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1.
    
The results of an extensive programme of laboratory testing on intact and reconstituted samples of a pyroclastic weak rock from the volcanic complex of the Colli Albani (Central Italy) are presented. The deposit is known as Pozzolana Nera and may be assimilated to a bonded coarse grained material. The nature of bonds and the micro‐structural features were examined by means of diffractometry, optical and electron microscopy. As bonds are made of the same constituents of grains and aggregates of grains, bond deterioration and particles breakage upon loading are indistinguishable features of the mechanical behaviour. The testing programme consisted mainly of one‐dimensional and drained and undrained triaxial compression tests in a wide range of confining pressures up to 58 MPa. As confining stress increases, the mechanical behaviour of the material changes from brittle and dilatant to ductile and contractant; for both brittle and ductile behaviour failure is associated with the formation of shear surfaces separating the sample in several parts at the end of test. The experimental stress–dilatancy relationships are compared with the classical stress–dilatancy theories for a purely frictional material and for a material with friction and cohesion between particles. The analysis of the data indicates that peak strength results from the interplay between degradation of inter‐particle bonds, increasing friction between particles and increasing rate of dilation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Son, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
An extended version of the classical Generalized Backward Euler (GBE) algorithm is proposed for the numerical integration of a three‐invariant isotropic‐hardening elastoplastic model for cemented soils or weak rocks undergoing mechanical and non‐mechanical degradation processes. The restriction to isotropy allows to formulate the return mapping algorithm in the space of principal elastic strains. In this way, an efficient and robust integration scheme is developed which can be applied to relatively complex yield surface and plastic potential functions. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can be linearized in closed form, thus allowing for quadratic convergence in the global Newton iteration. A series of numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the accuracy and convergence properties of the algorithm. Selected results from a finite element analysis of a circular footing on a soft rock layer undergoing chemical weathering are then presented to illustrate the algorithm performance at the boundary value problem level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The constitutive model presented in this work is built on a conceptual approach for unsaturated expansive soils in which the fundamental characteristic is the explicit consideration of two pore levels. The distinction between the macro‐ and microstructure provides the opportunity to take into account the dominant phenomena that affect the behaviour of each structural level and the main interactions between them. The microstructure is associated with the active clay minerals, while the macrostructure accounts for the larger‐scale structure of the material. The model has been formulated considering concepts of classical and generalized plasticity theories. The generalized stress–strain rate equations are derived within a framework of multidissipative materials, which provides a consistent and formal approach when there are several sources of energy dissipation. The model is formulated in the space of stresses, suction and temperature; and has been implemented in a finite element code. The approach has been applied to explaining and reproducing the behaviour of expansive soils in a variety of problems for which experimental data are available. Three application cases are presented in this paper. Of particular interest is the modelling of an accidental overheating, that took place in a large‐scale heating test. This test allows the capabilities of the model to be checked when a complex thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) path is followed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

4.
火山碎屑密度流是一种危险的火山活动现象,也是一种重要的盆地物源供给方式,对其沉积机制的研究具有灾害预防和油气勘探的双重意义。松辽盆地东南隆起区九台营城煤矿地区白垩系营城组古火山机构保存良好,发育有典型的火山碎屑密度流沉积物。本文在精细刻画火山碎屑岩的岩石结构、沉积构造的基础上,运用薄片观察和沉积物粒度统计的方法,从物质来源、搬运机制和就位方式角度系统地分析了火山碎屑密度流的整个沉积过程,并结合国内外火山学、沉积学的研究进展探讨了不同浓度火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制。研究区内的火山碎屑密度流沉积物可以划分为五种微相:①块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相;②无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相;③逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;④正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;⑤韵律层理凝灰岩微相。第一种微相具有熔结结构,可能形成于高挥发分岩浆喷发柱的垮塌,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度较高;后四种微相具有正常火山碎屑岩结构,可能形成于火山口的侧向爆炸,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度中等。沉积块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有黏性碎屑流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相和逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有颗粒流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相和韵律层理凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有湍流的流体特征,沉积物连续加积就位。火山碎屑密度流的颗粒浓度是一个连续变量,但流体性质可能会发生突变,稀释的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合下部流动边界模型,稠密的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合层流(碎屑流或颗粒流)模型。  相似文献   

