Origin of the Late Cretaceous syenite from Yandangshan,SE China,constrained by zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes and geochemical data

The Yandangshan syenite is a representative Late Cretaceous igneous pluton cropping out in SE China. U–Pb zircon dating using LA‐ICP‐MS yielded a crystallization age of 98±1 Ma for the syenite. Petrographically and geochemically of shoshonitic affinity, it is enriched in LREE and LILE, and has a pronounced Nb–Ta trough in the primitive mantle‐normalized trace element spider diagram. Zircon ?_Hf(t) values vary from ?3.04 to ?7.71, displaying a unimodal distribution. The syenite also has high Sr [(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i  = 0.7086–0.7089], low Nd [?_Nd(t) = ?6.57 to ?7.64] isotopic ratios, plotting in the enriched mantle field on an ?_Nd(t) versus (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i diagram. We propose that the Yandangshan syenite was generated by pyroxene‐dominated high‐pressure fractional crystallization from basaltic magma that was derived from an enriched mantle source. Although coexisting Yandangshan rhyolites have Sr–Nd isotopic compositions similar to the Yandangshan syenite, they were not derived from the same source. Instead, the rhyolitic magma was produced by partial melting of crustal materials as a result of the underplating of basaltic magma. The crust‐like Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic signature of the Yandangshan syenite is ascribed to mantle sources that were enriched by subducted sediments. Formation of Yandangshan syenite may represent roll‐back of the subducting palaeo‐Pacific plate and migration of the arc front to the Yandangshan area at ～98 Ma.     

Whole-rock geochemical,U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of the Dongueni Mont nepheline syenite intrusion,Mozambique

The Dongueni Mont nepheline syenite intrudes migmatitic paragneisses and siliciclastic metasediments of the Barue Complex, Mozambique. This study reports the whole-rock geochemical, U-Pb and Nd isotopic data of the nepheline syenite. The ferroan and alkalic geochemical characteristics are typical of alkaline rocks formed in a within-plate setting. The strong depletion in high field strength elements(HFSEs)(e.g. Ba, Nb, P,and Ti) and enrichment in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs)(e.g. Rb, Th, K, and Pb) are consistent with magmatism in a continental alkaline magmatic province associated with intracontinental rifting. Zircon U-Pb data yielded crystallization ages from 498 ± 19 to 562± 14 Ma,consistent with the Pan-African Orogeny and the inherited zircons yield an age of 1040 Ma, which supports the presence of a Mesoproterozoic crust. Theε_(Nd)(t) values from the nepheline syenite samples range from-15.1 to-16.1 and the T_(DM)values from 1.77 to 1.67 Ga, which indicate that the initial nepheline syenite magma formed from a tholeiitic or mantle source in a within-plate setting with crustal assimilation.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Zijinshan alkaline intrusive complex in Shanxi Province, western North China Craton: Implication for magma mixing of different sources in an extensional regime

In situ zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions and whole rock geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data are presented for the Zijinshan alkaline intrusive complex from the Shanxi Province, western North China Craton. Salic rocks dominate the complex with the monzonite occurring in the outermost and pseudoleucite phonolitic breccia in the center. The intrusion took place 127 Ma ago with the earliest emplacement of monzonite and the termination of cryptoexplosive pseudoleucite phonolitic breccia. All rocks from this complex show LREE enrichment and HFSE depletion and exhibit enriched to depleted Sr–Nd isotopic features. The presence of inherited zircons and enriched Hf isotopic compositions in zircon rims, along with the enriched whole rock Sr–Nd isotopic compositions, indicate that the monzonite was formed through the mixing of lithospheric mantle-derived magma with lower crust-derived melts. The diopside syenite and nepheline-bearing diopside syenite are more depleted than the monzonite in terms of the Sr and Nd isotopes, together with their very high concentrations of LILE, we proposed that they originated from a mixed mantle source of enriched lithospheric mantle and depleted asthenosphere. The nepheline syenite has very low concentrations of MgO, Ni, Cr, suggesting that the magma underwent significant crystal fractionation. The most depleted Sr and Nd isotopic compositions ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7036–0.7042, ε_Nd(t) = − 0.2–0.3) among all rock types indicate a great contribution of asthenosphere to the nepheline syenite. The Zijinshan complex and its related crust-mantle interaction occurred in an extensional environment which resulted in continuously asthenospheric upwelling. Such an extensional environment might have been developed during the post-orogenic stage of the Late Paleozoic amalgamation of North China Craton with Mongolian continents and subsequent Mongol–Okhotsk ocean closure.     

