热带印度洋夏季水汽输送特征及对南亚季风区降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析环流资料、CMAP降水量和NOAA海温资料研究了热带印度洋夏季水汽输送的时空变化特征,并考察其对南亚季风区夏季降水的影响.热带印度洋夏季异常水汽输送第一模态表现为异常水汽从南海向西到达孟加拉湾后分成两支,其中一支继续往西到达印度次大陆和阿拉伯海,对应印度半岛南端和中南半岛的西风水汽输送减弱,导致这些区域降水减少;第二模态表现为异常水汽从赤道东印度洋沿赤道西印度洋、阿拉伯海、印度半岛、中南半岛的反气旋输送,印度和孟加拉湾南部为反气旋异常水汽输送,水汽辐散、降水减少,而印度东北部为气旋性水汽输送,水汽辐合、降水增多.就水汽输送与局地海温的关系而言,水汽输送第一模态与热带印度洋海温整体增暖关系密切,而第二模态与同期印度洋偶极子关系密切.     

Equatorial African climate teleconnections

Teleconnections between equatorial African climate and the surrounding circulation are examined using a convective index over the Congo River Basin in March to May (MAM) and July to September (JAS) seasons. Its influence on the wider region is determined through lag correlation and cross-wavelet analysis. During seasons of deeper convection, easterly winds weaken over the tropical Atlantic (anomalous flow toward Africa), whilst upper westerly winds weaken over southern Africa (in JAS). We view this as zonal overturning with ascent over the equatorial African lowlands and Congo River Basin that spreads moisture to the North African Sahel, with influence from the Pacific El Niño. Another facet of our study is the relationship between East African highlands rainfall and the Indian Ocean circulation. We find coupling between the Indian Ocean Rossby wave, a thermocline oscillation and Walker cell over the Indian Ocean that induces shifts in rainfall, particularly in the October to December season.     

The dynamics of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature forcing of Sahel drought

Given the pronounced warming in the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) during the second half of the twentieth century and the empirical relationship between the Indian Ocean SST and Sahel summer precipitation, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this relationship using the GFDL atmospheric model AM2.0 to simulate the equilibrium and transient response to the warming of the Indian Ocean. Equatorial wave dynamics, in particular the westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves, communicates the signal of tropospheric warming and stabilization from the Indian Ocean to the African continent. The stabilization associated with the Rossby wave front acts to suppress the convection. Feedbacks with local precipitation and depletion of moisture amplify the dynamically induced subsidence. While this stabilization mechanism is expected to operate in climate change response, the future prospects for the Sahelian climate under global warming are complicated by the intricate sensitivities to the SSTs from different ocean basins and to the direct radiative forcing of greenhouse gases.     

热带印度洋MJO活动异常对四川盆地降水的影响

利用四川省132个气象观测站降水资料和NOAA的逐日向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析了主汛期热带东印度洋MJO活动异常年低频对流传播的显著差异,及其影响四川盆地主汛期降水的物理过程。探讨了热带东印度洋MJO活跃年低频振荡向四川盆地传播的路径和源头,以及孟加拉湾西南季风系统、东亚副热带季风系统的低频振荡分别对四川盆地主汛期低频对流活动的影响。结果表明:热带印度洋的低频对流激发了孟加拉湾西南季风ISO进入活跃期,并在西南气流的引导下继续向四川盆地传播;低频对流先从热带印度洋东传至菲律宾群岛南部的热带洋面,并向东亚副热带地区北传,激发了东亚副热带季风ISO的活跃加强,进而向四川盆地西传。热带印度洋MJO活动异常对四川盆地降水的调制,正是通过两支季风系统(孟加拉湾夏季风和东亚副热带夏季风)的共同作用,影响了四川盆地主汛期异常的对流活动以及降水的多寡。      

