重磁电综合地球物理探测河套盆地深部结构

从地球物理的角度出发,利用重力、磁法及电法勘探对河套盆地第四系深覆盖区展开深入研究,对河套断陷带南北边界断裂——鄂尔多斯北界断裂、色尔腾山前断裂的性质,河套盆地第四纪沉积物特征及厚度,河套沉积基底构造的探测进行了大量研究工作,并利用电法剖面对该区第四纪含水层分布规律进行了初步研究。通过重磁联合反演、天然地震数据,分析并推断了研究区由南向北的4条隐伏断层F₁-F₄及狼山-色尔腾山前大断裂F₅,同时揭露了该区结晶基底的起伏及埋深,研究区南部基底深度2.5~4.2 km,北部中心基底最大埋深可达6 km,北部色尔腾山前断裂带迅速升至0~1 km。      

盐溶液入渗过程的电阻率成像法时空监测

采用电阻率成像法探讨了室内实验尺度上岩体中盐溶液的入渗过程。在岩柱试样上进行蒸馏水和盐溶液的入渗实验，在入渗过程中通过多通道高密度电阻率勘测系统对岩柱的电性特征在三维空间上进行动态监测。然后对入渗过程岩柱进行电阻率成像，从而获得不同时刻岩柱中的电阻率分布。各勘测截面上电阻率的分布和变化基本反映了岩柱内盐溶液的时空变化特征，表明电阻率成像法动态监测室内实验尺度岩石中盐溶液的入渗是可行的，岩柱5个截面的电阻率图像表明溶液的入渗是不均匀的。     

Controlled Source Audio Magneto Telluric (CSAMT) studies for uranium exploration in Durgi area,Palnad sub-basin,Cuddapah basin,India

Cuddapah basin is known for hosting unconformity proximal uranium deposits viz., Lambapur, Peddagattu, Chitirial and Koppunuru along the northern margin of the basin. It is well known that these deposits are mostly associated with basement granitoids in Srisailam Sub-basin, and with cover sediments in Palnad subbasin where basement topography and fault/fracture system influence the fluid flow causing basement alteration and ore deposition. Geological setup, surface manifestation of uranium anomalies and association of the hydro-uranium anomalies near Durgi area in southern part of the Palnad sub-basin, have prompted detail investigation by geophysical methods to probe greater depths. Controlled Source Audio Magneto Telluric (CSAMT) survey conducted over five decades of frequency (0.1-9600 Hz) delineated the various lithounits of Kurnool and Nallamalai Groups along with their thicknesses as there exist an appreciable resistivity contrast. Interpretation of CSAMT sounding data are constrained by resistivity logs and litholog data obtained from the boreholes drilled within the basin indicated three to four layered structure. Sub-surface 2-D and 3-D geo-electrical models are simulated by stitching 1-D layered inverted resistivity earth models. Stitched 1-D inverted resistivity sections revealed the unconformity between the Kurnool Group and Nallamalai Group along with basement undulations. The faults/fractures delineated from the CSAMT data corroborated well with the results of gravity data acquired over the same area. Simulated 3-D voxel resistivity model helped in visualising the faults/fractures, their depth extent, thickness of the Banganapalle quartzite and basement configuration. Integrated interpretation of CSAMT, gravity and borehole data facilitated in delineating the unconformity and the structural features favourable for uranium mineralisation in deeper parts of the Palnad sub-basin.     

The impact of subsurface geological structure on the groundwater occurrence using geophysical techniques in wadi El Kallabiyyah and wadi As Sabil,East Esna,Eastern Desert,Egypt

