北太平洋风应力与流场联合EOF的主模态分析

采用了SODA资料,将海面风应力场与大洋各层流场看作一个整体做了赤道外北太平洋风应力和流场异常的联合EOF分析,此时风应力场与各层流场有相同的时间系数,这样就可揭示海气耦合的结构和演变,这是该方法的特点和优点。得到的主要结论有:诊断得到的主模态的风应力异常体现了北太平洋大气活动中心的异常,两者关系密切;在冬、春、秋三季均表征为阿留申低压的异常,在夏季则表征为副热带高压的异常。该主模态的风应力和流场异常均是PDO模态在其上的体现,且前者处海气相互作用中矛盾的主要方面,后者处次要方面,前者起着主动作用,后者则处被动状态。主模态在四季均有明显的年际变化和年代际变化;对北太平洋风场和上层流场而言,年际变化反映了ENSO的影响,而约20a的年代际变化则反映了太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的影响。主模态中北太平洋海盆尺度的风应力异常、大洋环流异常和上层海温的动力异常这三者具有紧密的联系,这三者的连锁作用则造成了北太平洋SSTA的PDO模态;而在此大洋环流异常则起着关键中介作用。主模态的风应力异常与黑潮系统流场的异常有紧密联系;对于明显的正(负)异常,冬、夏两季135°E以东的黑潮都偏强(弱),黑潮续流则偏弱(强);对于黑潮以南的回流涡旋,冬季则偏强(弱),夏季则偏弱(强);而ENSO和PDO对黑潮流场系统的异常均有明显影响。     

太平洋海温场两种不同时间尺度气候模态的分析

利用经验正交函数分解、多元线性回归分析、小波分析和离散功率谱等方法,对太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和ENSO的关系进行研究,发现太平洋海温场中主要存在着PDO和ENSO两种气候模态.用线性回归分析方法对这两种模态进行分离,结果表明,去除ENSO信息后,太平洋海温变化的关键区出现于北太平洋中纬度地区,PDO的信号很明显;而去除PDO信息后,海温变化的关键区位于赤道中、东太平洋地区,ENSO的信号较明显,此时ENSO循环不具有年代际振荡的特征,表明PDO对ENSO的调制作用是ENSO事件具有年代际变化特征的重要原因.     

冬季北太平洋流场异常主要模态与PDO及NPGO的关系

采用复经验正交函数(EOF)分解和小波分析,对冬季北太平洋上层海流异常进行了统计动力诊断,并讨论了主要模态与北太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)模态和北太平洋环流振荡(NPGO)模态的关系。结果显示,冬季北太平洋上层洋流异常复EOF分解的第一模态是PDO在流场异常上的反映,第二模态则包含了NPGO的明显信息。主要依据有:(1)第一和第二模态的实时间系数序列分别有准20a和准13a的年代际变化周期,与PDO和NPGO模态的年代际变化周期相同;(2)第一和第二模态实时间系数与北太平洋海表面温度异常(SSTA)的回归系数场的空间分布分别与PDO和NPGO模态的空间结构相近。根据第一和第二模态上层洋流异常计算得到的垂直运动异常的分布,与SSTA的PDO和NPGO模态的空间分布类似,表明海盆尺度流场异常造成的垂直运动是形成PDO和NPGO模态的重要原因。     

PDO的三维空间结构和时间演变特征

利用再分析次表层海温资料和CCSM3模式的1870-1999年130 a模拟试验的结果,分析了北太平洋年代际变化(PDO)的三维空间结构和时间演变特征.结果表明,CCSM3模式较好的模拟了北太平洋年代际变化的主要特征,对再分析资料和模式结果的分析都表明从北太平洋表层至次表层的中层,年代际变化是非常显著的,PDO不仅仅局...     

西北太平洋部分岛屿10月降水多寡的环流特征及海温状况分析

本文从 500百帕高度场、海平面气压场及北太平洋表层海温场对西太平洋部分岛屿10月降水多寡的成因进行了分析。分析表明:该区10月降水多雨年与少雨年在高度场、气压场、海温场上均存有明显差异,其关键区2、8月高度、气压、海温距平和对该区10月降水均有较好的指示性,8月份北赤道西部海流区海温与10月降水也具有较好的相关关系。统计还指出,影响关键区高度、气压和海温变化进而导致10月降水的多寡与西北太平洋海面上的气旋活动有关。     

