多个相关随机参数的空间变异性对溶质运移的影响

根据给定渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数的概率分布,采用顺序高斯模拟生成相关的多参数随机场的实现,作为地下水流和溶质运移模型的输入参数,对污染物浓度进行随机分析。研究结果表明,与仅考虑渗透系数空间变异性相比,考虑相关的多参数空间变异性导致污染羽的扩散程度有显著不同。当孔隙度与渗透系数呈正相关关系时,会减少污染羽的扩散程度,反之,当孔隙度与渗透系数为负相关关系时,会加剧污染羽的扩散程度。吸附系数也是如此。在考虑吸附系数的空间变异性之后,污染羽的分布表现出拖尾现象。同时考虑渗透系数、孔隙度以及吸附系数空间变异性时,孔隙度非均质性对溶质运移的影响较吸附系数非均质性的影响更大。     

非均质土柱中溶质迁移的连续时间随机游走模拟

非均质介质中溶质迁移往往出现非费克现象,传统的对流弥散方程(ADE)则难以较好地描述这种现象.采用连续时间的随机游走理论(CTRW)研究1250cm长一维非均质土柱中溶质运移问题,探讨CTRW模型中参数及非费克迁移的变化特征.研究结果表明,β值的大小与介质的非均质特征有关,非均质性越强,β值越小,但β值具有相对的稳定性,然而ADE的弥散系数则具有随尺度增大而增大的现象.对于介质非均质性较强和非费克现象较明显的溶质穿透曲线,尤其是在拖尾部分,与ADE相比,CTRW具有较高的模拟精度.     

含水层非均质性不同刻画方法对地下水流和溶质运移预测的影响

为探讨含水层非均质性不同刻画方法对地下水流和溶质运移预测的影响,基于非均质含水层砂箱实验,分别用传统等效均质模型、克立金插值和水力层析刻画含水层渗透系数场,并探讨了先验信息对水力层析结果的影响.将不同方法估算的渗透系数场用以预测地下水流和溶质运移过程,以此判断不同方法估算结果的优劣,分析含水层非均质性对地下水流和溶质运移的影响.结果表明:与克立金插值法相比,水力层析法可以更好地刻画含水层非均质性,较准确地预测地下水流和溶质运移过程;钻孔岩心渗透系数样本值作为先验信息可以提高水力层析法估算结果的精度;传统等效均质模型无法准确预测地下水流和溶质运移过程.含水层非均质性的增强将导致溶质污染羽分布形态和运移路径的空间变异性增强,并且优势通道直接决定溶质的分布及运移路径.      

溶潭容积对岩溶管道穿透曲线的影响实验

溶潭常导致岩溶管道穿透曲线的拖尾现象,研究溶潭对穿透曲线的影响对地下水污染预测与控制具有重要意义。在实验室内设计具有不同尺寸和个数的水箱管道系统,通过示踪试验研究溶潭容积对穿透曲线的影响。实验结果表明：随着水箱容积(水箱尺寸或水箱个数)增加,穿透曲线拖尾逐渐变长,峰值质量浓度逐渐减小;随着流速增大,曲线拖尾逐渐变短,对称水箱和不对称水箱的峰值质量浓度大致为先升高后降低。对称水箱中,主体溶质穿透时间随着尺寸增大基本不变,与水箱个数呈指数增长关系,其余时间特征参数基本与水箱容积呈线性关系,校正峰值质量浓度与水箱容积呈幂函数关系。容积相同时,对称和不对称水箱形态中集中分布(不同尺寸)的时间方差、后段溶质羽穿透时间、溶质羽穿透时间大于离散分布(不同个数),而两种分布的平均运移时间基本一致。不对称水箱的主体溶质穿透时间、校正峰值质量浓度在两种分布条件下基本一致。对称和不对称水箱平均运移时间与水箱容积呈良好的线性关系,不对称水箱中主体溶质穿透时间、校正峰值质量浓度与水箱容积分别呈良好的线性、幂函数关系,这3个参数对野外利用穿透曲线特征参数预测岩溶管道中溶潭的容积具有指示意义。     

水箱-管道系统溶质运移实验研究及其岩溶水文地质意义

为了研究岩溶管道中溶潭对溶质运移的影响,在实验室内构建水箱-管道系统,在不同管道结构和水流条件下进行定量示踪实验并得到相应的穿透曲线(BTCs);采用Qtracer2软件分析溶质运移参数,采用滞后系数R分析实验结果与一维经典对流弥散方程解析解之间的差别。实验结果显示:随着水箱数量的增加,示踪剂(NaCl)峰值质量浓度逐渐降低,弥散系数和弥散度逐渐增加,穿透曲线拖尾逐渐增长,表明水箱的瞬态存储使溶质运移滞后;与不对称水箱相比,对称水箱BTC拖尾较长;峰现时间随着不对称水箱数量的增多明显滞后;出口流量增加时,弥散度减小,BTC拖尾变短。一维经典对流弥散方程解析解仅对单管道最大流量条件下的BTC拟合较好,对流量较小的单管道和水箱-管道系统的BTC拟合较差,需研究适用的模型解释其拖尾现象。     

