核废物处置试验场环境地质研究综述

介绍了国外核废物处理试验场有关环境地质研究现状与进展。据核废物的放射性不同，目前或未来处置的方式不一样：中－低放射性废物（ＩＬＷ－ＬＬＷ）一般采用浅层处置，多置于粘土层或沉积岩层中；高放射性废物（ＨＬＷ）一般通过竖井或平巷处置于深部的花岗岩或岩盐中。根据母岩的类别不同，本文分花岗岩、岩盐、粘土及其它四部分，对不同的试验场的研究计划、内容、方法、进展等进行了评述。     

Engineering geological evaluation of geological barrier rocks at landfills and repositories

 A site specific evaluation of geological barriers is required for landfills and waste repositories. The waste-repository-rock system has to be taken into consideration for this. Since the geotechnical barrier in conjunction with geological barriers contributes considerably to long-term isolation of the harmful substances from the biosphere, it is absolutely necessary to use engineering geology and hydrogeological methods for a quantitative assessment of the barrier effect of the host rock and the geological environment. For a waste disposal mine, the load-bearing capacity of the rock, the protective properties of the surrounding rock formations and the geological stability of the area are important factors in a safety analysis, of which the geotechnical stability analysis is an important part. Such an analysis comprises an engineering geological study of the site, laboratory and in situ experiments and model calculations, long-term monitoring, and special geological and geochemical investigations. Existing geomechanical modelling techniques provide a useful tool to perform barrier integrity calculations and to design an underground disposal mine. As an example, the barrier performance of the rock salt of the Gorleben salt dome is demonstrated using various safety indicators. Received: 3 January 1997 · Accepted: 29 January 1997     

Advances in geochemical research for the underground disposal of high-level, long-lived radioactive waste in a clay formation

One of the options for the long-term confinement of high-level, long-lived radioactive waste is the disposal in deep geological formations. In France, this option is particularly studied in a 155-Ma-old Jurassic clay formation located in the eastern part of the Paris Basin. Fifteen years of research and the construction of an underground research laboratory have provided a large set of data that allows the feasibility of the geological disposal to be evaluated from a scientific standpoint. Geochemical aspects of this research are of major importance because they provide essential information on both the characteristics of the geological medium and the long-term behaviour of the waste and the engineered system.     

Safety concept and criteria for hazardous waste sites

The problem of waste disposal in Germany has been solved by using a combination of above-ground and underground disposal. Site selection criteria and precise criteria for the performance assessment of various types of waste disposal are available. In view of long-term safety of disposal, it is necessary to include geological and hydrogeological viewpoints in addition to purely engineering viewpoints.

In particular, the geotechnical site-specific safety assessment is described, as defined by the government in “Technical Regulations on Wastes” (TA-Abfall) in the section “Underground Disposal”. This safety assessment must cover the entire system comprising waste, cavern/mine and surrounding rock. For this purpose geo-mechanical models have to be developed.

According to the multi-barrier principle, the geological setting must be able to contribute significantly to isolation of the waste over longer periods. The assessment of the integrity of the geological barrier can only be performed by making calculations with validated geomechanical models.

Various engineering geological data are required for the selection of a site, for the design and construction of a repository, and for a safety analysis for the post-operational phase. These data can only be attained by the execution of a comprehensive site-specific geomechanical exploration and investigation program. The planning and design of an underground repository in rock salt layers are described, as an example for the various steps of this type of safety assessment.     

Non-Darcian flow in low-permeability media: key issues related to geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste in shale formations

In clay or other low-permeability media, water flow becomes non-Darcian and characterized by the non-linear relationship between water flux and hydraulic gradient. This work is devoted to addressing a number of key issues related to geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste in clay/shale formations. It is demonstrated that water flow velocity in the damaged zone (often considered as a potential preferential advection paths in a repository) surrounding the tunnel is extremely small, as a result of non-Darcian flow behavior, such that solute transport is dominated by diffusion, rather than advection. The finding is also consistent with the often-observed existence of persistent abnormal pressures in shale formations. While relative permeability is the key parameter for modeling the unsaturated flow process, without incorporating non-Darcian flow behavior, significant errors can occur in the determination of relative permeability values from traditional measurement methods. An approach for dealing with temperature impact on non-Darcian flow and a formulation to calculate non-Darcian water flux in an anisotropic medium are presented, taking into consideration that a geological repository is subject to temperature evolution in the near field as a result of heat generated by nuclear waste, and that shale formations are generally anisotropic.     