Crust-mantle interaction in the evolution of the Ilímaussaq Complex, South Greenland: Nd isotopic studies

Sm-Nd isotopic compositions were determined for the peralkaline Ilímaussaq Complex of the Gardar Province of southern Greenland. The majority of the samples in the agpaitic and augite syenitic units have near chondritic initial _Nd(≈ 0), whereas a few samples trend towards _Nd values as low as − 6 at the time of intrusion (1143 Ma). This latter value, from a sample taken from the margin of the complex, lying on the evolutionary trend for Ketilidian country-rock granitoids, suggests that large-scale contamination took place only at the margins of the complex. The similarity of the Nd isotopic compositions of the augite syenite and agpaitic units suggests that their parental magmas were derived from the same reservoir. A comparison of the Nd with existing Sr and Hf isotopic data for the complex suggests an origin by combined assimilation fractionation processes. Assimilation-fractional crystallization modeling of the isotopic compositions indicates that the Ilímaussaq magmas could have formed through fractional crystallization of a basaltic melt while assimilating granitic crust. The model requires initially higher assimilation rates from basalt to augite syenite composition with subsequent decreasing assimilation rates from augite syenite to agpaitic compositions. Alkali granites, which formed after the intrusion of the augite syenites, have isotopic compositions intermediate between those of the augite syenites and the surrounding Ketilidian basement. This implies even greater amounts of assimilation and is interpreted as evidence for an origin through fractionation of a basaltic or augite syenite magma with concurrent assimilation of Ketilidian crust.     

蒙古国呼勒德地区正长岩锆石SHRIMP铀-铅年龄及其地质意义

呼勒德稀土元素矿化区位于蒙古国中戈壁省南部, 区内稀土元素和金矿(化)点星罗棋布, 为蒙古中南部最重要的金属矿化集中区之一。在所有上述矿床(点)中, 稀土元素矿化在下二叠统火山-沉积岩内呈似层状、脉状和透镜体状产出, 并且与呼勒德碱性正长岩株具有密切空间分布关系。本次研究对呼勒德正长岩进行了锆石SHRIMP铀-铅同位素年龄测定, 所获同位素年龄值为(214.3 ± 2.5)Ma, MSWD值为0.52, 属中生代印支期。根据上述同位素年代学数值, 同时结合其他地质与地球化学证据, 可以推测, 中生代时期, 受古陆块内部构造应力调整作用影响, 呼勒德地区一带及东西两侧曾发生过强烈构造-岩浆活动, 并且形成碱性正长岩株及相关的稀土元素矿(化)点。印支期碱性岩浆活动不仅为稀土元素矿(化)点的形成提供了物质、动力和热力来源, 而且是成矿流体对流循环的“发动机”。对比分析结果表明, 呼勒德碱性正长岩体的形成时间与南蒙古鲁金郭勒碱性花岗斑岩脉及相关稀土元素矿床形成时代大体相似, 它们均是地壳演化特定阶段混源(壳、幔源)岩浆活动的产物。     

Rare-earth element mobility during ore-forming hydrothermal alteration: A case study of Dongping gold deposit Hebei Province,China

REE mobility during hydrothermal ore-forming processes has been extensively investigated in recent years and the potential of REE to provide information about ore forming processes has commonly been recognized.The Dongping gold deposit,which is located in northwestern Hebei Province,China,occurring in the inner contact zone of the Shuiquangou syenite complex,is spatially,and probably genetically,related to the syenite,the deposit was formed under the moderate to high temperature(220℃ to 320℃),weakly acidic to weakly alkaline,rather high fo2(lgfo2=-30～-34)environment.The REE study of the host rocks,altered wall rocks,ores and gangue minerals from the deposit suggests that the REEs have been mobilized and differentiated during K-feldspathization and silicification.The extremely altered syenite enveloping auriferous quartz vein shows positive Ce anomaly and larger LREE/HREE ratio than that of the unaltered syenite.The REE concentrations and patterns of the ores are determined by the ore types and mineral assemblages,LREE/HREE ratios in the gangue quartz and hydrothermal Kfeldspars are relatively low.The most significant observation is that the gangue quartz shows significant positive Eu anomaly,whereas the hydrothermal K-feldspars show less significant or no positive Eu anomaly at all relative to the primary feldspar in the unaltered syenite. It is evident that the REEs are mobile during K-feldspathization and silicification in the ore forming process.Weak to moderate K-feldspathization caused REE mobility without apparent differentiation with the exception of extreme K-feldspathization and silicification which resulted in significant depletion of HREE and Eu and relative enrichment of Ce.The REE,Y,U,Th and Au contents of the syenite decrease as the degrees of K-feldspathization and silicification of the rocks increase towards the auriferous quartz veins.As the ores were deposited under a rather oxidized environment,Ce^4 predominated over Ce^3 .The precipitation of the former in the form of CeO2 or absorpted onto the secondary mineral assemblage resulted in the inconsistent removal of the REE and the relative Ce enrichment in the strongly altered rocks.in contrast,Eu was present mainly in a low valence state (Eu^2 ).The geochemical differences from the other REE^3 and much less sites in the secondary minerals to accommodate the Eu released form the original minerals resulted in the enrichment of Eu in the fluids.The mobility and differentiation of REE and the coherent mobilities of Y,U,Th and Au also support the argument that the syenite is one of the source rocks for gold mineralization.The REE contents and patterns of the altered rocks enveloping the auriferous quartz vein could be used as a guide for locating ore veins in mineral exploration.     