The present study aims to explain some hydrogeological problems that are related to geological setting in two wadis: El Kallabiyyah and As Sabil East Esna. For this purpose, land magnetic, vertical electrical soundings, and two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging profiles were measured. The lithological succession comprises Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary deposits that rest on a Precambrian basement rock. The results of the interpretation of the land magnetic measurements in wadi El Kallabiyyah represent the depth to the basement rock which ranges from 260 to 660 m and increases towards the northeast trend, but in wadi As Sabil, there is a large basin at the center of the wadi with the recorded depth to the basement reaching 1,300 m due to the effect of two normal faults (F1 and F2). The results of the interpretation of the vertical electrical sounding and two-dimensional imaging confirmed the presence of these faults in wadi As Sabil. The results of the geoelectrical measurements in wadi El Kallabiyyah represented the water-bearing layer at the third unit that consists of sands, gravels, boulders, and clays. The presence of clay will affect the potentiality of a drilled well. For wadi As Sabil, the results of geoelectrical measurements led to the lower part of the second unit which acts as a water-bearing layer that consists of sands, boulders, gravels, and clays. It can be concluded that the best site for drilling wells in wadi El Kallabiyyah is at vertical electrical sounding no.5 with a total depth of not less than 230 m. In wadi As Sabil, the drilled wells must be concentrated at the center and the downstream.     

Geoelectrical studies of the Chuya basin sedimentary fill (Gorny Altai)

The VES method was used to determine the geoelectric parameters of Cenozoic rocks in the Chuya intermontane basin. It was shown that the polyfacies and polychromous sediments filling the basin are well differentiated by their electrical parameters. A combination of methods used in data acquisition and processing, due to their high resolution capacity at shallow depths, provided information on the structure and physical properties of the Chuya rocks from surface to depths of 250–300 m. Despite a reasonable consistence among these methods to the above depths, the VES method is a more effective tool for detecting shallower layers. Interpretation of the VES data proved the existence of a large outburst channel as new geological evidence for an ice-dammed origin of the Middle Neopleistocene lake. A more detailed layering of the topmost part of the geoelectrical section across the Irbistu–Kokozek interfluve using the VES data revealed a number of fine-grained lenticular structures of the ancient lakes in the Chuya depression, which are hidden beneath a cover of fluvioglacial and lacustrine bouldery pebbles and moraine diamictons.     

Geo-electrical delineations within Kubanni basin, north-central Nigeria

The research site is the whole landmass of the Federal College of Education, Zaria, seated on basement complex of north-central Nigeria. Direct current resistivity geophysical method was employed to characterise parameters such as the basement depth and topography, aquifer depth and thickness, weathered basement distribution as well as mapping of orientations of fractures and faults present in the premises using radial sounding technique. The conventional vertical electrical sounding (VES) Schlumberger array was carried out at 40 stations, and eight of which were radial stations. Radial sounding was used to establish resistivity anisotropy which gives clue for the choice of consistent VES profile direction used throughout the fieldwork. Results from the resistivity interpretation suggest three layers in most parts of the premises with some minor occurrence of two and four layers. The first layer (topsoil) has its thickness ranging between 3.5 and 14.0 m; second layer (weathered basement) thickness ranges between 9.0 and 36.5 m, while the third layer (fresh basement) is deepest (40.1 m) towards the eastern corner of the area. The aquifer depth ranges from 1.5 to 4.0 m with a thickness range of 5.0 to 14.0 m. The thickest aquifer occurs around the centre to the west in the area. Results from radial sounding show presence of resistivity anisotropy, an insight to fracturing and faulting; this is more pronounced around the west-central part of the premises.     

Detecting Active Faults in Quaternary Basalt Areas by the High - Density Electrical Method : An Example of the West Branch of the Fusong Section of Yalüjiang Fault Zone in Northeast China北大核心CSCD

覆盖区活动断裂探测往往需要选择合理的物探方法以确定断裂位置,高密度电法具有数据采集效率高、探测精度高等优点,已在覆盖区活动断裂探测中得到广泛应用。本文利用高密度电法在长白山玄武岩覆盖区进行断裂探测,对实测数据进行反演,分析了NE向鸭绿江断裂带抚松段西支断裂在松江河镇北东侧第二松花江畔的展布形态,同时,利用钻探对断裂探测结果加以验证。视电阻率剖面表明完整基岩主要呈现出高阻值,断裂破碎带由于含水丰富则呈现为低视电阻率异常值。而断层内较为破碎,且富含水,故在视电阻率剖面上呈现明显低阻异常,这些结果能够与钻孔揭露地层实物资料较好对应。钻孔的断层样品¹⁴C测年结果显示,西支断裂在松江河镇兴隆林场为晚更新世活动断裂。     

