对今后我国海洋浮游生物学研究的一点看法

我国浮游生物学是一门比较年轻的学科,在科学的历史长河中,仅仅走过40多个春秋;但在浮游生物学工作者的、共同努力下,它已从过去比较原始的描述性分类、形态阶段,发展到     

海洋中稀土元素的地球化学

稀土元素由镧至镥共15个元素组成。在天然化合物中,稀土元素主要分离出3个电子(铈和铕除外)。稀土元素原子和三价离子规模的减小,导致镧系元素性质的逐渐改变。由于镧系挤压,系列中的最后一些元素,按原子和三价离子的规模,接近钇元素。作为在自然界中广泛分布的钇常被重稀土(由     

浮游生物对海洋中碳及其微量金属转移的控制作用

在海洋环境污染为人类所关注的今天,海洋环境学家不仅想知道有害金属元素在海水中的浓度,而且更迫切地要知道这些微量金属如何从溶解态转化为颗粒态?如何从水体转移到底质? 过去几十年中,海洋化学家对这些问题作了许多探讨,形成了三种主要的理论:沉降模     

浮游生物对某些化学物质在海洋微表层中富集所起的作用

本文综合分析了浮游生物对有机物、痕量金属、氮磷营养盐在海洋微表层中富集所起的作用。浮游植物和部分浮游细菌释放的溶解有机物大部分具有表面活性且能与痕量金属络合,它们能靠Gibbs吸附富集于微表层,并促成与络合的痕量金属的富集。浮游细菌对微表层中富集的含氮和含磷有机物的分解可能是促成氮磷营养盐在微表层中富集的重要原因。     

可溶性Fe对中尺度海洋围隔生态系中浮游生物群落数量变动的影响

作者首次应用3个中尺度海洋实验生态系围隔装置研究可溶性Fe 对浮游生物群落数量变动的影响。结果表明:添加10和50μg/dm~3的可溶性Fe,均大大促进了浮游植物,特别是硅藻类中中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的生长。但浮游植物的过量繁殖并没有导致生态系中滤食性桡足类数量的增加。     

从南海沉积物中的主量元素比值变化看沉积物源区化学侵蚀变化

海洋沉积物中的主量元素和沉积物源区有密切关系,海洋沉积物中主量元素比值变化受古气候环境尤其是化学侵蚀强度的控制和影响,这些元素比值变化可以很好地反映化学侵蚀等因素的变化.南海ODP1144站位和MD01-2393站位柱样沉积物中相对较高的Al2O3/TiO2、K2O/TiO2、K2O/Na2O、Al2O3/Na2O比值代表了较强的化学侵蚀以及更为湿热的气候.南海沉积物主量元素比值的变化记录了区域古气候环境演化的重要信息,可以作为化学侵蚀变化以及古气候环境变化的良好指示因子.     

工业区排污口沉积物对海洋浮游生物生态系的影响

本文论述海洋围隔实验生态系中,厦门工业区排污口沉积物对浮游生物群体的影响,沉积物以两种污染浓度加入围隔生态系:11.2ppm和112ppm(干重),与对照组相比较,浮游植物的种类结构没有改变,但在受污染的水体中,硅藻的数量明显减少,由于沉积物在水体中起了消光作用,使浮游植物的光合作用减弱,水体中的海洋细菌、微型鞭毛藻、浮游动物等能适应水体中沉积物的增加,变化不大。     

简评《中国海洋浮游管水母类》

《中国海洋浮游管水母类》一书由我国知名的海洋浮游生物生态学家张金标教授撰写,在国家海洋局科技司和海洋科技著作出版基金资助下,最近由海洋出版社出版发行.全书23万字,共分三章.该书详细系统地记录了中国各海域管水母类的种类组成和特征.除逐种描述其形态特征外,并附形态图及记载各种的采集海区、生态习性及其在全世界的地理分布,对有争议的种类作了分类讨论,提出了著者的观点.此外,该书还编制了我国管水母类分目、分科、分属和分种的检索表.这是一部系统全面论述中国海洋浮游管水母类的专著.该书有三大特点:第一个特点是材料丰富,样品采集海域广而全,能充分反映我国海洋浮游管水母区系.     