Isotopic geochemical characterization of selected nepheline syenites and phonolites from the Poços de Caldas alkaline complex, Minas Gerais, Brazil

This paper presents and discusses the isotopic data from the hydrothermal studies of the Poços de Caldas Natural Analogue Project. The purpose of these studies was to elucidate the mass transport of relevant elements and isotopes associated with hydrothermal mineralization and alteration at the Osamu Utsumi uranium mine, as applicable to high-temperature radwaste isolation (particularly in the U.S. nuclear waste program). Research efforts were focused on studying the thermal, chemical and hydrologic nature of the palaeohydrothermal regime associated with a breccia pipe at the Osamu Utsumi mine, and related to the geochemical, geochronological and petrological characterization studies of unaltered regional nepheline syenite and phonolite.The regional rocks studies have a vertically elongated δD, δ¹⁸O pattern, which possibly indicates meteoric water/rock interaction. Regression of Rb---Sr whole-rock isotopic data for the regional nepheline syenite and phonolite samples did not produce isochrons. An internal, mineral-separate isochron regression from a nepheline syenite sample, considered representative of unaltered nepheline syenite of the Poços de Caldas plateau, yields an age of 78 Ma, and an initial ratio of approximately 0.7051. The initial ratios of the regional nepheline syenites are possibly indicative of a mantle source for the alkaline magmatism, with some incorporation of old, high Rb/Sr crustal material. The greater-than-mantle values of δ¹⁸O, if not due solely to surficial processes, also appear to require some assimilation of crustal material. Sm---Nd isotopic data for the regional rocks do not define any isochrons, although the nepheline syenite samples conform very well to a calculated reference isochron for 78 Ma and a fixed initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd of 0.512359. The regional phonolite samples lie markedly off this isochron. This is probably due to the phonolite samples having different initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values. All regional samples lie within the “Mantle Array” trend. Their location within _Nd–_Sr space indicates as asthenospheric Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB)-type source magma also contaminated by continental igneous and metamorphic rocks (e.g. the Precambrian gneiss surrounding the Poços de Caldas plateau).The rocks studied at the Osamu Utsumi mine from the F4 drillcore have experienced varying degrees of hydrothermal mineralization and metasomatism, and deep weathering. The hydrothermally altered rocks have a quite pronounced δD shift, with only a slight δ¹⁸O shift. The δD-δ¹⁸O trend of the hydrothermally altered F4 samples most likely reflects the variability of temperature, hydrologic flow, mineralogical alteration and, therefore, water/rock interaction and isotopic exchange in the palaeohydrothermal regime.Regression of Rb---Sr whole-rock isotopic data for subsamples from a nepheline syenite xenolith sample yields an age of 76 Ma and an initial ratio of approximately 0.7053. Due to the marked hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism of this sample, the Rb---Sr isotopic system is interpreted as being re-equilibrated and thus the regressed age is the age of the hydrothermal event. Using a versus 1/Sr mixing diagram, distinct trends are seen for hydrothermal alteration, mineralization and weathering. Again, the F4 nepheline syenite samples do not define an Sm---Nd isochron, but conform very well to a calculated model isochron for 78 Ma and an initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd of 0.512365. The Sm---Nd isotopic data also exhibit a possible disturbance by the hydrothermal, metasomatic alteration. A lamproite dyke which crosscuts the hydrothermal alteration in the Osamu Utsumi mine gives an age of 76 Ma, which is essentially the same as the Rb---Sr age of the hydrothermally altered nepheline syenite subsamples.     

Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic study of alkaline syenites in Liangtun-Kuangdonggou, Liaoning Province, China： Evidence for enriched mantle before 1.86 Ga and implications

The 1.86 Ga Liangtun-Kuangdonggou complex (LKC) is one of the oldest alkaline syenite bodies so far discovered in China. This syenite suite has elevated contents of total alkali (K2O Na2O), with an average of 10.50%, and a mean Rittmann Index (σ) of 6.48. The intrusions have slightly higher concentrations of K2O than those of Na2O on a weight percent basis, indicating the rocks belong to potassium-rich alkaline syenite series. Total rare-earth element concentrations (∑REE ) of the rocks are relatively high, ranging from 324×10 -6 to 1314×10 -6, with a mean value of 666×10 -6. The REE patterns are subparallel and rightward steep with (La/Yb)N >33, showing mild negative to positive Eu anomalies (δEu: 0.63-1.15). All samples exhibit strong LILE and LREE enrichments and TNT (Nb, Ta, Ti) and P depletions in multi-element spidergrams. On the εSr(t)-εNd(t) correlation diagram, most analytical data points plot within the enriched mantle field with low ( 87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (0.7045-0.7051) and negative εNd(t) values (-3.72--3.97), falling among those kimberlites from Fuxian County, Liaoning Provinve, from Mengyin County, Shandong Province and the Ⅱ-type kimberlites from South Africa. These characteristics imply that the LKC-rocks may have the same source as the above-mentioned kimberlites, i.e., they have close connections to the materials derived from enriched mantle reservoirs, further revealing that the upper mantle beneath the northeastern part of the North China Plate had been highly enriched before 1.86 Ga. Geodynamically, the LKC-rocks were formed in a within-plate environment with close genetic connections to rift-related alkaline magma activities possibly controlled by ancient mantle plumes.     

河南舞阳南部张士英岩体的地球化学与成因及其构造意义

张士英岩体岩石类型以石英二长岩、石英正长岩为主。岩体属于准铝质的高钾-钾玄岩系列(Al2O3为14.8%～16.7%,A/CNK=0.77～1.02,K2O/Na2O在1.00～1.43之间),稀土元素总量在261.7～381.0μg/g之间,轻稀土元素相对富集,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式呈右倾平滑曲线,(La/Yb)N比值为28～50,具有轻微的Eu负异常,Eu/Eu?比值在0.73～0.87之间。微量元素组成上表现为Sr、Ba、Nb、Ta的亏损,而Th、U相对富集。(87Sr/86Sr)i初始平均值为0.709,εNd(t)值为-13.9～-19.9,Nd的模式年龄为1.48～2.10Ga。岩体锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄为(124.2±0.5)Ma,为早白垩世岩浆作用的产物。岩体侵位的区域地质背景为华北克拉通白垩纪大规模岩石圈转型和减薄时期,岩石的微量元素及同位素特征表明,岩体主要来源于下地壳物质的部分熔融,但有年轻地幔物质的加入。反映在区域强烈伸展拉张和岩石圈减薄背景下,软流圈地幔岩浆底侵所造成的下地壳部分熔融及壳幔混合过程。     

Isotopic Signatures of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Ultrapotassic Syenitic Magmas,Northeastern Brazil: Evidence for an Enriched Mantle Source

Neoproterozoic to Cambrian ultrapotassic (K₂O up to 13 wt%) peralkalic alkali-feldspar-rich syenitic plutons were emplaced along the boundary between the Cachoeirinha-Salgueiro and Alto Pajeu tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Borborema structural province, northeastern Brazil. Syenite and alkalic pyroxenitic magmas coexisted in these plutons, which locally carry mica pyroxenite xenoliths. In the Triunfo batholith, the largest peralkalic pluton in the region, syenites and alkalic pyroxenites have high pyroxene-corrected δ¹⁸O values (+8.1 to + 8.5‰_SMOW in the syenite and +7.6 to + 7.7‰ in the alkalic pyroxenite), high δ³⁴S (+12.3‰_CDT in syenite and + 11.2‰_CDT in alkalic pyroxenite), high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7098, syenite and alkalic pyroxenite data lying on the same Rb-Sr isochron), and low εNd (?15.3 to ?17.2 in syenite and ?16.1 in pyroxenite). Whole-rock δ¹⁸O_SMOW for mica pyroxenite xenoliths varies from +7.5 to +8.0‰_SMOW. Syenite, alkalic pyroxenite, and xenoliths all are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE). These geochemical and isotopic signatures suggest that the magmas were derived from an incompatible-element-enriched mantle source; this protolith probably resulted from hybridization by addition of crustal material via subduction at ～2.4 Ga, as estimated from Nd model ages. Partial melting of metasomatized material and magma emplacement at a late stage of the Brasiliano Orogeny (566 Ma) were controlled by mantle-deep shear zones during the amalgamation of the Cachoeirinha-Salgueiro and Alto Pajeu terranes.     