Assessment of integrated electrical resistivity data on complex aquifer structures in NE Nuba Mountains – Sudan

Two geophysical techniques were integrated to map the groundwater aquifers on complex geological settings, in the crystalline basement terrain in northeast Nuba Mountains. The water flow is structurally controlled by the northwest–southeast extensional faults as one of several in-situ deformational patterns that are attributed to the collision of the Pan-African oceanic assemblage of the Nubian shield against the pre-Pan African continental crust to the west. The structural lineaments and drainage systems have been enhanced by the remote sensing technique. The geophysical techniques used are: vertical electrical soundings (VES) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), in addition to hydraulic conductivity measurements. These measurements were designed to overlap in order to improve the producibility of the geophysical data and to provide a better interpretation of the hydrogeological setting of the aquifer complex structure. Smooth and Block inversion schemes were attempted for the observed ERT data to study their reliability in mapping the different geometries in the complex subsurface. The VES data was conducted where ERT survey was not accessible, and inverted smoothly and merged with the ERT in the 3D resistivity grid. The hydraulic conductivity was measured for 42 water samples collected from the distributed dug wells in the study area; where extremely high saline zones were recorded and have been compared to the resistivity values in the 3D model.     

Geophysical characterization of the León-Chinandega aquifer,Nicaragua

Electrical geophysical surveys in the mode of vertical electrical soundings (VES) and continuous vertical electrical soundings (CVES) were conducted in the León-Chinandega plains, northwestern Nicaragua, in order to obtain detailed information about the geometry of the different hydrogeological layers in the aquifer and depth to the basement. A total of 51 VES were carried out within the plains. The results show a complex structure towards the north east of the area, and the southwestern part of the plains presents a smoother stratification. The geoelectrical measurements and borehole information indicate that the basement topography is characterized by hills and deep valleys with highly variable basement depths. Fifty CVES where done in a smaller area in the center of the plain. The resistivity data yielded considerable information revealing the existence of two main geo-electrical units. The combined interpretation of geological and geophysical data shows an environment typical of sedimentary volcanic coastal plains. The information collected during this investigation provides valuable data for estimating the fresh-water resources of the León-Chinandega aquifer system and for development of a groundwater management plan.     

电成像与浅层地震联合在浅覆盖区隐伏断层探测中的应用

为了避免单一物探方法在地质反演解释中存在的多解性弊端,本文介绍了以电成像法为主、浅层地震反射波法为辅的综合物探方法对隐伏断层进行探测的应用实例,首先,通过电成像法查找断层破碎带的位置走向,然后利用浅层地震反射波法精确查明断层的产状、性质、位置及断距等地质参数,并对两种方法的探测成果进行综合对比分析,推断该隐伏断层为走向近东西向,倾向近南北向的正断层,断层落差约4.2m,其上断点埋深约17.9m。经钻孔验证表明,电成像与浅层地震联合方法在浅覆盖区隐伏断层探测中具有精确、可靠、经济的优势,该方法具有较强的应用价值。     

Delineation of shallow resistivity structure around Malvan, Konkan region, Maharashtra by neural network inversion using vertical electrical sounding measurements

