Late Quaternary climatic history of the Chilean Channels based on fossil pollen and beetle analyses,with an analysis of the modern vegetation and pollen rain

Fossil beetles and pollen were examined from an intermorainal bog at Puerto Edén, Isla Wellington, Chile (latitude 49°08'S, longitude 74°25'W). Wood from near the base of the section has an age of 12 960 ± 150 yr BP. Occurrence of flightless beetle species in the basal peat sample is evidence that some members of the biota survived the last glacial maximum in refugia. The assumption that the Chilean Channels were entirely ice-covered is incorrect. Plants and insects that invaded the deglaciated terrain were those of an Empetrum heathland in which patches of Nothofagus forest were restricted to sheltered locations. The climate supporting the heathland is inferred to have been windier and probably drier than that of the present day. From 13 000 yr BP to 9500 yr BP Nothofagus forest expanded, possibly in response to less windiness and more available moisture. Neither the fossil beetle nor pollen data support a return to significantly colder conditions between 11 000 and 10 000 yr BP at the time of the Younger Dryas Stade. From 9500 to 5500 yr BP the climate was as wet as that of the present day, based on an increased representation of the pollen of moorland plants and of aquatic beetle species. From 5500 to 3000 yr BP the climate was drier, as indicated by the expansion of Empetrum heath and the reduction in mesic habitats. From 3000 yr BP to the present-day mesic habitats dominated as the climate returned to a wetter mode. The alternatively wetter and drier episodes are attributed to latitudinal shifts in the position of storm tracks in the belt of Southern Westerlies.     

Late Cretaceous Transpressional Fault System: A Case Study of the Yishu Fault Belt, Shandong Province, Eastern China

On the basis of field observations of the structures of three profiles from the Linshu region, deformation characteristics and the tectonic background of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic have been discussed in detail.Three structural profiles, whose deformations consist mainly of earlier transpressional faults and later normal faults, were developed for the Mengtuan Formation of the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group.Typical positive flower structures, duplex structures, and break-through faults were found in these profiles.On the basis of analyses of the structural deformation and previous geochronological studies, it was concluded that the earlier transpressional faults of the profiles were triggered by the sinistral transpression of the Yishu fault belt in the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene, and that the later normal faults, formed during the Late Paleogene–Neogene extension, truncated the earlier transpressional faults.With consideration of the tectonic evolution of the Tan-Lu fault belt and the different drift directions of the Pacific plate since the Cretaceous, we suggest that the major tectonic events of the Late Cretaceous–Neogene in eastern China were mainly controlled by the subduction of the Pacific plate.     

The influence of Late Cretaceous synsedimentary deformation on the Cenozoic structuration of the middle Adriatic,Croatia

The primordially structural-lithofacial relationships in the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP) of Croatia were formed by a Late Cretaceous synsedimentary tectonics. During Cenomanian, an extensional tectonic regime differentiated AdCP into several kilometres large paleoenvironmental segments which behaved as individual depocenteres. The latest Cenomanian and earliest Turonian were tectonically relatively quiet periods during which sediments only recorded a relative sea-level rise. Compression commenced during the middle Santonian and formed first (NW-SE) gentle folds in the frontal part of the Split-Dubrovnik thrust. These folds had amplitudes of tens to hundreds of metres and are up to ten kilometres in strike. The apical parts of the anticlines were dominated by shallow-marine deposition with short emergences simultaneously, slope deposition of pelagic sediments took place in the synclines. By the end of the Campanian, compression weakened and younger sediments infilled former depressions while the deposition ended in the Adriatic hinterland of Croatia. During the Maastrichtian the compression recommenced and the index of older folds increased while new folds and reverse faults were formed. Such deformations created a differentiated morphology at the surface subsequently overlaid by Palaeogene sediments. Clastic sediments accumulated indeed in this paleodepression during the Palaeogene and Miocene–Quaternary, forming favourable structural conditions for hydrocarbon generation.     