5.
我国特殊岩土研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文分析,总结了我国特殊岩土理论与应用研究方面的新进展,内容涉及湿陷性黄土,软土膨胀岩土,红土,软岩和特殊土的结构性,指出需要进一步研究的问题,最后对特殊土的研究方法做了阐述。  相似文献   

6.
关于火山碎屑岩熔结过程的讨论及国内外研究现状综述   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对国内外关于火山碎屑物熔结过程的研究历史做出了简要回顾,对与熔结过程相关的术语进行了归纳和说明,进一步探讨了熔结过程中出现的结构构造.此外,分别从野外调查和室内实验两方面总结了火山碎屑的熔结机理,对其研究意义做出主要说明,以期引起国内对火山作用中的火山碎屑物及碎屑流熔结过程研究的重视,以便更好地理解火山的喷发作用和重建火山喷发历史等火山学研究中的重要问题.  相似文献   

7.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
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8.
    
Engineered barriers are basic elements in the design of repositories for the isolation of high‐level radioactive waste. This paper presents the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) analysis of a clay barrier subjected to heating and hydration. The study focuses on an ongoing large‐scale heating test, at almost full scale, which is being carried out at the CIEMAT laboratory under well‐controlled boundary conditions. The test is intensely instrumented and it has provided the opportunity to study in detail the evolution of the main THM variables over a long period of time. Comprehensive laboratory tests carried out in the context of the FEBEX and NF‐PRO projects have allowed the identification of the model parameters to describe the THM behaviour of the compacted expansive clay. A conventional THM approach that assumes the swelling clay as a single porosity medium has been initially adopted to analyse the evolution of the test. The model was able to predict correctly the global THM behaviour of the clay barrier in the short term (i.e. for times shorter than three years), but some model limitations were detected concerning the prediction of the long‐term hydration rate. An additional analysis of the test has been carried out using a double structure model to describe the actual behaviour of expansive clays. The double structure model explicitly considers the two dominant pore levels that actually exist in the FEBEX bentonite and it is able to account for the evolution of the material fabric. The simulation of the experiment using this enhanced model provides a more satisfactory reproduction of the long‐term experimental results. It also contributes to a better understanding of the observed test behaviour and it provides a physically based explanation for the very slow hydration of the barrier. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
江西南部全南县火山岩产状及时代的讨论   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
马孝达 《地质论评》1999,45(7):751-755
根据野外考察和有关的研究报告,作者认为全南县的火山岩是火山喷发碎屑岩类。中寨—南迳一带的火山岩的时代,根据地层分布和植物化石与粤东对比,建议划归早侏罗世。  相似文献   

10.
国内外火山碎屑岩的分类命名历史及现状   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
1981年国际地科联火成岩分类分会委托瑞士学者施米德提出的那个分类表比较简明,但还有些问题值得商榷。50年代末笔者提出了国内第一个岩性分类表。近30年来,充分吸取了国内外学者分类表的优点,在实践中不断修改充实,最近又提出了一个修订的岩性分类表,尚需进一步完善。当前火山碎屑岩分类命名由岩性分类重点转向成因分类。我们参考了国内外学者有关成因分类的新见解,初步提出了一个火山碎屑岩成因分类方案,以供大家讨论。  相似文献   

11.
    