Trace element and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) arguments for a mid-crustal origin of Pan-African garnet-bearing S-type granites from the Damara orogen (Namibia)

Geochronological data, major and trace element abundances, Nd and Sr isotope ratios, δ¹⁸O whole rock values and Pb isotope ratios from leached feldspars are presented for garnet-bearing granites (locality at Oetmoed and outcrop 10 km north of Omaruru) from the Damara Belt (Namibia). For the granites from outcrop 10 km N′ Omaruru, reversely discordant U–Pb monazite data give ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U ages of 511±2 Ma and 517±2 Ma, similar to previously published estimates for the time of regional high grade metamorphism in the Central Zone. Based on textural and compositional variations, garnets from these granites are inferred to be refractory residues from partial melting in the deep crust. Because P–T estimates from these xenocrystic garnets are significantly higher (800°C/9–10 kbar) than regional estimates (700°C/5 kbar), the monazite ages are interpreted to date the peak of regional metamorphism in the source of the granites. Sm–Nd garnet–whole rock ages are between 500 and 490 Ma indicating the age of extraction of the granites from their deep crustal sources. For the granites from Oetmoed, both Sm–Nd and Pb–Pb ages obtained on igneous garnets range from 500 to 490 Ma. These ages are interpreted as emplacement ages and are significantly younger than the previously proposed age of 520 Ma for these granites based on Rb/Sr whole rock age determinations. Major and trace element compositions indicate that the granites are moderately to strongly peraluminous S-type granites. High initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (>0.716), high δ¹⁸O values of >13.8‰, negative initial _Nd values between −4 and −7 and evolved Pb isotope ratios indicate formation of the granites by anatexis of mid-crustal rocks similar to the exposed metapelites into which they intruded. The large range of Pb isotope ratios and the lack of correlation between Pb isotope ratios and Nd and Sr isotope ratios indicate heterogeneity of the involved crustal rocks. Evidence for the involvement of isotopically highly evolved lower crust is scarce and the influence of a depleted mantle component is unlikely. The crustal heating events that produced these granites might have been caused by crustal thickening and thrusting of crustal sheets enriched in heat-producing elements. Very limited fluxing of volatiles from underthrust low- to medium-grade metasedimentary rocks may have also been a factor in promoting partial melting. Furthermore, delamination of the lithospheric mantle and uprise of hot mantle could have caused localized high-T regions. The presence of coeval A-type granites at Oetmoed that have been derived at least in part from a mantle source supports this model.     

云南个旧碱性杂岩体的岩石成因及稀土元素富集机制

云南个旧碱性杂岩体由边缘相碱长正长岩和中心相霞石正长岩组成.全岩地球化学分析表明,该碱性杂岩体具有高碱、富钾、富铁、低镁、高分异的碱性-过碱性岩石特征,晚期更富集碱金属元素;LREE/HREE值为20～59,(La/Sm)N = 8～50,(Sm/Yb)N = 1.2～5.0,富集轻稀土元素,轻稀土元素较重稀土元素分馏...     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of silicate dyke rocks associated with carbonatites from the Khibina complex (Kola, Russia) – isotope constraints on genesis and small-scale mantle sources

Summary The eastern part of the agpaitic Khibina complex is characterized by the occurrence of dykes of various alkali silicate rocks and carbonatites. Of these, picrite, monchiquite, nephelinite and phonolite have been studied here. Whole rock and mineral geochemical data indicate that monchiquites evolved from a picritic primary magma by olivine+ magnetite fractionation and subsequent steps involving magma mixing at crustal levels. None of these processes or assimilation/magma mixing of wall rocks or other plutonic rocks within the complex can entirely explain the geochemical and Nd–Sr-isotopic characteristics of the monchiquites (i.e. a covariant alignment between (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₃₇₀=0.70367, (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)₃₇₀=0.51237 and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₃₇₀=0.70400, (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)₃₇₀=0.51225 representing the end points of the array). This signature points to isotopic heterogeneities of the mantle source of the dyke-producing magma. The four mantle components (i.e. depleted mantle, lower mantle plume component, EMI-like component and EMII-like component) must occur in different proportions on a small scale in order to explain the isotopic variations of the dyke rocks. The EMII-like component might be incorporated into the source area of the primary magma by carbonatitic fluids involving subducted crustal material. The most likely model to explain the small-scale isotopic heterogeneity is plume activity. The results of this study do not provide any support to a cogenetic origin (e.g. fractionation or liquid immiscibility) for carbonatite and monchiquite or other alkali-silicate dyke rocks occurring in spatial proximity. Instead, we propose that both, carbonatite and picrite/monchiquite, originated by low-degree partial melting of peridotite. Textural observations, mineralogical data, and C and O isotopic compositions suggest incorporation of calcite from carbonatite in monchiquite and the occurrence of late-stage carbothermal fluids.Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-003-0016-2     