海表温度的增暖趋势和自然变率对长江中下游夏季极端降水强度的影响

极端降水引起的洪、涝等灾害每年给我国带来极大的人员伤亡和经济损失。全球增暖使极端降水事件发生的频率增加,强度增强。但是针对不同区域极端降水事件,其贡献究竟如何还有待于进一步认识。本文以我国长江中下游地区的极端降水事件为研究对象,通过典型年份夏季区域极端降水过程的水汽收支特征,探讨海表温度（SST）的增暖趋势和自然变率强迫对该区域典型极端降水强度的影响效应。结果表明:（1）极端降水过程及其夏季都伴随着区域整层大气的水汽辐合,且水汽辐合发生在经向方向。西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流,在区域南边界形成了稳定的西南风异常的水汽输送。（2）典型极端降水过程发生的夏季,SST在赤道印度洋和热带大西洋为强正异常,主要为增暖趋势的贡献,赤道中东太平洋SST异常表现为La Ni?a型。（3）SST增暖趋势和自然变率的数值敏感性试验表明,1998、2017和2020年的SST增暖趋势强迫的区域水汽辐合分别是其自然变率强迫的83%、210%和107%,SST增暖趋势比自然变率的影响更为重要。（4）SST增暖趋势和自然变率都是通过强迫西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流,引起长江中下游区域南边界异常的西南水汽输送,是导致极端降水发生的主要过程。     

Predictability of the western North Pacific summer climate demonstrated by the coupled models of ENSEMBLES

The Asian monsoon system, including the western North Pacific (WNP), East Asian, and Indian monsoons, dominates the climate of the Asia-Indian Ocean-Pacific region, and plays a significant role in the global hydrological and energy cycles. The prediction of monsoons and associated climate features is a major challenge in seasonal time scale climate forecast. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of the interannual predictability of the WNP summer climate has been performed using the 1-month lead retrospective forecasts (hindcasts) of five state-of-the-art coupled models from ENSEMBLES for the period of 1960–2005. Spatial distribution of the temporal correlation coefficients shows that the interannual variation of precipitation is well predicted around the Maritime Continent and east of the Philippines. The high skills for the lower-tropospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST) spread over almost the whole WNP. These results indicate that the models in general successfully predict the interannual variation of the WNP summer climate. Two typical indices, the WNP summer precipitation index and the WNP lower-tropospheric circulation index (WNPMI), have been used to quantify the forecast skill. The correlation coefficient between five models’ multi-model ensemble (MME) mean prediction and observations for the WNP summer precipitation index reaches 0.66 during 1979–2005 while it is 0.68 for the WNPMI during 1960–2005. The WNPMI-regressed anomalies of lower-tropospheric winds, SSTs and precipitation are similar between observations and MME. Further analysis suggests that prediction reliability of the WNP summer climate mainly arises from the atmosphere–ocean interaction over the tropical Indian and the tropical Pacific Ocean, implying that continuing improvement in the representation of the air–sea interaction over these regions in CGCMs is a key for long-lead seasonal forecast over the WNP and East Asia. On the other hand, the prediction of the WNP summer climate anomalies exhibits a remarkable spread resulted from uncertainty in initial conditions. The summer anomalies related to the prediction spread, including the lower-tropospheric circulation, SST and precipitation anomalies, show a Pacific-Japan or East Asia-Pacific pattern in the meridional direction over the WNP. Our further investigations suggest that the WNPMI prediction spread arises mainly from the internal dynamics in air–sea interaction over the WNP and Indian Ocean, since the local relationships among the anomalous SST, circulation, and precipitation associated with the spread are similar to those associated with the interannual variation of the WNPMI in both observations and MME. However, the magnitudes of these anomalies related to the spread are weaker, ranging from one third to a half of those anomalies associated with the interannual variation of the WNPMI in MME over the tropical Indian Ocean and subtropical WNP. These results further support that the improvement in the representation of the air–sea interaction over the tropical Indian Ocean and subtropical WNP in CGCMs is a key for reducing the prediction spread and for improving the long-lead seasonal forecast over the WNP and East Asia.     