新疆库车坳陷晚白垩世沉积的地球化学特征及意义

库车坳陷广泛发育的晚白垩世巴什基奇克组是新疆塔里木盆地北部地区克拉苏大型气田的主要储层,其沉积环境一直存在争议。本文依据塔里木盆地北部地区库车坳陷巴什基奇克组地球化学资料,对塔北地区晚白垩世时期发育海侵沉积进行了分析。结合野外露头剖面和钻井剖面巴什基奇克组上段新发现的大量海相钙质超微化石和沉积相特点,认为塔北地区晚白垩世时期曾发生明显的海侵作用,海水分布范围向东可达库车河地区,但沉积环境比较闭塞,古盐度指数反映水介质为咸水,古气候以干旱高温为特点。这一研究为塔西南地区和塔北地区晚白垩世地层对比奠定了基础,对本区的油气勘探和远景分析具有重要意义。     

Late Cretaceous to early Miocene deposits of the Carpathian foreland basin in southern Moravia

 The Late Cretaceous to Early Miocene strata of the Carpathian foreland basin in southern Moravia (Czech Republic) are represented by a variety of facies which reflects the evolution of the foreland depositional system. However, because of the intensive deformation and tectonic displacement and the lack of diagnostic fossils the stratigraphic correlation and paleogeographic interpretation of these strata are difficult and often controversial. In order to better correlate and to integrate them into a broader Alpine–Carpathian foreland depositional system, these discontinuous and fragmentary strata have been related to four major tectonic and depositional events: (a) formation of the Carpathian foreland basin in Late Cretaceous which followed the subduction of Tethys and subsequent deformation of the Inner Alps-Carpathians; (b) Middle to Late Eocene transgression over the European foreland and the Carpathian fold belt accompanied by deepening of the foreland basin and deposition of organic-rich Menilitic Formation; (c) Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Egerian) uplifting and deformation of inner zones of the Carpathian flysch belt and deposition of Krosno-type flysch in the foreland basin; and (d) Early Miocene (Eggenburgian) marine transgression and formation of late orogenic and postorogenic molasse-type foreland basin in the foreland. These four principal events and corresponding depositional sequences are recognized throughout the region and can be used as a framework for regional correlation within the Alpine–Carpathian foreland basin. Received: 18 August 1998 / Accepted: 9 June 1999     

The Alpine evolution of the Southern Alps around the Giudicarie faults: A Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene transfer zone

Data supporting relevant Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene sinistral displacement along the Giudicarie fault zone and a minor Neogene dextral displacement along the Periadriatic lineament are discussed. The pre-Adamello structural belt is present only in the internal Lombardy zone, located W of the Adamello massif. This belt is unknown in the Dolomites and surrounding areas located to the E of the Giudicarie lineament. Upper Cretaceous–Early Eocene thick syntectonic Flysch deposits of Lombardy and Giudicarie are well preserved along the southern and eastern border of the pre-Adamello belt (S-vergent Alpine orogen). Towards the E, in the Dolomites and in the Carnic Alps and external Dinarides, only incomplete remnants of Flysch deposits, Aptian–Albian and Turonian–Maastrichtian in age, are present. They can be considered as equivalent to those of Lombardy and Giudicarie formerly in connection to each other along the N-Giudicarie corridor. To the S, the syntectonic Flysch deposits are laterally replaced by the calcareous red pelagites of the Scaglia Rossa and by the carbonate shelf deposits of the Friuli (to the E) and Bagnolo (to the S) carbonate platforms. The different location in the southern structural accretion of the eastern and western opposite blocks (the Dolomites versus the pre-Adamello belt) can be related to the Cretaceous–Eocene convergence. In this frame, the N-Giudicarie fault has been considered as part of a former transfer zone, which produced the sinistral lateral displacement of the Southern Alps front for an amount of some 50 km. During the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene the transfer zone was mostly sealed by the Paleogene Adamello batholith. Oligocene to Neogene compressional evolution inverted the N-Giudicarie fault into a backthrust of the Austroalpine units over the South-Alpine chain.     