Modeling resistivity profiles, especially from hard rock areas, is of specific relevance for groundwater exploration. A method based on Bayesian neural network (BNN) theory using a Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) simulation scheme is applied to model and interpret direct current vertical electrical sounding measurements from 28 locations around the Malvan region, in the Sindhudurg district, southwest India. The modeling procedure revolves around optimizing the objective function using the HMC based sampling technique which is followed by updating each trajectory by integrating the Hamiltonian differential equations via a second order leapfrog discretization scheme. The inversion results suggest a high resistivity structure in the north-western part of the area, which correlates well with the presence of laterites. In the south-western part, a very high conductive zone is observed near the coast indicating an extensive influence of saltwater intrusion. Our results also show that the effect of intrusion of saline water diminishes from the south-western part to the north-eastern part of the region. Two dimensional modeling of four resistivity profiles shows that the groundwater flow is partly controlled by existing lineaments, fractures, and major joints. Groundwater occurs at a weathered/semi-weathered layer of laterite/clayey sand and the interface of overburden and crystalline basement. The presence of conduits is identified at a depth between 10 and 15 m along the Dhamapur–Kudal and Parule–Oros profiles, which seems to be potential zone for groundwater exploration. The NW–SE trending major lineaments and its criss-cross sections are indentified from the apparent and true resistivity surface map. The pseudo-section at different depths in the western part of the area, near Parule, shows extensive influence of saltwater intrusion and its impact reaching up to a depth of 50 m from the surface along the coastal area. Further, the deduced true electrical resistivity section against depth correlates well with available borehole lithology in the area. Present analyses suggest that HMC-based BNN method is robust for modeling resistivity data especially in hard rock terrains. These results are useful for interpreting fractures, major joints, and lineaments and crystalline basement rock and also for constraining the higher dimensional models.     

Geophysical exploration on the subsurface geology of La Garrotxa monogenetic volcanic field (NE Iberian Peninsula)

We applied self-potential (SP) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to the exploration of the uppermost part of the substrate geology and shallow structure of La Garrotxa monogenetic volcanic field, part of the European Neogene–Quaternary volcanic province. The aim of the study was to improve knowledge of the shallowest part of the feeding system of these monogenetic volcanoes and of its relationship with the subsurface geology. This study complements previous geophysical studies carried out at a less detailed scale and aimed at identifying deeper structures, and together will constitute the basis to establish volcanic susceptibility in La Garrotxa. SP study complemented previous smaller-scale studies and targeted key areas where ERT could be conducted. The main new results include the generation of resistivity models identifying dykes and faults associated with several monogenetic cones. The combined results confirm that shallow tectonics controlling the distribution of the foci of eruptive activity in this volcanic zone mainly correspond to NNW–SSE and accessorily by NNE–SSW Neogene extensional fissures and faults and concretely show the associated magmatic intrusions. These structures coincide with the deeper ones identified in previous studies, and show that previous Alpine tectonic structures played no apparent role in controlling the loci of this volcanism. Moreover, the results obtained show that the changes in eruption dynamics occurring at different vents located at relatively short distances in this volcanic area are controlled by shallow stratigraphical, structural and hydrogeological differences underneath these monogenetic volcanoes.     

隧道含水构造电阻率法超前探测正演模拟与应用

针对直流电阻率法超前探测研究中理论研究落后于工程实践的现状和探查效果较差的问题,对隧道直流电阻率法超前探测进行了系统的正演研究。首先,利用有限单元法数值手段对含水断层等多种典型含水构造的超前探测进行了正演,得到了典型含水构造超前探测的异常响应特征,提出了干扰识别与去除这一关键技术,形成了掌子面前方有用信息提取的有效途径,为隧道含水构造的超前探测奠定了理论基础。其次,研制了隧道含水构造超前探测物理模型试验装置和相似材料并开展了物理模型试验,在实验室尺度下对直流电阻率法超前探测这一新型测量方式进行了有益的探索,验证了该方法用于含水构造探测的有效性。最后,结合实际工程进行了超前地质预报实践,实现了对含水构造的定性判断。应用效果表明,直流电阻率法超前探测研究为现场应用提供了指导和参考,并为含水构造的三维反演成像与定位奠定了基础。     