黏土微观孔隙结构对可溶性污染物运移的影响

多孔介质的微观结构对可溶性污染物的运移具有重要影响。文章利用随机生长四参数生成法(Quartet Structure Generation Set, QSGS),构造具有各向异性孔隙结构的黏土多孔介质,且其固相颗粒具有随机性的粗糙表面。通过Stokes方程与对流扩散方程（ADE）耦合计算得到微观孔隙结构的非均匀水流场与浓度场。对黏土微观结构的非均匀水流场和浓度场进行分析,研究不同截面位置上水流分布情况,在脉冲注入的条件下讨论黏土微观结构对于可溶性污染物运移的影响。结果表明:具有随机性的黏土微观孔隙结构是导致水流场水流速度分布不均匀的主要因素;黏土中微小空隙或死端孔隙往往容易残留高浓度污染物,造成污染穿透曲线的“托尾”现象,也是污染后期的主要污染残留位置。     

基于CFP的岩溶管道流溶质运移数值模拟研究

多重岩溶含水介质的复杂性导致岩溶地下水流动及溶质运移的数学模拟成为地下水研究难点之一。为了探讨岩溶多重含水介质中地下水流溶质运移特征,文章构建了管道流CFP水流模型和MT3DMS溶质运移三维耦合数值模型。在阐述管道流CFP和MT3DMS基本原理的基础上,通过建立水文地质概念模型算例（1个落水洞、4个直管道）,探讨岩溶管道水流及溶质运移规律,分析讨论不同水文地质参数对浓度穿透曲线的影响。研究结果表明:管道流CFP模型能够刻画岩溶管道与基岩裂隙水流交换特征,MT3DMS模型能够模拟穿透曲线的拖尾现象,符合实际岩溶区特征。随着水力梯度、管道直径及管道渗透系数增大,孔隙度减小,浓度曲线峰值越大,峰值到达时间越快,浓度穿透曲线越对称。得出结论:耦合CFP水流模型和MT3DMS溶质运移模型能够刻画岩溶管道流溶质运移规律,为研究岩溶复杂介质污染物运移特征提供一种思路和途径。     

穿透曲线随流量升高的变化特征及预测

为了研究流量条件对岩溶管道溶质运移的影响,设计9种不同管道流量进行示踪实验,发现随着流量升高,峰值浓度逐渐增大,穿透曲线(BTC)拖尾逐渐缩短,弥散系数基本不变。在3种管道结构中,单管峰值浓度随流量升高增加的速度最快,不对称水箱峰值浓度随流量升高增加的速度最慢。相比单管道,对称水箱导致溶质瞬态存储在漩涡中明显滞后,不对称水箱导致主体溶质滞后穿透以及部分溶质瞬态存储在漩涡中滞后运移。根据中间7种流量的实验数据,拟合得到BTC特征参数与峰值时间的关系式和特征参数与流量的关系式。采用2种方法预测最大和最小流量条件下的BTC特征参数:根据流量预测峰值时间,接着根据峰值时间预测其他特征参数;分别根据流量预测多个特征参数。结果表明方法 2的预测效果较好,但在野外条件下方法 1有优势。     

非均质裂隙介质中重非水相流体运移

由于裂隙介质具有强烈非均质性,使得重非水相流体(DNAPLs)在裂隙介质中的运移行为较孔隙介质更为复杂.基于指示模拟算法模拟裂隙介质的二元变量(粗糙面接触和裂隙开口),综合模拟退火算法构建裂隙渗透率随机场.采用T2VOC模拟DNAPLs在裂隙介质的运移,探讨粗糙面接触的相关长度、各向异性比、倾角以及非均质性程度对DNAPLs运移分布的影响.数值分析结果表明,粗糙面接触的相关性越差,DNAPLs污染范围越大;粗糙面接触的各向异性比和倾角增大,将导致更多DNAPLs残留;而相关长度和各向异性比增大以及倾角减小,都会引起DNAPLs锋面运移速率增大;随着渗透率非均质性增强,会导致局部粗糙面接触上蓄积的DNAPLs饱和度增大,运移速率减小.     