河南栾川晚白垩世秋扒组甲龙类化石的发现及意义

报道了河南省栾川县秋扒乡晚白垩世秋扒组发现的甲龙类化石。化石包括单枚牙齿、一几乎完整的背椎体、不完整的肋骨和坐骨。虽然化石材料少,难以确立属种,但是这是除中原龙产地外,中原地区发现的第二个甲龙类化石点。该化石的发现为研究甲龙类的迁徙及其古地理分布特点提供了重要信息。     

渝东南正阳盆地晚白垩世构造—沉积演化

重庆黔江正阳盆地位于川东南—湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带中,发育上白垩统正阳组,其1段为冲、洪积相砾岩,2段为河、湖相砂岩、粉砂岩,含丰富的恐龙化石。该盆地是燕山运动在川东南—湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带中形成的典型山间盆地,研究该盆地的构造—沉积演化对探讨晚白垩世渝东南构造演化具有重要意义,但目前针对该盆地的研究较少。本研究通过测量和分析正阳组中的沉积、构造特征,探讨了盆地的控盆断裂、古水流方向、沉积物来源以及构造演化史。对正阳组古流向恢复的研究表明,其物源主要来自西侧。燕山期,北西—南东向的区域挤压作用在川东南地区形成了广泛分布的节理系及逆冲断层,这些断层随着挤压应力的持续将各滑脱层连通,岩层在断坡附近堆叠,背斜扩展,逐渐形成隔槽式褶皱。燕山末期,渝东南地区在局部拉张的构造背景下发育了正断层——“阿蓬江断裂”,其控制了正阳盆地的形成,并形成“东断西超、东低西高”的古地理格局,西侧地质体为盆地提供物源,沉积了正阳组。此后,局部挤压使得该地区抬升,遭受剥蚀,南侧抬升剥蚀较北侧明显。     

西藏尼玛县西拉木那勒地区晚白垩世埃达克岩岩石成因及构造指示

青藏高原北拉萨板块上发育大规模的晚白垩世岩浆作用,长期以来,关于其岩石成因及构造属性一直存在较大争论。本次研究对产出于北拉萨板块尼玛县西约150km的拉木那勒晚白垩世岩体开展了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学等方面的工作。拉木那勒岩体主要为花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,具有较高的SiO_2(68. 12%～72. 21%)、Al_2O_3(12. 28%～17. 02%)含量和较高的Sr/Y比值(26. 7～145)、La/Yb比值(24. 1～28. 4),低含量的MgO(0. 88%～1. 86%)、Y(4. 58×10~(-6)～10. 03×10~(-6))和Yb(0. 33×10~(-6)～0. 73×10~(-6)),具有埃达克岩的典型特征。本文共对4件年代学样品进行了锆石U-Pb定年,其中2件样品获得了88. 4±0. 5Ma和88. 6±0. 4Ma的谐和年龄,另外2件样品获得了89Ma和95Ma的下交点年龄。结合区域地质资料,我们倾向于认为拉木那勒岩体形成于班公湖-怒江洋闭合之后,是陆-陆碰撞加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。此外,地壳增厚可能是北拉萨板块晚白垩世岩浆岩的一个重要的形成机制。     

Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the gastropod fauna from a Late Cretaceous rocky shore, Sweden

A gastropod fauna comprising 17 species, each represented by a limited number of specimens, is described from a Late Cretaceous, late early Campanian rocky shore at Ivö Klack, southern Sweden. The gastropod fauna is associated with the most diverse ancient rocky shore fauna ever found. However, the low gastropod species diversity compared to the faunas of modern rocky shores is ascribed to taphonomic factors, notably dissolution of the aragonitic shells, but the predominance of epifaunal herbivores is indicative of a guild structure similar to that found on modern rocky shores. The presence of drill holes assigned to the ichnospecies Oichnus simplex suggests the former presence of muricid gastropods which have not been found as body fossils. A single drill hole is referred to Oichnus paraboloides and was probably made by a naticid gastropod. The infaunal mode of life of naticids makes preservation of such drill holes difficult, since the majority of infaunal prey such as burrowing bivalves has aragonitic shells which are not preserved. The relatively high number of species in comparison to many other Late Cretaceous rocky shore faunas, offers an opportunity to compare gastropod guild structure at Ivö Klack with modern counterparts, even though taphonomic processes such as mechanical destruction and aragonite dissolution have played an important role in the fossil gastropod assemblage.     