Application of Sr and O isotope relations to the petrogenesis of the alkaline rocks of the Red Hill complex,New Hampshire,USA

The Red Hill ring complex in central New Hampshire is composed of apparently cogenetic syenites, nepheline-sodalite syenite, and granite. The ages and petrogenetic relations among five of the six recognized units have been investigated by rubidiumstrontium and oxygen isotope analysis of whole rocks and separated minerals. Whole-rock samples from three syenite units are consistent with a single Rb-Sr isochron which gives an age of 198±3 m.y. and an initial (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_o ratio of 0.70330±0.00016 (±2 sigma; =1.42× 10^–11y^–1). However, Sr isotope data for two other units, nepheline syenite and granite, are not consistent with this isochron but rather indicate higher initial ratios which range from 0.7033 to about 0.707. Whole-rock O isotope analyses give ¹⁸O values which range from+6.2 to+9.3 Sr and O isotope analyses on mineral separates indicate that observed whole-rock variations in (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_o are primary and are not due to any secondary process. The fact that the isotope systematics correlate with rock type, suggests that crustal interaction is likely to have played a significant role in the development of this over-and undersaturated association. Such process(es), while still not fully delineated, could be of fundamental importance to the genesis of associations of critically undersaturated and oversaturated intrusives. The data support the idea that interaction between magmas and crustal materials strongly influenced the compositional relations of similar complexes elsewhere including those of the White Mountain magma series.     

四川牦牛坪稀土矿床萤石Sr、Nd同位素对地幔成矿流体的指示意义

萤石是四川牦牛坪稀土矿床主要的脉石矿物之一，其形成贯穿了整个稀土成矿过程，因此同位素的研究对探讨萤石和稀土成矿流体的来源具有重要的价值。矿区6件萤石样品的Sr、Nd同位素组成没有明显差异，结合围岩（碳酸岩－正长岩，花岗岩）同位素组成特征研究表明，不同颜色、来自不同矿石类型、具有不同REE类型的萤石为同源产物，稀土成矿流体来源于富集地幔，与区内碳酸岩－正长岩岩浆活动密切相关。     

Genetic implications of minor-element and Sr-isotope geochemistry of alkaline rock complexes in the Wet Mountains area,Fremont and Custer counties,Colorado

Concentrations of Rb, Sr, and REE (rare earth elements), and Sr-isotopic ratios in rocks of the Cambrian alkaline complexes in the Wet Mountains area, Colorado, show that rocks formed as end-products of a variety of magmas generated from different source materials. The complexes generally contain a bimodal suite of cumulus mafic-ultramafic rocks and younger leucocratic rocks that include nepheline syenite and hornblende-biotite syenite in the McClure Mountain Complex, nepheline syenite pegmatite in the Gem Park Complex, and quartz syenite in the complex at Democrat Creek. The nepheline syenite and hornblende-biotite syenite at McClure Mountain (535±5m.y.) are older than the syenitic rocks at Democrat Creek (511±8m.y.). REE concentrations indicate that the nepheline syenite at McClure Mountain cannot be derived from the hornblende-biotite syenite, which it intrudes, or from the associated mafic-ultramafic rocks. REE also indicate that mafic-ultramafic rocks at McClure Mountain have a source distinct from that of the mafic-ultramafic rocks at Democrat Creek.In the McClure Mountain Complex, initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios for mafic-ultramafic rocks (0.7046±0.0002) are similar to those of hornblende-biotite syenite (0.7045±0.0002), suggesting a similar magmatic source, whereas ratios for carbonatites (0.7038±0.0002) are similar to those of nepheline syenite (0.7038±0.0002). At Democrat Creek, initial ratios of syenitic rocks (0.7032±0.0002) and mafic-ultramafic rocks (0.7028±0.0002) are different from those of corresponding rocks at McClure Mountain.     