延8段储油层非均质性与主控因素研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地白马崾岘为例

针对鄂尔多斯盆地定边白马崾岘延8段储层岩石学、物性、非均质性等特征认识不清的问题,采用扫描电镜、薄片分析、压汞测试、测井资料等等多种储层研究方法,对储层物性及非均质性进行研究。研究表明,纵向上的储层非均质性在一定程度上受到粒度分布韵律性的影响和控制;储层物性越好的区域层理构造密度越小;隔层夹层分布范围越小,厚度越薄,油气越易于发生垂向运移;层间隔层阻隔了流体的运动,加强了非均质性;影响储层非均质性的另一方面是储层砂体的物性以及平面连续性。     

非均匀土壤中溶质运移的两区模型及其解析解

给出了非均匀土壤中考虑水动力弥散尺度效应的一维溶质运移两区模型。然后在初始浓度为零,半无限一维空间内常数通量边界条件下,推导出了可动区和不动区溶质浓度分布的解析表达式。并用Mathematica软件包作了数值计算。计算结果表明,该模型的模拟结果符合溶质运移的一般规律,因而该模型在土壤溶质运移的研究和应用中有一定的价值。     

波浪作用下考虑海床变形影响的溶质运移数值模拟

波浪会促进海水中溶质向海底沉积物运移,但已有研究大多未考虑海床（海底沉积物）变形效应的影响。为揭示波浪作用下海床土变形对溶质运移过程的影响机制,构建了考虑海床土变形影响的溶质运移计算模型,对波浪作用下溶质向砂质海底沉积物中的运移过程进行模拟。结果表明:海床土变形会增大孔隙水流速,进而增大溶质纵向水动力弥散系数,增强溶质运移的机械弥散作用,促进溶质向沉积物中运移;考虑海床变形时的溶质最大纵向水动力弥散系数可达不考虑海床变形时的8.5倍,约为分子扩散系数的545倍;海床土剪切模量越小,土体变形效应越明显,对溶质运移过程的影响越大;海床土饱和度的降低,会进一步加速波浪作用下溶质向海底沉积物的运移过程。     

Modeling preferential water flow and solute transport in unsaturated soil using the active region model

Preferential flow and solute transport are common processes in the unsaturated soil, in which distributions of soil water content and solute concentrations are often characterized as fractal patterns. An active region model (ARM) was recently proposed to describe the preferential flow and transport patterns. In this study, ARM governing equations were derived to model the preferential soil water flow and solute transport processes. To evaluate the ARM equations, dye infiltration experiments were conducted, in which distributions of soil water content and Cl⁻ concentration were measured. Predicted results using the ARM and the mobile–immobile region model (MIM) were compared with the measured distributions of soil water content and Cl⁻ concentration. Although both the ARM and the MIM are two-region models, they are fundamentally different in terms of treatments of the flow region. The models were evaluated based on the modeling efficiency (ME). The MIM provided relatively poor prediction results of the preferential flow and transport with negative ME values or positive ME values less than 0.4. On the contrary, predicted distributions of soil water content and Cl⁻ concentration using the ARM agreed reasonably well with the experimental data, with ME values higher than 0.8. The results indicated that the ARM successfully captured the macroscopic behavior of preferential flow and solute transport in the unsaturated soil.     

井内混合效应与尺度效应对注入井附近溶质径向弥散过程的影响

径向弥散是指溶质在径向流场下的迁移规律,被广泛用于描述含水层修复领域中污染物的迁移过程.然而,在现有描述径向弥散的模型中,往往忽略了井内混合效应对溶质径向弥散的影响.建立新的注入井附近溶质径向运移动力学模型,同时考虑井内混合效应与弥散度的尺度效应.采用Laplace变换推导该模型的半解析解,利用Stehfest数值逆变换获取溶质在实数空间的解.通过与不考虑混合效应的模型对比研究混合效应对溶质径向弥散的影响,并利用室内渗流槽中的溶质径向弥散实验数据验证模型的合理性与适用性.结果表明:混合效应和尺度效应对注水井附近溶质径向弥散有显著影响.具体地讲,井内的混合效应越显著,在井壁处及含水层中的穿透曲线越低,溶质浓度达到峰值所需时间越长,与不考虑混合效应模型的差异越明显;随尺度效应的增强,溶质提前穿透且扩散范围变大,溶质浓度达到峰值所需时间越长;与前人的模型相比,本研究模型能更好地模拟注水井附近的溶质径向弥散问题.      

Modeling the transport and distribution of lead in tidal Keelung River estuary

A vertical, two-dimensional heavy metal (lead) transport model incorporated into the hydrodynamic, salt, and sediment transport modules was developed to simulate the lead concentration in the tidal Keelung River estuary of northern Taiwan. We validated the developed model with measured data, including longitudinal velocity, salinity, suspended sediment, and heavy metal (lead) concentration, obtained in 1998. An exponential relationship relating the salinity and suspended-sediment concentrations was established to calculate the partition coefficient of lead in the estuary. The simulated results of dissolved, particulate, and total lead concentrations agreed well with the measured data. A model sensitivity analysis indicated that the partition coefficient plays an important role in the distribution of dissolved and particulate lead concentrations along the tidal Keelung River estuary.     