热带太平洋上层洋流异常的复EOF分析

采用复EOF分析方法,对全年热带太平洋海域的上层洋流异常做了统计动力诊断,主要结论有:热带太平洋上层洋流异常复EOF分解第一、二模态的空间场均为赤道所俘获,并在赤道南北方向均呈迅速衰减的态势,其表现为赤道陷波的形式。第一、二模态时间系数为复数,其辐角均集中在两个状态,其模则表示了流场异常的大小。该时间系数均有年际变化和年代际变化,其年际变化的周期均与ENSO相同;在冬季,其年代际变化周期分别与北太平洋主要气候模态PDO和NPGO,以及热带外北太平洋流场异常复EOF分解前两模态的周期相同或相近,这反映了热带与中纬度各大气、海洋系统之间的相互耦合。由各模态流场异常可得相应的垂直运动异常,从而可估计SSTA的动力变化;第一模态在赤道东、西太平洋处呈现东西向的跷跷板变化;第二模态则在西太平洋赤道上以及其北侧的西太平洋暖池处,呈现南北向的跷跷板变化。第一模态的性质为海洋赤道Kelvin波的异常,可称之为ENSO的主要模态;第二模态的性质为海洋混合Rossby-重力惯性波的异常,可称之为ENSO的次要模态。     

黑潮末端与黑潮延伸体的流场异常模态分析

对北太平洋黑潮末端及黑潮延伸体的流场异常采用复EOF分析,结果发现:该海域流场明显异常在全年四季都主要发生在黑潮末端和黑潮延伸体上,其异常的主要形式在前2个模态均表现为一条由中尺度涡旋组成的涡旋带,带上通常有两两旋转方向相反的涡旋偶。各季第一模态方差贡献表现的季节变化特征与日本以南的黑潮流量相一致,秋季最大,夏季次之。ENSO的机制是副热带太平洋经圈环流与热带太平洋纬向环流系统之间的相互作用,其在各季第一模态的年际变化上均有所反映。冬季PDO在年代际变化上表现明显,其他三季则NPGO表现明显。该海域流场异常的性质是海洋Rossby波的异常,而赤道太平洋流场异常的性质是赤道俘获波的异常,但两者均与风应力异常强迫有关。     

中国近海海温年际年代际振荡关键海区分析研究

用HADLEY中心的HadISST的海温资料、NCEP的大气资料、国家气象局发布的74个月平均环流指数和美国华盛顿大学的PDO指数,讨论研究了中国近海海温的年际年代际振荡。通过对我国近海海温的EOF分析,可以发现我国近海30 N附近是海温年际年代际振荡信号最强的关键区,它占了总量的58.2%,与澳大利亚东北沿海海温年代际振荡有相同的周期,最明显周期是44—45年,滞后PDO信号近15年左右。该关键区海温与澳大利亚东北沿海海温都还存在1年、5年和15年的振荡,它们的相关系数达到0.604,属于同一个模态。另外,1年的海温振荡信号除了澳大利亚东北沿岸以外,还沿着西太平洋海岸线分布,因此中国近海海温年际年代际振荡不是一种局地现象,而与太平洋海温变化有关。另外,它是海气相互作用的结果,与中高纬度的东亚大槽和低纬度太平洋印度洋的风场、西太平洋副高和南海副高、大气温度场甚至南半球环流有明显的关系。     

基于海温遥相关的渤黄海冬季气温与海冰预测方法

选取渤黄海历史冰情和气温资料、全球海温资料,分析了1971—2015年渤黄海冬季气温和冰情的变化特征。基于遥相关分析法,选取影响渤黄海冬季气温的前期海温关键区,建立了渤黄海冬季气温和冰级的预测模型。结果表明:渤黄海气温和冰情具有明显的年际和年代际变化,二者呈负相关关系;根据全球海温遥相关型,冰季前期的夏季海温对渤黄海冬季气温影响明显,海温关键区为赤道以北低纬度中东太平洋海域、北太平洋白令海西南海域、西南印度洋和澳大利亚东南沿岸海域。由此建立的预测模型与实际观测值具有较好的一致性。     

北太平洋海洋异常加热主要型及其与海面水温的关系

本文用经验正交函数(EOF)对北太平洋海面加热场进行了分型,讨论了第一和第二特征向量场的时空分布特征,并分析了与北太平洋海温场的关系。结果指出,冬季第一特征向量场以北太平洋中西部和东部的特征值反号为主要特征,夏季则以全区的特征值同号为基本特色。同时指出,在北赤道流和北太平洋海流区,海温的变化对海面加热场主要型有重要影响,尤其在夏、秋季节;在其它海域,无论是冬季还是夏季,两者均无明显的联系。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.