation which will strongly depend on climatic conditions, Side by side with a gradual decay of Cs and Sr, an appreciable accumulation of²⁴¹Am, which is very mobile in landscape, should be expected due to decaying²⁴¹Pu.A considerable development of scientific and applied exploration should also be expected in the future and this will help in solving problems of radioactive pollution of landscapes.     

深部矿产资源立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系

深部矿产资源的勘查是战略性矿产资源勘查的一个重要方面。找矿实践证明，化探方法技术在矿产勘查乃至深部找矿中发挥了重要的、不可或缺的作用。找矿工作的不断深入和找矿难度的不断加大，促使化探方法技术不断的发展和完善，在传统方法技术的基础上，研发出了许多新的方法技术。本文从方法论和系统论的角度出发，对现有的找寻深部隐伏矿盲矿的有效化探方法技术进行了系统的归纳和总结，提出了立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系的概念，将立体地球化学勘查方法技术划分为地面地球化学测量方法技术和地下地球化学测量方法技术，建立了深部矿产资源立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系。不同的方法技术有不同的优势和不同的适用条件，实际工作中应当根据不同的勘查阶段，不同的勘查目的和不同的地质地球化学条件选择不同的立体方法技术组合才能发挥出最大效益，取得最大效果。     

物化探方法在那尔轰一带找金中的应用

文中通过吉林省靖宇县那尔轰镇大东沟、小东沟两处化探异常查证中,利用地质、化探、激电法等综合方法找矿的成功实例.提出了在化探异常查征中地质、土壤测量、激电等合理的工作程序和评价异常最经济有效的方法组合.所建立的物化探“两高一低”即高极化率、金多金属元素含量高、低电阻率的综合找矿模型,结合地质因素,对在该地区找寻构造破碎蚀...     

物化探综合找矿方法在西口沟钼矿勘查中的应用

通过梳理、筛选1∶20万区化异常,结合成矿地质背景,选择具有良好找矿前景的化探异常,利用1∶5万水系沉积物测量进一步缩小了找矿靶区。在此基础上,综合应用1∶1万土壤测量等地球化学方法及激电中梯测量、激电测深等地球物理方法,在物化探异常对应较好及矿化发育地段,择优开展钻探工程验证,最终发现了西口沟钼矿,取得了较好的找矿效果。这说明综合运用物化探方法找矿是可行、有效的,对于区域上寻找同类型矿床具有很好的借鉴意义。