Sedimentology, palaeontology, biostratigraphy and correlation of the Late Cretaceous Vilquechico Group of southern Peru

Detailed analysis of the Late Cretaceous Vilquechico Group (formerly Vilquechico Formation) of the Southern Andes allows the recognition of three major sedimentary sequences, defining Lower, Middle and Upper Vilquechico lithologic formations (LVF, MVF and UVF respectively). Some of them (MVF and UVF) include in turn minor sedimentary sequences. In addition to dinosaur trackways, they contain a marine fauna (selachians, actinopterygians, molluscs) in their transgressive basal parts, and lacustrine fossils (charophytes, ostracods, gastropods) in their regressive continental upper parts. Two charophyte biozones characterize the MVF and the UVF respectively. The lithologic and sedimentary features of the major sequences, as well as their palaeontological contents allow large-scale correlations with other Andean series. Such correlations permit us to tentatively ascribe the unfossiliferous LVF to the Coniacian-early Santonian (?) time-span, and the MVF to the Santonian late Campanian interval. The UVF is of latest Campanian-late Maastrichtian age. As a consequence, the assumed correlations between the Vilquechico Group and some of the vertebrate-bearing Andean localities are revised.     

Paleoenvironments and origin of the sedimentary phosphorites of the Napo Formation (Late Cretaceous, Oriente Basin, Ecuador)

The Napo phosphorites were deposited at the edge of a stable marine shelf during the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) oceanic anoxic event (OAE 3) at the transition from bioclastic limestone to organic-rich shale facies. Phosphogenesis was triggered in the shelf margin environment by a number of factors including strong upwelling currents, high biological activity, plankton blooms, and large amounts of organic matter production and subsequent accumulation. Dissolved phosphate levels increased in the sediment from a combination of anoxic conditions and microbial activity. Once dissolved phosphate concentrations were high enough, apatite began to form around nucleic sites including mineral grains, shells, wood fragments, and foraminifera tests forming peloidal fluorine rich carbonate fluoroapatite (francolite). As the peloids formed, sedimentation continued and dissolved phosphate concentrations diminished. A period of minor winnowing ensued, and as dissolved phosphate concentrations remained low, shale layers were deposited separating the various phosphate layers.     

Late Cretaceous Kholokhovchan Flora of Northeastern Asia: Composition,age and fossil plant descriptions

The Kholokhovchan Flora comes from tuffaceous – terrigenous deposits of the Vetvinskaya Member (Chalbugchan Group) in the Penzhina and Oklan rivers interfluve, Northeastern Russia. The depositional environment of the plant-bearing deposits is interpreted to have been a freshwater lake. The Kholokhovchan Flora hosts 42 fossil plant species belonging to Marchantiopsida, Polypodiopsida, Ginkgoales, Leptostrobales, Bennettitales, Pinales and Magnoliopsida. It is characterised by diverse angiosperms, less diverse conifers and ferns, by the presence of relatively ancient Sphenobaiera, Phoenicopsis and Pterophyllum together with advanced Late Cretaceous Taxodium, Glyptostrobus and angiosperms, among which platanoids are quite diverse. The Kholokhovchan Flora is most similar to Penzhina and Kaivayam floras of the Anadyr-Koryak Subregion and Arman Flora of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogenic belt (Northeastern Russia) and should be dated as Turonian–Coniacian. The Kholokhovchan Flora, that populated volcanic plateaus and intermontane valleys, are characterised by a mixture of ancient “Mesophytic” plants with typical Late Cretaceous “Cenophytic” taxa. This peculiar composition probably reflects a gradual penetration of new angiosperm-dominated plant assemblages into older floras: during the Late Cretaceous, “Cenophytic” assemblages migrated along river valleys and other disturbed habitats into the interior of Asia, eventually occupying volcanogenic uplands, and in places replacing the “Mesophytic” fern-gymnospermous communities that existed there. Two new angiosperm species, as well as four the most characteristic conifers of the Kholokhovchan Flora, are described: Cupressaceae gen. et sp. indet. cf. Widdringtonites sp., Taxodium cf. olrikii, Taxodium sp., Glyptostrobus sp., Ettingshausenia vetviensis sp. nov. and Parvileguminophyllum penzhinense sp. nov.     