Stress–dilatancy relations have played a crucial role in the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of soils and in the development of realistic constitutive models for their response. Recent investigations on the mechanical behaviour of materials with crushable grains have called into question the validity of classical relations such as those used in critical state soil mechanics. In this paper, a method to construct thermodynamically consistent (isotropic, three‐invariant) elasto‐plastic models based on a given stress–dilatancy relation is discussed. Extensions to cover the case of granular materials with crushable grains are also presented, based on the interpretation of some classical model parameters (e.g. the stress ratio at critical state) as internal variables that evolve according to suitable hardening laws. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
李国英  傅华  米占宽 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z2):575-578
颗粒破碎是堆石料的一项基本特性,它对堆石体的变形和强度特性具有明显的影响。对于高堆石坝而言,在高应力场作用下堆石颗粒发生明显破碎,可导致坝体变形率增加。为了正确认识堆石体及堆石坝的变形特性和机理,研究了堆石颗粒破碎特性以及颗粒破碎的影响因素。采用大型三轴试验研究了堆石料的颗粒破碎特性,分析了堆石体干密度、级配特征、堆石颗粒强度等对颗粒破碎的影响,研究了应力状态对颗粒破碎率的影响,建立了颗粒破碎率的计算模型以及颗粒破碎引起的堆石体应变增量与颗粒破碎率的关系。  相似文献   

13.
Landslides of the flow type involving granular geo-materials frequently result in casualties and damage to property because of the long travel distance and the high velocities that these may attain. This was true for the events that took place in Campania Region (Southern Italy) in May 1998, involving pyroclastic soils originating from explosive activities of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano. Although these phenomena have frequently affected various areas of the Campania region over the last few centuries, there were no useful geological and geotechnical references available in the aftermath of the May 1998 events. For this reason Salerno University, which was involved in the scientific management of the emergency, addressed the issue of acquiring data on the geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological features of the slopes where the landslides had taken place. The information acquired made it possible to set up a slope evolution model that is able to interpret, from a geological point of view, past and more recent landslides that had occurred in the same area. As preliminary geotechnical analyses had already validated the above model, more detailed investigations were performed both on the pore pressure regimen of the covers still in place as well as on the physical and mechanical properties of pyroclastic soils, in saturated and unsaturated conditions. The present paper begins by discussing the data acquired during the .rst phase of the studies and then goes on to illustrate the laboratory results so far obtained with the aid of approximate procedures. These help advance our knowledge of pyroclastic soils within a reasonable time frame, thus improving landslide triggering analysis.  相似文献   

14.
董林森  刘立  张革  曲希玉 《沉积学报》2010,28(3):572-578
CO2矿物捕获是指将大气中排放的CO2气注入到地下深部的含水层、油气田等渗透性储层中,通过一系列物理、化学反应,最终将CO2气以碳酸盐矿物的形式“固结”在岩石中。火山碎屑岩具有铁、镁离子含量高且容易释放及分布广泛等特点,是有前途的矿物捕获岩石类型。塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷铜钵庙组火山碎屑岩中发育大量的片钠铝石特征矿物,进一步证实了火山碎屑岩的矿物捕获能力。在火山碎屑岩中,CO2注入之后形成的矿物有片钠铝石、铁方解石、铁白云石等碳酸盐矿物,碳酸盐总量高达30%,说明CO2矿物捕获的能力较大。  相似文献   

15.
堆石料的临界状态与考虑颗粒破碎的本构模型   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
高应力水平时堆石料的颗粒破碎对其强度和变形机制有重要影响。临界状态土力学理论对重塑土的应力-应变关系的描述较为成功,但目前颗粒破碎对堆石料的临界状态的影响及其数学描述鲜有研究。对堆石料进行了固结应力从0.4 MPa到4 MPa的18组固结排水和固结不排水常规三轴压缩试验,以及6组等向压缩试验。试验结果表明:在排水条件和不排水条件下,不同的固结应力试样都趋于临界状态;堆石料的临界状态在q-p′平面和e-lgp′平面均为非线性变化。基于此试验结果,通过引入状态参数,在广义塑性力学的理论框架下,建立了考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料本构模型,并给出了模型参数的确定方法。与长河坝料的试验进行了对比,结果表明所建议的本构模型可以较好地模拟堆石料从低围压0.4 MPa到高围压 3.5 MPa下的应力-应变特性  相似文献   