Seismogeological acceptance criteria for geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel

Qualitative geological acceptance criteria and quantitative seismological acceptance criteria for radioactive waste disposals are developed. The background material for the initiation of site selection and for its earthquake hazard assessment is discussed. The recent movements of the Earth's surface as well as the other mechanical properties of geological media, hydrological conditions of geological blocks, their groundwater chemistry, geochemical rheology, petrological analyses of rocks, etc., have to be taken into account. A new comprehensive integrated safety analysis of the final underground disposal of spent nuclear fuel has been underway in the Czech Republic since 1991. In accordance with these seismogeological acceptance criteria regions for building underground final radioactive waste disposals are singled out in the Czech Republic.     

高放废物地质处置数据资源集成开发进展

数据资源是高放废物地质处置库选址、安全评价、工程建设等研发的重要基础,该领域数据具有典型的大数据特性,其开发利用是一项长期、系统的科学工程。文章对我国高放废物地质处置数据资源集成开发策略、方法和现状进行了简要介绍,阐述了高放废物地质处置研发过程中产生的各类科学数据的具体特性,提出建立我国高放废物地质处置大数据平台的规划设想,重点介绍了处置库预选区地学信息集成开发现状。     

赣南于都金银多金属矿整装勘查区1:50 000银坑幅矿产地质图数据集

本数据集综合应用岩性-构造-矿化蚀变专项填图、遥感、物探、化探、钻探等多种方法进行数据采集,完成路线调查长度520.65 km,采集水系沉积物样品2 047件,遥感数据解译面积461 km²,化学分析样167件。重点对燕山早期成矿岩浆岩、含矿建造、控岩控矿构造,以及矿化蚀变标志等进行了调查划分,明确区内银金多金属矿主要成矿地质体为燕山早期花岗闪长岩,控岩控矿构造为北东向逆冲断裂及其次级裂隙。在此基础上,编制了1：50 000银坑幅建造构造图,利用数字化填图系统（DGSS）创建了区内矿产地质图数据库,全面汇编了重要建造构造、地质界线、断裂、岩浆岩等图层属性库;完善了银坑式中低温岩浆期后热液矿床找矿预测模型,突出了区内矿产与建造构造之间的成因联系。     

Microbial communities in bentonite formations and their interactions with uranium

A reliable performance assessment of deep geological disposal of nuclear waste depends on better knowledge of radionuclide interactions with natural microbes of geological formations (granitic rock, clay, salts) used to host these disposal systems. In Spain, clay deposits from Cabo de Gata region, Almeria, are investigated for this purpose. The present work characterizes the culture-dependent microbial diversity of two bentonite samples (BI and BII) recovered from Spanish clay deposits. The evaluation of aerobe and facultative anaerobe microbial populations shows the presence of a high number of cultivable bacteria (e.g. Stenotrophomonas, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Kocuria, Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, etc.) affiliated to three phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. In addition, a pigmented yeast strain BII-R8 related to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was also recovered from these formations. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of uranium for the growth of these natural isolates were found to range from 4 to 10.0 mM. For instance, strain R. mucilaginosa BII-R8 was shown to tolerate up to 8 mM of U. Flow cytometry studies indicated that the high U tolerance of this yeast isolate is a biologically mediated process. Microscopically dense intracellular and cell wall-bound precipitates were observed by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy-High-Angle Annular Dark-Field (STEM-HAADF). Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) element-distribution maps showed the presence of U and P within these accumulates, indicating the ability of cells to precipitate U as U(VI) phosphate minerals. Fundamental understanding of the microbial diversity of clays and microbial interaction with radionuclides will be useful in predicting the microbial impacts on the performance of the waste repositories, as well as in the development of bioremediation strategies for U contaminated sites.     

Lead isotope evidence for recent uranium mobility in geological formations of Brazil: implications for radioactive waste disposal

Lead–lead isotope data from whole rock samples are used to investigate the recent (last few million years) mobility of U and Th. The method is based on the comparison of the calculated present day U and Th concentrations required to yield the Pb isotope composition in the samples with the actual present day concentrations of U and Th obtained by direct measurement. The geological formations studied include the Neoproterozoic carbonate sediments of the Bambuı́ Group, Archean/Paleoproterozoic granite–greenstone terrain of the Contendas–Mirante Complex and a Proterozoic ortho-gneisses hosting U deposit in Lagoa Real. All these formations are in the São Francisco Craton, Brazil. The data show high U mobility in the carbonate sediments and in the deformed ortho-gneisses set in a ductile shear zone. Infiltration of groundwater through fault zones seems to have facilitated the U mobility. The Pb isotope approach is a useful technique complementing U-series disequilibrium studies and may be included for site characterization studies for radioactive waste disposal.     