海洋沉积物中硒的分析方法研究

建立了海洋沉积物中硒的测定方法。样品用混合酸分解，加入Fe^3 消除干扰，用氢化物原子荧光法测海洋沉积物中的硒，选择了仪器的最佳工艺条件，探讨了共存元素的干扰情况及其消除方法，方法简便，快速，有较好的精确度与准确度，对多种地质标准物质中的硒进行了测定，结果与推荐值十分接近，对海底沉积物标准物质（GBW07314）进行了11次测定，相对标准偏差为6．13％。     

海洋沉积物中多种元素的ICP光谱分析

报道了用王水-HF溶样,ICP-AES同时测定海洋沉积物中18种常量、微量元素的方法.该方法简便、快捷,其准确度、精密度及检出限均好.     

Vertical Nutrient Distributions in the Western North Pacific Ocean: Simple Model for Estimating Nutrient Upwelling, Export Flux and Consumption Rates

A one-dimensional, steady-state model has been developed to understand the factors controlling vertical distributions of nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate in the western North Pacific water columns. The model includes simple physics and some biogeochemical processes. Nutrients are supplied by upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters with a constant upwelling velocity and nutrient regeneration due to decomposition of sinking particulate matter; the latter is expressed by an exponential-type export flux. Nutrients are consumed in the water column due to uptake by marine organisms, represented by a first-order substrate kinetics. The consumption rate constant is given as an exponential function of depth. The model has been applied to a data set of WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) P9 one-time measurements observed in the western North Pacific. The calculated curves fit well to observed vertical nutrient profiles from 100 m depth to over 2,500 m depth at 35 stations from 19°N to 33°30′ N along 137°E with correlation factors of greater than 0.998. A modified model, including a correction term representing a depth-dependent upwelling velocity, can reproduce observed vertical nutrient profiles at 32 stations from 5°N to 18°30′ N along 137°E with correlation factors greater than 0.993. The results support the hypothesis that most of the vertical nutrient profiles in the western North Pacific are controlled by particle export flux, consumption rate, remineralization rate and upwelling velocity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

全球大洋环流诊断模式研究--流场及流函数

基于GFDL的MOM模式建立一个全球大洋环流的诊断模式(R0bust diagnostic model)来研究全球大洋环流.水平空间分辨率1°×1°.垂向分为21层.分别进行月平均和年平均模拟,积分的时间长度为11a.模式水流来自DBDB5(National Geodetic Center,Boulder,Colorado).所用的温度、盐度数据根据Levitus(1994)的资料,表面风应力根据Hellerman and Rosenstem(1983)的全球风场数据插值而来.从模拟结果看,全球大洋中的主要环流结构均得到体现.北太平洋副热带流圈得到合理的模拟,其最大的输运超过50 Sv.北赤道流在12.N附近分为南北两支.北支形成黑潮,而南支为棉兰老海流,在其东边,棉兰老冷涡得到很好的再现.在吕宋海峡有海水进入南海,在南海形成一个气旋式流圈,进而通过南海南部水道流入印度尼西亚海.模拟结果表明南极绕极流和黑潮可以深达底层.湾流则不能深达底层,其下方在1 000～2 000 m深度存在南向的深层流,显示了大西洋深层水的流动.     

Seasonal dynamics of inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in the NW Alboran Sea

The seasonal dynamics of inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), and its relation with hydrological features, was studied in the NW Alboran Sea during four cruises conducted in February, April, July and October 2002. In the upper layers, the seasonal pattern of nutrient concentrations and their molar ratios (N:Si:P) was greatly influenced by hydrological conditions. The higher nutrient concentrations were observed during the spring cruise (2.54 μM NO₃⁻, 0.21 μM PO₄³⁻ and 1.55 μM Si(OH)₄, on average), coinciding with the increase of salinity due to upwelling induced by westerlies. The lowest nutrient concentrations were observed during summer (<0.54 μM NO₃⁻, 0.13 μM PO₄³⁻ and 0.75 μM Si(OH)₄, on average), when the lower salinities were detected. Nutrient molar ratios (N:Si:P) followed the same seasonal pattern as nutrient distribution. During all the cruises, the ratio N:P in the top 20 m was lower than 16:1, indicating a NO₃⁻ deficiency relative to PO₄³⁻. The N:P ratio increased with depth, reaching values higher than 16:1 in the deeper layers (200–300 m). The N:Si ratio in the top 20 m was lower than 1:1, excepting during spring when N:Si ratios higher than 1:1 were observed in some stations due to the upwelling event. The N:Si ratio increased with depth, showing a maximum at 50–100 m (>1.5:1), which indicates a shift towards Si-deficiency in these layers. The Si:P ratio was much lower than 16:1 throughout the water column during the four cruises. In general, the spatial and seasonal variation of phytoplankton biomass showed a strong coupling with hydrological and chemical fields. The higher chlorophyll a concentrations at the depth of the chlorophyll maximum were found in April (2.57 mg m⁻³ on average), while the lowest phytoplankton biomass corresponded to the winter cruise (0.74 mg m⁻³ on average). The low nitrate concentrations together with the low N:P ratios found in the upper layers (top 20 m) during the winter, summer and autumn cruises suggest that N-limitation could occur in these layers during great part of the year. However, N-limitation during the spring cruise was temporally overcome by nutrient enrichment caused by an intense wind-driven upwelling event.     