印度洋海面温度对黄淮地区夏季降水影响的年代际变化研究

利用1961—2016年我国400个气象台站夏季降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA的海面温度资料,分析了黄淮地区夏季降水与同期大气环流及前期海面温度关系的年代际变化特征。结果显示,20世纪80年代之前（后）,前期冬季太平洋海面温度发生厄尔尼诺时,黄淮地区夏季降水偏少（多）,20世纪80年代中期之前,前期冬季印度洋海面温度全区一致型模态与黄淮地区夏季降水关系较弱,但是从20世纪80年代中期开始,正相关关系明显增强。进一步研究发现,前期印度洋海面温度一致偏高时,夏季500 hPa高度场上,副热带高压明显增强,这种相关关系20世纪80年代中期之后明显强于20世纪80年代之前,海平面气压场上,高相关区在20世纪80年代之后呈现明显的南方涛动模态,印度洋海面温度通过影响决定黄淮地区夏季降水异常的大气环流关键区域,使得其与黄淮地区夏季降水的关系随着年代际变化增强。     

近50a江淮地区梅雨期水汽输送特征研究

利用1958—2007年ERA再分析风场及气压场资料和APHRO高分辨率逐日降水资料,对近50 a来梅雨期水汽输送的时空特征及其与江淮地区降水的关系进行了研究,发现各条水汽通道对江淮地区梅雨期降水强度及范围的影响程度均不同。梅雨期影响我国降水的水汽输送有显著的年际变化,并且水汽输送强弱年对应江淮地区降水强度也有明显差异。相关分析及合成差值的结果显示,西太平洋水汽输送贡献更大,且西太平洋水汽输送(东南通道)增强时,江淮地区降水增多。印度洋水汽输送的加强会减弱太平洋的水汽输送从而使得江淮少雨。在全球变暖的背景下,西太平洋的水汽输送对降水的增强作用有所减弱而印度洋输送所导致降水强度减弱的范围则明显扩大。自1980年起,江淮降水出现缓慢增多的趋势与全球变暖所导致的东亚环流异常进而影响水汽输送异常相关。     

影响山东夏季降水的季风水汽输送特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均风场和比湿资料分析了亚洲季风区平均水汽输送通量的气候特征和季节变化;研究了山东旱涝年季风区水汽输送的差异及其在不同时段对山东夏季降水异常的贡献。结果表明,山东地区的平均水平水汽输送通量存在着明显的年际变化,纬向、经向和总水汽输送通量随时间均呈单峰曲线分布,7月达极值;影响山东夏季降水的印度季风区水汽输送以纬向为主、副热带季风区水汽输送以经向为主;5~6月,来自热带印度洋的西南季风水汽输送通量、西太平洋热带和副热带东南季风水汽输送通量以及南海北部的水汽输送通量对山东夏季降水均有贡献,涝年水汽输送通量明显大于旱年。虽然7月来自印度洋的西南季风水汽输送通量达极值,但对山东夏季降水异常的贡献并不显著,7~8月主要是来自西太平洋地区的热带和副热带季风水汽输送对山东夏季降水异常的贡献较明显。     

MSU/AMSU微波亮温用于海洋高空大气温度气候变化研究的适用性探讨

利用美国大气海洋局卫星应用和研究实验室 (The Center for Satellite Applications and Research,STAR) 提供的MSU/AMSU卫星微波亮温资料V3.0版本,结合三套再分析资料数据集,通过对海洋上空不同高度、不同区域及不同季节的适用性分析,来探讨MSU/AMSU资料在热带海洋区域高空大气的温度变化特征,并通过合成分析揭示亮温资料与海洋的响应关系,从而探讨MSU/AMSU资料在热带海洋区域上的适用性和科学性。结果表明:（1）MSU/AMSU亮温资料在30 °E~70 °W,15 °S~15 °N范围的热带海洋区域适用性较好;（2）热带海洋区域对流层上层和中层大气均呈增温趋势,变化速率分别为0.045 K/(10 a) 和0.107 K/(10 a),增温突变现象出现在1980年代末—1990年代初,平流层低层大气呈降温趋势,变化速率为-0.345 K/(10 a),降温突变现象出现在1990年代中期;（3）在热带海洋区域,高空大气温度的变化趋势具有较强的区域性特征,相对于中东太平洋而言,印度洋-西太平洋区域的增、降温趋势变化更显著。对流层的增温幅度随高度的升高而有所降低。平流层低层的降温趋势在季节内变化不大,而对流层则是秋、冬季的增温趋势要明显大于春、夏季,冬季的增温尤为明显;（4）MSU/AMSU亮温资料对热带海洋温度异常有很好的响应关系,能在弥补海洋区域观测资料稀缺的情况下,对海洋区域起着较好的监测作用。      