Coastal aquifer system in late Pleistocene to Holocene deposits at Horonobe in Hokkaido,Japan

The groundwater flow systems and chemistry in the deep part of the coastal area of Japan have attracted attention over recent decades due to government projects such as geological disposal of radioactive waste. However, the continuous groundwater flow system moving from the shallow to deep parts of the sedimentary soft rock has not yet been characterized. Therefore, the Cl^–, δD and δ¹⁸O values of the pore water in the Horonobe coastal area in Hokkaido, Japan, were measured to 1,000 m below the ground surface, and a vertical profile of the pore-water chemistry was constructed to assist in elucidating groundwater circulation patterns in the coastal area. The results show that the groundwater flow regime may be divided into five categories based on groundwater age and origin: (1) fresh groundwater recharged by modern rainwater, (2) fresh groundwater recharged by paleo rainwater during the last glacial age, (3) low-salinity groundwater recharged during the last interglacial period, (4) mixed water in a diffusion zone, and (5) connate water consisting of paleo seawater. These results suggest that the appearance of hydrological units is not controlled by the boundaries of geological formations and that paleo seawater is stored in younger Quaternary sediments.     

A review of the ANDRA''s research programmes on the thermo-hydromechanical behavior of clay in connection with the radioactive waste disposal project in deep geological formations

This paper presents the different studies realized or launched by ANDRA in collaboration with different contractors, including laboratory and in situ experiments, as well as physical and numerical modelizations, related to the thermo-hydromechanical behavior of clays and clayey materials. Clays are considered as both potential host rocks and sealing materials, among other geological formations and materials, respectively.

The study of a high-level or long-lived nuclear waste disposal concept is necessarily a step-by-step procedure, with two main objectives: on one hand, ensuring a good disposal design, including feasibility of the vaults and their stability during the operating phase with the eventual continuation of the phase of waste retrievability, i.e. on a long period of time not shorter than one hundred years. On the other hand, the objective is to preserve the long-term clay properties with regard to radionuclide behavior, in particular those properties which influence their containment capacity.

Swelling clays as an engineered barrier material have been considered by ANDRA for a long time. Buffer material as an interface between the nuclear waste packages and the geological barrier and tight core of dams in drifts and shafts are the two types of constructions for which the clay conditioning and performance have been investigated. In both of these applications, the understanding of the THM behavior of the swelling clay is required. In the first case the THM load parameters are much more severe and the geochemical imbalances are of greater consequences.

R & D programmes are necessarily integrated into the design process of the disposal concept. The results will allow selection between technical solutions estimated as valuable candidates for validation within the project duration, i.e. 13 years, and those solutions which cannot be. In return the design process indicates what are the more profitable axis for the future R & D efforts.     

群发性地质灾害应急处置研究

群发性地质灾害应急处置是一项非常态工作,群发性地质灾害应急处置的关键是高效的组织体系和强大的技术贮备。本文是作者在多年工作实践的基础上,结合群发性地质灾害应急处置的基本特点,总结了地质灾害应急处置组织和应急技术工作特点,将群发性地质灾害应急处置技术工作划分为灾情预判、排查评估、监测预警、工程处置和安全选址5个阶段。在分析国外技术进展的基础上,提出了突发地质灾害应急处置关键技术的突破方向。     

CSEES: An expert system for analysis and design of cut slopes and embankments

 An expert system is developed for evaluating failure potential of cut slopes and embankments. The fuzzy sets theory is used with the modified Monte Carlo simulation technique to obtain the Slope Failure Potential Index (SFPI) incorporating factors affecting slope stability, such as geology, topography, geomorphology, precipitation, vegetation and drainage conditions. The developed Cut Slopes and Embankments Expert System (CSEES) includes a classification system for evaluating failure potential of cut slopes and embankments, and a data bank on landslides in Jordan. The proposed classification system and slope failure-potential method proved to be successful for the areas that experienced landslides in the past. The expert system can be used directly for areas with the same geological formations as those areas in which landslides occurred in the past and can be used for areas with other geological formations by modifying the rock type or foundation-material type factor incorporated in the expert system. Received: 18 February 1998 · Accepted: 19 October 1998     