粤北地区乳源-潮州MT剖面深部电性结构及地学意义

为了揭示粤北地区岩石圈深部结构、深大断裂性质及花岗岩分布规律等科学问题,布设了乳源-潮州宽频带大地电磁探测剖面。由二维反演得出的电性结构,讨论了粤北地区岩石圈导电性结构特点。沿剖面存在3个花岗岩分布区,呈现不同的类型,可能代表不同的成因模式。沿剖面划分3条北东向断裂带:吉安-四会断裂、赣江断裂于韶关东形成宽度近20km的低阻区域,其间形成断陷盆地;河源-邵武断裂带,其两侧发育壳幔高导层并发育壳幔混合型花岗岩,深部电性结构复杂,可能为壳幔剧烈作用的场所;丽水-海丰断裂带,控制了燕山晚期花岗岩的分布。韶关、连平之间和龙川、丰顺之间50～150km存在2个巨大的低阻体,可能是地幔物质底侵作用的"通道";且底侵方向指向连平和龙川之间的区域,由于底侵作用力贡献,发育了一系列的壳内和上地幔高导层。粤北地区岩石圈从西向东逐渐减薄,从100余km减薄到60km,反映了太平洋板块对欧亚板块的消减作用。潮州100km深度以下的中-低阻特征,推断为太平洋板块俯冲作用留下的"洋壳"物质。     

A detection method of subrecent to recent tectonic activity in the anticlinal system of the northern Negev,Israel

Geomorphological and geophysical methods combined with borehole information were employed to search for possible subrecent small-scale vertical movement along the anticlinal fold belt of the central Negev, Israel. Such tectonic deformation might indicate displacement on the buried reverse faults underneath the anticlines. Variations in the thickness of the alluvial fill in the study area, which are in accordance with the fold structures, could be an indication of recent folding activity along the anticlinal system. In order to detect these thickness variations in the alluvial fill, seismic refraction and electrical resistivity measurements were carried out along the valley of Nahal Besor, which crosses the anticlinal belt. The thickness variations of the alluvial fill along the valley were not found to indicate any significant tectonic movement along the anticlines during the Pleistocene. The thickest alluvium was found overlying a karst bedrock, hence karst relief is suggested to be responsible for these variations.     

Evaluation of electrical resistivity methods in the investigation of karstic features,El Cajon Dam Site,Honduras

Wenner, Schlumberger, and Bristow (pole—dipole) array configurations of electrical resistivity measurements were used to detect the presence of subsurface dissolution features at the El Cajon dam site in Honduras. The construction site, located on the Humuya River in a region of extensive karst development, faulting, and mineralization along fracture zones, posed a special challenge to the application of standard resistivity techniques because of the presence of a cofferdam and the advanced stage of construction.Transects were made parallel and perpendicular to the river valley floor. The best results were obtained from the Schlumberger and Bristow array configurations. Several zones of anomalously high resistivity were detected. Subsequent drilling confirmed the presence of subsurface dissolution features which could have seriously jeopardized the dam. These surveys represent an accurate, economic, and reliable procedure for regions where construction has progressed significantly and where complex geologic terrain exists.     

Structure of the basement surface and sediments in the Kochkor basin (Tien Shan): geological and geophysical evidence

The basement surface and sediments of the Kochkor basin have been studied by structural geological and geophysical methods. The work included high-resolution mapping of the southern basin margin, with a focus on Cenozoic basin stratigraphy, structural unconformities, basement/sediment contacts, and latest deformation (folds, fractures, and faults). Magnetotelluric (MT) soundings provided insights into basin and basement structure, especially important in the poorly exposed eastern flank of the basin margin. The sections across the southern margin of the basin based on geological and geophysical data reveal deformation in both the basement and the sediments. Deformation in sediments shows up as folding, conformal peneplain surfaces, large faults, low-angle detachment faults, and related thrust-fold belts. Thrusting in sediments is inferred to result from cataclastic flow and mass redistribution in disintegrated basement granites. With this mechanism, the total amount of thrusting in the central part of the basin can exceed the convergence of the basin sides.     