Anti-warming of deep layers in the World Ocean

Manifestation of the pumping effect (pump up/pump down) in the periodic problem of nonlinear heat conductivity was studied theoretically for the temperature of the deep layers averaged over the latitude and longitude of the World Ocean. It was shown that the pumping effect in the World Ocean is negative; i.e., when the amplitude of the sea surface temperature (SST) fluctuations increases, the temperature in its depths decreases. Thus, heat is pumped from the depths. Vice versa, if the amplitude of the SST fluctuations decreases as compared with the previous period, the temperature in the depths of the ocean increases; i.e., heat is pumped into the deep layers of the ocean. The period of climate warming is characterized by an increase in the amplitude of the interannual SST fluctuations, which, according to the theory developed, should lead to the cooling of the deep layers of the World Ocean.     

Devising methods for geomagnetic studies in the World Ocean

The importance of geomagnetic studies in the World Ocean for deep structure research and fore-casting of mineral resources is noted. A combined method for development of a marine nuclear magnetometer is adduced. The physical background of operation of nuclear magnetometers is analyzed in order to optimize the measurements of the magnetic field. The results of the experiments on detecting nuclear precession signals against the background of ship noises are considered and the elaboration of an MM-1 nuclear magnetometer at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology is described. A technique for magnetic survey and comprehensive geological interpretation of the anomalies and Z and H field components are presented. Examples of geomagnetic studies performed in the World Ocean with the MM-Inuclear magnetometer are assessed: for the first time in Russia, linear magnetic anomalies were identified and sea-floor spreading rates were calculated (the northern part of the Indian Ocean); a regional geomagnetic survey was carried out in the region of Iceland, which proved the spreading origin of the seafloor in this vast region. A systematic analysis of geomagnetic data obtained with the MM-1 magnetometer in the World Ocean provided the creation and development of the methodology for their tectonic and geodynamical interpretation. On the basis of the geomagnetic data obtained, new fundamental conclusions about the deep structure, kinematics and paleogeodynanics of the World Ocean floor were made.     

Simulation of upper-ocean biogeochemistry with a flexible-composition phytoplankton model: C, N and Si cycling in the western Sargasso Sea

We report the first application of a biogeochemical model in which the major elemental composition of the phytoplankton is flexible, and responds to changing light and nutrient conditions. The model includes two phytoplankton groups: diatoms and non-siliceous picoplankton. Both fix C in accordance with photosynthesis-irradiance relationships used in other models and take up NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ (and Si(OH)₄ for diatoms) following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model allows for light dependence of photosynthesis and NO₃⁻ uptake, and for the observed near-total light independence of NH₄⁺ uptake and Si(OH)₄ uptake. It tracks the resulting C/N ratios of both phytoplankton groups and Si/N ratio of diatoms, and permits uptake of C, N and Si to proceed independently of one another when those ratios are close to those of nutrient-replete phytoplankton. When the C/N or Si/N ratio of either phytoplankton group indicates that its growth is limited by N, Si or light, uptake of non-limiting elements is controlled by the content of the limiting element in accordance with the cell-quota formulation of Droop (J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K 54 (1974) 825).We applied this model to the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the western Sargasso Sea. The model was tuned to produce vertical profiles and time courses of [NO₃⁻], [NH₄⁺] and [Si(OH)₄] that are consistent with the data, by adjusting the kinetic parameters for N and Si uptake and the rate of nitrification. The model then reproduces the observed time courses of chlorophyll-a, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, biogenic silica, primary productivity, biogenic silica production and POC export with no further tuning. Simulated C/N and Si/N ratios of the phytoplankton indicate that N is the main growth-limiting nutrient throughout the thermally stratified period and that [Si(OH)₄], although always limiting to the rate of Si uptake by diatoms, seldom limits their growth rate. The model requires significant nitrification in the upper 200 m to yield realistic time courses and vertical profiles of [NH₄⁺] and [NO₃⁻], suggesting that NO₃⁻ is not supplied to the upper water column entirely by physical processes. A nitrification-corrected f-ratio (f_NC), calculated for the upper 200 m as: (NO₃⁻ uptake—nitrification)/(NO₃⁻ uptake+NH₄⁺ uptake) has annual values ranging from only 0.05–0.09, implying that 90–95% of the N taken up annually by phytoplankton is supplied by biological regeneration (including nitrification) in the upper 200 m. Reported discrepancies between estimates of organic C export based on seasonal chemical changes and POC export measured at the BATS site can be almost completely resolved if there is significant regeneration of NO₃⁻ via organic-matter decomposition in the upper 200 m.     