Nd isotopes demonstrate the role of contamination in the formation of coexisting quartz and nepheline syenites at the Abu Khruq Complex,Egypt

The petrogenesis of Abu Khruq, an 89 Ma alkaline ring complex of eastern Egypt which is composed of alkali gabbros and both silica over- and undersaturated syenites, has been investigated. Major and trace element relationships and Nd and Sr isotope data are consistent with formation of the gabbros from an alkaline mafic magma that experienced extensive fractionation, and all syenites from a felsic derivative of this melt. The parental magma had an ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.7030 and an ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd of 0.512750 (_Nd = +4.4) indicating derivation from a depeleted mantle source. The initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios are: 0.512721 to 0.512748 for the gabbros, 0.512739 to 0.512750 for the alkali syenites and trachytes, 0.512717 to 0.512755 for the nepheline syenites, and, 0.512706 to 0.512732 for the quartz syenites. In contrast, analyzed Precambrian granites from eastern Egypt have generally lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios (ranging from 0.51247 to 0.51261 or _Nd = -0.8 to 1.7, for 89Ma); their Nd model ages range from 775 to 935 Ma and suggest there was no significant input of pre-Pan-African crust in their formation. Among Abu Khruq rocks, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios indicate that the quartz syenites formed by open-system, crustal contamination processes whereas the nepheline syenites experienced little or no contamination. Modeling shows that contamination occurred at various stages, affecting both mafic and more evolved compositions with input of about 20% crustal Nd for the most contaminated samples. The degree of contamination is related to the silica saturation of the quartz syenites. Simplified modeling of magma evolution within Petrogeny's Residua System demonstrates the ability of AFC processes to cause a critically undersaturated magma to evolve across the feldspar join and produce oversaturated rocks. The oversaturated syenites at Abu Khruq were produced in this manner whereas the nepheline syenites formed by fractionation without similarly large degrees of contamination. The results have broad implications for the formation of subvolcanic complexes in continental settings beyond the important production of silica oversaturated compositions from crustal interaction. They underscore the importance of crustal interactions in the formation of the various lithologies. Such interactions occur at various stages in the evolution of the magmas and, as such, are not strictly coupled with fractional crystallization. While previous study of Abu Khruq has demonstrated extensive hydrothermal alteration of O and Sr isotopes, the present work shows that the Nd isotope ratios were not significantly affected and thus reflect magmatic signatures. This feature combined with relatively small corrections for initial ratios emphasizes the utility of Nd isotopes for petrogenetic studies.     

Petrogenesis of the early Cretaceous Valle Chico igneous complex (SE Uruguay): Relationships with Paraná–Etendeka magmatism

The early Cretaceous (130 Ma) igneous complex of Valle Chico (SE Uruguay) is made up of felsic plutonic and subordinate volcanic rocks and dykes cropping out over an area of about 250 km². This complex is strictly linked with the formation of the Paraná–Etendeka Igneous Province and the first stages of the South Atlantic Ocean rifting. The plutonic rocks range from quartz-monzonite to syenite, quartz-syenite and granite. The volcanic rocks and the dykes range from quartz-latite to trachyte and rhyolite; no substantial differences in term of chemical composition have been found between plutonic and volcanic rocks. Only a sample of basaltic composition (with tholeiitic affinity) has been sampled associated with the felsic rocks. The Agpaitic Index of the Valle Chico felsic rocks range from 0.72 to 1.34, with the peralkaline terms confined in the most evolved samples (SiO₂>65 wt.%). Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₍₁₃₀₎ of the felsic rocks range from 0.7046 to 0.7201, but the range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of low-Rb/Sr samples cluster at 0.7083; ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd₍₁₃₀₎ ratios range from 0.5121 (syenite) to 0.5117 (granite). The tholeiitic basalt show more depleted isotopic compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₍₁₃₀₎=0.7061; ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd₍₁₃₀₎=0.5122), and plots in the field of other early Cretaceous low-Ti basaltic rocks of SE Uruguay. The radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd of the Valle Chico felsic rocks require involvement of lower crustal material in their genesis either as melt contaminant or as protolith (crustal anatexis). In particular, most of the Valle Chico (VC) felsic rocks define a near-vertical array in Sr–Nd isotopic spaces, pointing toward classical EMI-type composition; this feature is considered to reflect a lower crust involvement as observed for other mafic and felsic rocks of the Paraná–Etendeka Igneous Province. Decompression melting of the lower crust related to Gondwana continental rifting before the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean or the presence of thermal anomalies related to the Tristan plume may have induced the lower crust to partially melt. Alternative hypothesis considers contamination of upper mantle by a mafic/ultramafic keel composed of lower crust and uppermost mantle after delamination and detachment processes. This interaction may have occurred after the continent–continent collision during the last stages of the Panafrican Orogeny. This “lower crust” model does not exclude active involvement of upper crust as contaminant, necessary to explain the strongly radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₍₁₃₀₎ isotopic composition of some VC SiO₂-rich rocks. Mineralogical (sporadic presence of pigeonite, Ca–Na and Na clinopyroxene, calcic- and calco-sodic amphibole) and geochemical evidences (major and trace element as well as Sr–Nd isotopic similarities with the felsic early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the Arequita Formation in SE Uruguay) allow us to propose for the VC rocks a transitional rock series (the most abundant rock types are of syenitic/trachytic composition) preferentially evolving towards SiO₂-oversaturated compositions (granite/rhyolite) also with a strong upper crustal contribution as melt contaminant. This conclusion is in contrast with previous studies according which the VC complex had clear alkaline affinity. Many similarities between VC and the coeval Paresis granitoids (Etendeka, Namibia) are evidenced in this paper. The genetic similarities between VC and the rhyolites (s.l.) of SE Uruguay may find counterparts with the genetic link existing between the early Cretaceous tholeiitic-alkaline Messum complex and the quartz latites (s.l.) of the Awahab Formation (Etendeka region, Namibia).     