琼南晚白垩世基性岩墙群的年代学、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素研究

系统的年代学、元素地球化学和Sr—Nd同位素地球化学研究表明，琼南晚白垩世基性岩墙群形成于81Ma，富K(K20约为1．95％～3．63％，K20／Na20约为0．61～1．12)、大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素和Pb，亏损高场强元素，具高的^87Sr／86Sr初始值(0．7078～0．7084)和负的εNd(t)值(—3．2～—2．3)，为典型的钾玄质系列岩石，类似于与俯冲环境相关的高K／Ti—低Ti钾质岩石。该岩墙群形成于“后碰撞弧”的板内拉张环境，源自与俯冲作用有关的富钾和大离子亲石元素的交代地慢，并经历了明显的以单斜辉石为主的结晶分异作用。此外，琼南基性岩墙群和粤北及福建沿海地区晚白垩世基性岩脉的对比表明，晚白垩世中国东南部岩石圈地慢组成存在区域性的差异，这种差异很可能与区域构造演化历史的不同有关。     

粤北长塘盆地晚白垩世早期流纹岩的成因:地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O同位素制约

长塘流纹岩为"大量流纹岩-少量玄武岩"构成的不对称双峰式火山岩组合的酸性端元,前人对年代学研究认为是目前华南识别的燕山期最年轻的流纹岩(SHRIMP年龄96.8 Ma),但在岩石地球化学特征及成因方面尚未深入研究。本文通过全岩主微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb-O和锆石Hf同位素研究得到:流纹岩为亚碱性弱过铝质岩石,稀土元素富集,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常;具有较小的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i、较高的εNd(t)和较低的(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i、(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i值;锆石的εHf(t)值较高且Hf模式年龄和全岩基本一致,均显示为新生下地壳岩浆;全岩的δ18O值较高。结合区域地质资料,本文认为长塘流纹岩是在晚白垩世早期拉张环境下,源于EMⅡ富集地幔的岩浆混染少量下地壳物质形成新元古代新生下地壳,发生熔融产生的岩浆在上升过程中经历结晶分异演化后喷出地表的产物。晚白垩世早期流纹岩成因对华南陆壳拉张减薄到正常厚度时间节点提供了证据。     

西藏拉萨地块北部晚白垩世晚期基性岩墙的成因:来自锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学的制约

拉萨地块北部阿索地区新发现的晚白垩世晚期基性岩墙对于讨论班公湖-怒江洋盆闭合后的碰撞过程具有重要研究意义。本文报道了阿索地区目思基性岩墙的全岩地球化学组成和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄。研究表明,目思基性岩墙中一组最年轻锆石的U-Pb加权平均年龄为74Ma。岩墙内的辉绿玢岩SiO2含量介于51.90%~53.55%之间,MgO含量介于3.98%~4.97%之间,Mg^#为50.0~57.5,低Cr(51.30×10^-6~79.48×10^-6)和Ni(55.94×10^-6~74.17×10^-6)含量。岩墙具有轻稀土元素富集的特征,明显的负Eu异常。在微量元素方面,富集Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素富集,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,并具有Pb的正异常。La/Sm-Sm/Yb投图结果显示基性岩墙来自于尖晶石+石榴石二辉橄榄岩地幔源区1%~5%的部分熔融,并在演化过程中发生了橄榄石、单斜辉石及斜长石的结晶分异,同时在岩浆上升过程中受到地壳混染。结合区域地质背景,拉萨地块与羌塘地块碰撞后下地壳增厚并发生榴辉岩化,导致拆沉作用。目思基性岩墙的锆石U-Pb年龄表明拆沉作用持续到晚白垩世晚期。     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Late Cretaceous redbeds in the Gan-Hang Belt,southeast China: implications for provenance,source weathering,and tectonic setting

ABSTRACT

The distinct basin and range tectonics in southeast China were generated in a crustal extension setting during the late Mesozoic. Compared with the adjacent granitoids of the ranges, the redbeds of the basins have not been well characterized. In this article, provenance, source weathering, and tectonic setting of the redbeds are investigated by petrographic and geochemical studies of sandstone samples from the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group of the Yongchong Basin in the Gan-Hang Belt, southeast China. Detrital grains are commonly subangular to subrounded, poorly sorted, and are rich in lithic fragments. The variable pre-metasomatic Chemical Index of Alternation (CIA* = 62–85), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW = 70.90–98.76, avg. 85.62), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA = 60.23–98.35, avg. 79.91), and high Index of Compositional Variability (ICV = 0.67–3.08, avg. 1.40) values collectively suggest an overall intermediate degree of chemical weathering and intense physical erosion of the source rocks, but a relatively decreased degree of chemical weathering during the late stage (Lianhe Formation) of the Guifeng Group is observed. Several chemical ratios (e.g. Al₂O₃/TiO₂, La/Th, Cr/Th, Th/Sc, Zr/Sc) also suggest a dominant felsic source nature, significant first-cycle sediment supply, and low sedimentary recycling. Such features are consistent with active extension tectonic setting. Sandstone framework models and geochemical characteristics suggest the provenance is related to passive margin (PM), active continental margin (ACM), and continental island arc (CIA) tectonic settings. Sediment derivation from the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and Silurian–Devonian granites indicates a PM provenance, whereas sediments derived from the Early Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive complexes suggest an ACM and CIA nature. Therefore, the Late Cretaceous redbeds were deposited in a dustpan-like half-graben under the back-arc extension regime when southeast China was possibly influenced by northwestward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath East Asia.     