Retention properties of flow paths in fractured rock

There is no straightforward way to extrapolate solute retention properties from typical site characterisation scales to typical scales in the performance assessment of the geological disposal of nuclear wastes. Solutes diffuse much deeper into the rock matrix under performance assessment flow conditions than under site characterisation flow conditions. The modelling approach applied in this study, associated with the Äspö Task Force, enables evaluation of the contribution of the individual immobile layers to the overall retention. This makes it possible to determine the influence of the immobile zone heterogeneity on solute retention under different flow conditions. It appears that there is a significant difference between the dominating immobile retention zones on site characterisation and performance assessment scales. Fractured rock is characterised by heterogeneity and in particular a large spread of hydraulic properties. This favours formation of the preferential flow paths by leading to a few dominating transport paths. Large hydraulic features are, on average, better hydraulic conductors than smaller ones. This causes spatial scale effects for the solute retention properties. In particular, the hydraulic properties at the early parts of flow paths are more favourable to retention than those at the later parts of the flow paths.     

土壤水环境中污染物运移双点吸附解吸动力学模型

在考虑对流弥散、平衡/非平衡双点吸附解吸、微生物降解等情况下,建立了土壤环境中有机污染物迁移转化的动力学模型,并给出了有限差分解。在此模型的基础上,详细讨论了有机污染物在土壤中的分布规律,并对一阶吸附解吸速率常数 和平衡吸附点位所占总点位的比例 进行了灵敏度分析。分析研究表明：参数 对于土壤中有机污染物浓度分布有着重要的影响,其影响程度又与非平衡吸附点位所占总点位的比例（1- ）有关;污染后期土壤吸附相的存在,也会起到增加土壤水溶质浓度的作用,且 越大,这种作用越明显。     

Influence of Hydraulic Conductivity and Wellbore Design in the Fate and Transport of Nitrate in Multi-aquifer Systems

Nitrate concentrations in multi-aquifer systems are heavily affected by the presence of wellbores (active or abandoned) that are screened in several aquifers. The spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity in the confining layers has also an important impact on the concentrations. A synthetic three-dimensional flow and transport exercise was carried in a multi-aquifer system consisting of two aquifers separated by an aquitard in which 100 vertical wellbores had been drilled. To model the wellbores and the flow and transport connection between aquifers that they may induce, we assign a high vertical hydraulic conductivity and a low effective porosity to the cell blocks including the wells. With these parameters, a solute will travel quickly from one aquifer to the other without being stored in the well itself. The wellbores will act as preferential pathways, and the solute will move quickly between aquifers according to the hydrodynamic conditions. Not considering these preferential pathways could induce erroneous interpretations of the solute distribution in an aquifer. We also noted that when there are vertical wellbores that connect aquifers in a multi-aquifer system, low conductivity in the aquitard enhances the flow of solute through the wellbores. Time-varying pumping rates induce important fluctuations in nitrate concentrations; therefore, any estimate of the water quality of the aquifer will depend on the moment when the data has been recorded. Consequently, concentration maps obtained by interpolation of point samples are seldom a good indicator of the chemical status of groundwater bodies; alternatively, we recommend complementing the usual interpolated maps with numerical models to gain a true understanding of the spatial distribution of the solute concentration.     

养分含量对土壤冻融特征曲线的影响

土壤冻融特征曲线是反映土壤冻融过程中的水、热、盐迁移规律以及冻土强度、冻土的热性质的重要参数. 为了研究土壤冻融过程中土壤养分的迁移规律, 采用核磁共振法对加入不同浓度的硫酸铵溶液、磷酸二氢钾溶液和氯化钾溶液的土样的冻融特征曲线进行了测定和分析. 结果表明磷酸二氢钾溶液对土壤的冻融特征曲线影响不明显, 氯化钾溶液的影响最明显, 硫酸铵溶液的影响次之. 加入氯化钾溶液的部分试样, 以及加入硫酸铵溶液的部分试样的冻融特征曲线出现了二次突变点. 滞后现象普遍存在于各个试样的冻融特征曲线中, 滞后明显区间所处的温度范围随所加入的溶液浓度的增高而降低. 当加入试样的溶液浓度相同时, 加入氯化钾溶液的滞后明显区间所处的温度范围最低, 加入硫酸铵溶液的次之, 加入磷酸二氢钾溶液的最高.