Early‐Cretaceous Syenites and Granites in the Northeastern Tengchong Block,SW China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

Whole-rock major and trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic data, together with zircon LA ICPMS in-situ U-Pb and Hf isotopic data of the syenites and granites in the Tengchong Block are reported in order to understand their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Zircon U-Pb data gives the emplacement ages of ca. 115.3±0.9 Ma for syenites and 115.7±0.8 Ma for granites, respectively. The syenites are characterized by low SiO_2 content(62.01–63.03 wt%) and notably high Na_2O content(7.04–7.24 wt%) and Na_2O/K_2O ratios(2.02–2.10), low MgO, Fe_2O_3 T and TiO_2, enrichment of LILEs(large-ion lithophile element) such as Rb, Th, U, K, and Pb) and obvious depletion HFSE(high field strength element; e.g. Nb, Ta, P, and Ti) with clearly negative Eu anomalies(d Eu=0.53–0.56). They also display significant negative whole-rock εNd(t) values of-6.8 and zircon εHf(t) values(-9.11 to-0.27, but one is +5.30) and high initial ~(87) Sr/~(86) Sr=0.713013. Based on the data obtained in this study, we suggest that the ca. 115.3 Ma syenites were possibly derived from a sodium-rich continental crustal source, and the fractionation of some ferro-magnesian mineral and plagioclase might occur during the evolution of magma. The granites have high SiO_2 content(71.35–74.47 wt%), metaluminous to peraluminous, low Rb/Ba, Rb/Sr, and Al_2O_3/(MgO+FeOT+TiO_2) ratios and moderate(Al_2O_3+MgO+FeOT+TiO_2) content. They show low initial ~(87) Sr/~(86) Sr(0.703408 to 0.704241) and εNd(t) values(-3.8 to-3.5), plotted into the evolutionary trend between basalts and lower crust. Hence, we suggest that the granites were derived from the melting of mixing sources in the ancient continental crust involving some metabasaltic materials and predominated metasedimentary greywackes. Together with data in the literatures, we infer that the Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tengchong block was dominated by magmas generated by the partial melting of ancient crustal material, which represent the products that associated to the closure of Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys.     

Post-collisional magmatism in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: The geotectonic evolution of the alkaline suite at Gebel Tarbush area, south Sinai, Egypt

Post-collisional alkaline magmatism (∼610–580 Ma) is widely distributed in the northern part of the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS), i.e. the northern part of the Egyptian Eastern Desert and Sinai. Alkaline rocks of G. Tarbush constitute the western limb of the Katharina ring complex (∼593 ± 16 Ma) in southern Sinai. This suite commenced with the extrusion of peralkaline volcanics and quartz syenite subvolcanics intruded by syenogranite and alkali feldspar granite. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these rocks indicate an alkaline/peralkaline within-plate affinity. Quartz syenite is relatively enriched in TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, MgO, CaO, Sr, Ba and depleted in SiO₂, Nb, Y, and Rb. The G. Tarbush alkaline suite most likely evolved via fractionation of mainly feldspar and minor mafic phases (hornblende, aegirine) from a common quartz syenite parental magma, which formed via partial melting of middle crustal rocks of ANS juvenile crust. Mantle melts could have provided the heat required for the middle crustal melting. The upper mantle melting was likely promoted by erosional decompression subsequent to lithospheric delamination and crustal uplift during the late-collisional stage of the ANS. Such an explanation could explain the absence or scarce occurrence of mafic and intermediate lithologies in the abundant late- to post-collisional calc-alkaline and alkaline suites in the northern ANS. Moreover, erosion related to crustal uplift during the late-collision stage could account for the lack or infrequent occurrence of older lithologies, i.e. island arc metavolcanics and marginal basin ophiolites, from the northern part of the ANS.