The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of eastern Heilongjiang, northeast China: stratigraphy and regional basin history

In eastern Heilongjiang, the Upper Jurassic is marine and restricted to the Suibin and Dong’an areas, where it is characterized faunally by Callovian–Volgian (Tithonian) bivalves and florally by dinoflagellates. The Lower Cretaceous is widely distributed in eastern Heilongjiang, and characterized faunally by Berriasian–Valanginian bivalves, Barremian–Albian ammonites and Aucellina, and florally by dinoflagellates. To the west, the marine facies grade into non-marine beds. Thus, in the east, for example in the Dong’an and Dajiashan areas, near the northwestern Palaeo-Pacific, the Lower Cretaceous is marine; westward, in the Yunshan, Longzhaogou, Peide, and Zhushan areas, marine and non-marine deposits alternate, whereas further west still, e.g. in the Jixi Basin, non-marine facies are intercalated with marine beds. This regional distribution is indicative of a large, shallow embayment opening eastwards to the Palaeo-Pacific; during the Early Cretaceous successive transgressive-regressive events influenced the climate and biota of eastern Heilongjiang and northeastern China. Many of the Lower Cretaceous sections contain abundant coals, demonstrating that in this region the Early Cretaceous was an important coal-forming period. Some non-marine bivalve species are common to the Lower Cretaceous Jixi Group of eastern Heilongjiang, the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the Transbaikalian Group of Siberia, suggesting that these groups are of comparable Early Cretaceous age.     

西藏拉萨地体南部晚白垩纪石榴石二辉麻粒岩的发现及其构造意义

拉萨地体位于青藏高原南部,其中-新生代构造演化过程与新特提斯洋的俯冲、消亡和印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞密切相关,是揭示青藏高原形成与演化历史的关键之一。本文报道了在拉萨地体东南部林芝岩群中发现的石榴石二辉麻粒岩。这种岩石的共生矿物为石榴石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石、拉长石、富钛角闪石和黑云母,其原岩相当于基性岩,变质作用的温压条件为T=747~834℃和P=0.90~1.35GPa,形成深度可达45km。与麻粒岩伴生的石榴石斜长角闪岩和大理岩中锆石的U-Pb定年研究表明,它们的变质作用发生在85~90Ma。结合在林芝岩群中广泛发育的同时代岩浆作用和区域变质作用,我们认为拉萨地体南部在晚中生代发生了强烈的安第斯型造山作用。     

东尼日尔盆地海侵的微体古生物和地球化学证据

东尼日尔盆地是中西非裂谷系中典型的中—新生代裂谷盆地,位于尼日尔东部,包括Termit、Tefidet、Tenere、Grein、Bilma等5个坳陷。在对位于Tenere坳陷的Saha-1井和位于Termit坳陷的Helit-1井的上白垩统泥岩岩屑样品的微体古生物分布和地球化学特征分析的基础上,论证了东尼日尔盆地晚白垩世发生海侵。Saha-1井上白垩统泥岩岩屑样品微体古生物鉴定结果显示,样品中含有海相沟鞭藻、介形类、钙质超微、有孔虫等化石;地球化学特征表现为具有高丰度的伽马蜡烷、β-胡萝卜烷,且指示海相沉积环境的标志物甲藻甾烷丰富。微体古生物分布和地球化学特征均表明,晚白垩世地层沉积于海相环境。晚白垩世为全球海平面高位期,东尼日尔盆地发生大规模海侵。在早白垩世,东尼日尔盆地以陆相沉积为主;在晚白垩世热沉降和海侵的背景下,东尼日尔各坳陷成为一个统一的海相盆地,沉积了巨厚的海相地层。