Assessment of seawater mixing in a coastal aquifer by high resolution electrical resistivity tomography

Seawater intrusion is a major problem in urbanized coastal regions of India which is due to over exploitation of groundwater for various purposes. This study was carried out with the objective of assessing the zone of mixing between seawater and groundwater in the coastal aquifer in south of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India using high resolution electrical resistivity tomography. High resolution electrical resistivity tomography was carried out in five profiles perpendicular to the sea using IRIS make SYSCAL Pro-96 system with 2.5 m or 5 m inter-electrode separation. The maximum length of the profile was 170 m which resulted in a depth of investigation of 28.7 m. The apparent resistivity measured in this area varies from 0.3 ohm-m to 30,000 ohm-m. The apparent resistivity of saturated zone decreases towards the sea, indicating the influence of seawater. This was also confirmed by measuring the electrical conductivity of groundwater, which gradually increases from 156 μS/cm to 3430 μS/cm towards the sea. Further, the concentration profiles of electrical conductivity, sodium, chloride and chloride / bicarbonate ratio are compared with the high resolution electrical resistivity tomography profile. The distance of influence of seawater is comparatively high in northern part than in southern part of the area. The high resolution electrical resistivity tomography was effectively used to determine the effect of seawater mixing with groundwater.     

基于高密度电阻率成像技术的土体干缩开裂过程监测研究

为了探究土体干缩开裂问题,文章采用ERT技术,对黏性土开展了一维干缩开裂动态监测试验。配制初始状态饱和 的泥浆试样,在自然条件下干燥,采用ERT技术获得试样干燥过程中的电阻值变化。结合试样的电阻值图像和裂隙图像, 对土体干缩开裂规律进行了分析。研究结果表明：在干燥蒸发初期,土体电阻值随时间增加缓慢减小,其原因在于土体干 燥收缩导致土颗粒间接触面积增大,颗粒水化膜变薄,进而使得土颗粒表面双电层导电性增强。随着干燥继续进行,气体 进入土体内部,土体由初始饱和状态转变为非饱和状态,电阻值转为缓慢增加。当土体产生裂隙时,裂隙周围土体电阻值 急剧增大,而未发育裂隙的土体电阻依然保持缓慢增加的趋势。通过对比试样电阻值变化曲线和裂隙图像,发现两者所呈 现的裂隙发育位置和状态存在良好的一致性。因此,ERT技术能对干燥过程中土体裂隙发育进行有效的动态监测,准确掌 握裂隙发育的时空动态信息,并且能提前预测裂隙发育的可能位置,为研究极端干旱气候作用下土体的工程性质响应提供 了理想手段。     

Contribution of electrical resistivity tomography to the study of detrital aquifers affected by seawater intrusion–extrusion effects: The river Vélez delta (Vélez-Málaga, southern Spain)

The coastal aquifer of the Plio-Quaternary delta sediment deposits of the Vélez river (province of Málaga, Spain) presents a highly irregular basement morphology and widely varying fill thickness (10–80 m between neighbouring sectors). The basin, which is tectonically controlled, is filled with lutite facies alternating with channel-filling rudites. This detrital aquifer is affected by seasonal seawater intrusion–extrusion processes due to increasing withdrawal of groundwater for human consumption and irrigation during dry periods.A study was performed to improve the hydrogeological knowledge of this coastal aquifer system. The study examined the morphology of the impervious substratum, the facies distribution and the position of the seawater wedge. For this purpose, an Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) geophysical technique was used and the tomographic data were calibrated using geological observations and borehole studies. An analysis was carried out to compare the direct information obtained from the 35 boreholes with the indirect data corresponding to the four electrical tomography profiles. In the study, over 9660 resistivity data points were processed.The ERT profiles perfectly corroborated the information derived from the boreholes. The profiles made it possible to detect thickness changes, lithological changes and the presence of faults. Moreover, from a hydrogeologic standpoint, this research technique is capable of detecting the position of the phreatic level and, in coastal aquifers such as the one examined in this study, the possible horizontal or vertical penetration of seawater intrusion. Therefore, the electrical geophysical prospecting based on ERT can be highly useful in areas lacking sufficient geological information and/or mechanical borehole data.