加拿大海盆北部营养盐限制作用研究

利用2008年夏季中国第三次北极科学考察获得的营养盐、叶绿素a、温度和盐度等数据资料,结合现场营养盐添加实验的结果讨论西北冰洋加拿大海盆北部营养盐对浮游植物生长的限制作用。结果表明:由于融冰水稀释作用,加拿大海盆B80站约20m深度存在较强的盐跃层,阻碍了水体上下混合。较低浓度的溶解无机氮(DIN)和硅酸盐(分别为0.31μmol/L和0.94μmol/L)以及严重偏离Redfield比值的N/P、N/Si比值(分别为0.42和0.32)表明加拿大海盆表层水体存在N和Si限制。根据现场营养盐加富实验各培养组叶绿素a浓度变化、营养盐吸收总量差异和浮游植物种群结构,进一步表明氮是北冰洋海盆首要限制营养盐,而Si则抑制了硅质生物的生长。同时,较小的硝酸盐半饱和常数(Ks)证明即使在营养盐充足的情况下北冰洋海盆浮游植物生长速率也处于较低水平。计算得到各培养组营养盐吸收比例(N/P比值)均大于Redfield比值,可能是培养实验过程中以微型、微微型浮游植物为主,硅藻等小型浮游植物为辅造成的。     

Morphology and distribution of Pronoctiluca (Dinoflagellata, incertae sedis) in the Pacific Ocean

The diversity and distribution of Pronoctiluca, a marine dinoflagellate of enigmatic systematic position, was studied in the vicinity of the Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents, the Philippines, Celebes, Sulu and South China Seas, western and central equatorial and southeast Pacific Ocean. The abundance of Pronoctiluca was higher, with a wide vertical distribution, in eutrophic temperate regions, whereas it was nearly absent in surface waters of oligotrophic tropical regions. Most of the specimens corresponded to P. spinifera. Pronoctiluca pelagica, covered by hyaline layers and with no flagella, is considered as an encysted form. The bipartition was only observed in P. acuta-P. spinifera forms, that together with the occurrence of intermediate forms between P. spinifera and P. pelagica suggest that they may correspond to developmental stages of a single species. Pronoctiluca is essential to understanding the evolutionary history of the alveolates.     

Latitudinal changes in siphonophore assemblages across the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

Siphonophores are commonly considered to be useful indicators of water masses and water-mass movement, but their employment as such across the wider Southern Ocean has not so far been attempted. We redress this here using archived samples, collected during January–February 1993 along a transect from Cape Town to the South African National Antarctic Expedition (SANAE) base in Antarctica, and compare the patterns generated with those determined from a prior analysis of whole assemblages at lower taxonomic resolution. Twenty-one species were identified from 18 of the original 53 samples collected, and two distinct assemblages were confirmed as separated by the Sub-Antarctic Front. That to the south was characterised by low diversity and high abundance and was dominated by cold-water specialists, whereas that to the north comprised a larger number of subtropical and temperate species at low abundance. Assemblage structure was strongly influenced by the mixed layer depth, sea surface salinity and chlorophyll a concentration, as well as mesozooplankton biomass. Congruence with the whole-assemblage study was high, indicating that this taxon can be suitably employed as a proxy in studies such as this. The study emphasises the value of archived plankton samples and makes a plea for better curation.