16.
魏海泉  白志达  刘永顺 《地质论评》2022,68(5):1918-1941
火山碎屑岩是爆破性火山喷发行为的直接产物,不同的碎屑成分、粒度及结构反映了不同岩相的堆积动力学过程,对火山碎屑岩岩石学和岩相组合的研究发展成了以物理火山学为代表的现代火山学研究体系。作为火山爆发碎屑物质的集合,其中不同成因类型的火山碎屑物往往可以直接对应不同阶段火山作用动力学参数特征。火山碎屑物3个最基本的堆积物成因类型是火山碎屑降落物、火山碎屑流和火山碎屑涌浪。火山喷发时碎屑化过程主要涉及挥发分的出溶和岩浆碎屑化过程以及不同火山流体内部的碎屑化过程。对于岩浆喷发、射汽岩浆喷发以及射汽喷发的直接产物,火山碎屑岩在组成上都包含了岩浆破碎的同源碎屑、火山通道裹进的异源碎屑以及火山流体在地表流动时捕获的表生碎屑。火山碎屑定义为爆破性火山喷发的直接行为产物,而包括坡移、滑坡体、火山泥石流等火山降解过程的表生碎屑与熔岩流在自生、淬碎碎屑化过程产生的碎屑则被定义为火山质碎屑。火山岩岩相的建立,为20世纪80年代后期向火山学研究阶段的转变奠定了基础。在地质研究的基础上探索火山活动过程和控制机制的经验模型、实验模拟和数值模拟研究,其中流体动力学的介入对理解火山喷发的基本过程具有里程碑式的推动意义。由此形成的火山学是研究火山与火山喷发的形成机理、喷发过程和产物特性的科学。  相似文献   

17.
西准噶尔是中亚造山带(CAOB)的一个重要组成部分,厘定早石炭世西准噶尔地区的构造环境,有助于构建晚古生代中亚造山带的构造格局。托里地区下石炭统姜巴斯套组是一套浅海相火山碎屑岩沉积,保存有较完好的古生物化石。本文结合前人的研究成果及下石炭统姜巴斯套组火山碎屑岩特征,指出西准噶尔地区早石炭世早期构造稳定,火山活动较弱,但仍是俯冲构造环境,到早石炭世晚期,西准噶尔地区进入后碰撞构造环境,古亚洲洋在西准地区的闭合时限在早石炭世晚期之前。  相似文献   

18.
19.
采用MTS-815程控伺服刚性试验机,对天然石英砂进行不同围压条件下的固结试验,研究其颗粒破碎特性,探讨围压对石英砂颗粒破碎的影响。结果表明,40兆帕以下,固结压力与颗粒破碎程度的变化关系不稳定,当破碎达到一定程度后,颗粒级配趋于良好,围压对其影响逐渐减弱。  相似文献   

20.
    
《GFF》2012,134(2):71-85
The Dannemora supracrustal inlier is located in the north-eastern part of the Bergslagen region in south-central Sweden and hosts the second largest iron ore deposit in the region. The metasupracrustal succession of the inlier consists of c. 1.9 Ga Palaeoproterozoic rocks that are mainly sub-alkaline, rhyolitic to dacitic, pyroclastic deposits, reworked pyroclastic deposits and metalimestone. It is c. 700–800-m thick and termed the Dannemora Formation. The formation is divided into lower and upper members and the former is in turn subdivided into subunits 1 and 2. The great thickness of individual pyroclastic deposits indicates deposition within a caldera. The rocks show characteristics of a pyroclastic origin by containing abundant pumice, cuspate and Y-shaped former glass shards, and fragmented crystals of quartz and subordinate feldspars. Scattered spherulites and lack of welding-compacted fiamme suggest that the lower member was slightly welded, where as the upper member contains sericite-replaced glass shards with preserved primary shapes indicating no welding. Undisturbed layers of ash-siltstone with normal grading and fluid–escape structures are attributed to subaqueous deposition below storm wave base in the eastern part of the inlier, where as erosion channels and cross-bedding in some of the volcaniclastic deposits imply deposition and reworking above wave base in the central part of the inlier. Epidote spots, previously interpreted as altered limestone fragments and an indicator for subaquatic deposition, are here reinterpreted as the result of selective alteration related to the intrusion of mafic dykes and to Ca release during dolomitisation of limestone.  相似文献   

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