高放废物深地质处置中的多场耦合与核素迁移

概括了深地下工程的深地质处置库的若干特点,简要介绍了多场耦合的机理与类型,论述了高放废物深地质处置多场耦合与核素迁移问题的特点及研究现状,最后提出了高放废物深地质处置多场耦合与核素迁移所需研究的主要问题。     

Potential for deep geological sequestration of CO2 in Switzerland: a first appraisal

Possibilities to sequester anthropogenic CO₂ in deep geological formations are being investigated worldwide, but the potential within Switzerland has not yet been evaluated. This study presents a first-order appraisal based solely on geological criteria collated from the literature. The Swiss Molasse Basin (SMB) and the adjacent Folded Jura are the only realms of the country where CO₂ could conceivably be stored in saline aquifers. Evaluation of geological criteria at the basin-wide scale shows that the SMB–Jura has moderate potential (score of 0.6 on a scale from 0 to 1) when compared to basins elsewhere. At the intrabasinal scale, inspection of the stratigraphy reveals four regional candidate aquifers that are sealed by suitable caprocks: top Basement plus basal Mesozoic sandstones, all sealed by the Anhydrite Group; Upper Muschelkalk sealed by the Gipskeuper; Hauptrogenstein sealed by the Effinger Member, and Upper Malm plus Lower Cretaceous sealed by the Lower Freshwater Molasse. Nine geological criteria are defined to evaluate the storage potential of these and other smaller scale candidates. A numerical scoring and weighting scheme allows the criteria to be assessed simultaneously, permitting the storage potential to be depicted using the 0–1 scale in contoured maps. Approximately 5,000 km² of the central SMB exhibits potentials between 0.6 and 0.96. The Fribourg–Olten–Luzern area is the most favoured owing to the presence of several sealed aquifers within the preferred 800–2,500 m depth interval, and to its low seismicity, low geothermal gradient, low fault density, and long groundwater residence times. Smaller areas with good potential lie between Zürich and St. Gallen. In contrast, western Switzerland, the Jura and the southern SMB have markedly poorer potential. Considering only the portions of the aquifers with potential above 0.6, the theoretical, effective storage capacity of the basin is estimated to be 2,680 million tonnes of CO₂.     

我国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选总体技术思路探讨

综合对比瑞典、加拿大、芬兰和美国等国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选技术思路,分析国外高放废物地质处置库场址筛选过程中取得的经验、教训,总结了我国处置库选址工作取得的成果和存在的问题。在综合研究基础上,分析提出我国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选总体技术思路,包括应遵循的原则、工作范围、目标和总体技术步骤等,以利于今后处置库选址工作更系统、规范和统一。     

The use of low-grade and unsound crushed rock aggregates in Ghana for construction

Summary Ghana and many developing countries have relied heavily, in the past, on hard granites and granitic gneisses for the production of rock aggregates and rock products for civil engineering works including the construction of roads and buildings. Experience in Ghana has shown however, that the quantity of crushed rock aggregates produced from hard rocks have proved insufficient for the needs of the country. This situation has called for engineering geological studies into the use of rock types and rock formations previously designated as low grade and unsound for the production of aggregates. The major objective of this study was to review the occurrences of non-conventional hard rocks and gravels such as quartzites, silicified sandstones, metagreywackes, dolomitic limestones and quartz gravels. This was followed by the application of appropriate standard specification tests to establish criteria for the selection and recommendation for the use of low grade and unsound rocks and gravels for various civil engineering projects in Ghana and other developing countries, especially those of the subregion with similar geological formations.     

Engineering geological mapping developed in the Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, State of Ceara, Brazil

Engineering geological mapping was carried out, at a scale of 1:100,000, in the Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, located in northeastern Brazil, to provide engineering geological information as an aid in planning land use and occupation. In this study, eight basic maps were produced drawing: urban areas, lithology, unconsolidated materials in addition to geomorphological map showing slopes, water resources, engineering geological zoning and distribution of geological–geotechnical environmental problems based on information collected through field and laboratory investigations. The region was divided into nine engineering geological zones analyzed in terms of geohazard susceptibility and foundation, excavation and waste disposal conditions.     

地勘单位钻探作业安全管理及技术探讨

本文分析地勘单位野外钻探作业中存在的危险危害因素,按照不同的分类标准,讨论钻探作业危险危害因素存在的部位,探讨钻探作业需要采取的安全技术措施和安全管理措施,制定安全应急处置方案,促使预防和减少钻探作业的安全事故。