热带太平洋印度洋海温异常对亚洲夏季风影响的数值研究

利用L9R15气候谱模式，就热带太平洋－印度洋夏季海温异常对亚洲夏季风的影响进行了数值研究。结果表明，夏季热带太平洋和印度洋海温正异常时，不仅能造成热带地区大气环流和降水的同时性响应，还能导致东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风的一致减弱，两者的影响是同号的，但并不是两者单独影响的线性叠加，由此给出了亚洲夏季风与热带太平洋－印度洋海气系统的同期关系。     

A multi-model analysis of the role of the ocean on the African and Indian monsoon during the mid-Holocene

We investigate the role of the ocean feedback on the climate in response to insolation forcing during the mid-Holocene (6,000 year BP) using results from seven coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models. We examine how the dipole in late summer sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Atlantic increases the length of the African monsoon, how this dipole structure is created and maintained, and how the late summer SST warming in the northwest Indian Ocean affects the monsoon retreat in this sector. Similar mechanisms are found in all of the models, including a strong wind evaporation feedback and changes in the mixed layer depth that enhance the insolation forcing, as well as increased Ekman transport in the Atlantic that sharpens the Atlantic dipole pattern. We also consider changes in interannual variability over West Africa and the Indian Ocean. The teleconnection between variations in SST and Sahelian precipitation favor a larger impact of the Atlantic dipole mode in this region. In the Indian Ocean, the strengthening of the Indian dipole structure in autumn has a damping effect on the Indian dipole mode at the interannual time scale.     

中国东部季风区夏季四类雨型的水汽输送特征及差异

利用1951~2015年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料和中国160站月降水观测资料,及中国东部季风区夏季四类雨型（北方型、中间型、长江型和华南型）的划分结果,分析了东亚水汽输送与中国东部季风区夏季降水的关系,比较了四类雨型的水汽输送、收支特征及其差异,结果表明:（1）夏季影响中国东部季风区的水汽通道主要有以下6条:印度洋通道,表征印度季风区偏南的西风水汽输送;高原南侧通道,表征印度季风区偏北的西风水汽输送;太平洋通道,表征由西太平洋副热带高压（副高）带来的西太平洋的水汽;西风带通道,表征西风带的水汽输送;孟加拉湾通道,表征来自孟加拉湾向北的水汽输送;南海通道,表征来自印度洋和孟加拉湾在中南半岛转向及来自南海的水汽;与中国东部不同地区降水异常相联系的水汽通道存在明显的差异,且同一条水汽通道在夏季不同阶段与降水的关系也不尽相同。（2）四类雨型的水汽输送和收支特征有明显的差异,华北盛夏降水主要受亚洲季风水汽输送的影响,其次是西风带水汽输送,北方型年二者往往偏强,尤其是季风水汽输送增加一倍以上,贡献也明显增加,20世纪70年代中期之后,季风水汽输送显著减弱,西风带水汽输送的重要性相对增大;淮河流域夏季降水异常主要受太平洋通道水汽输送异常的主导,其次是高原南侧通道水汽输送,二者偏强并在淮河流域辐合时,淮河流域降水偏多形成中间型年;长江中下游地区夏季降水主要受太平洋通道水汽输送异常的主导,长江型年,副高西北侧的西南水汽输送异常加强,并与北方冷空气异常在长江中下游地区辐合,区域为正的水汽净收支;华南地区夏季降水则受印度洋通道、太平洋通道及南海通道的共同影响,当三条通道异常偏强,水汽与北方冷空气在华南地区辐合,形成华南型年。本研究所得结论加深了我们对四类雨型形成机理的认识,并为汛期主雨带的预测提供了参考。     

夏季伊朗高原和热带印度洋热力异常与同期塔里木盆地降水的可能联系

基于1979～2019年日本气象厅提供的地表感热与大气环流再分析资料,美国国家海洋和大气管理局提供的月均海表温度数据和国家气象信息中心提供的月降水数据,分析了夏季伊朗高原感热和热带印度洋海温与同期塔里木盆地降水的可能联系。奇异值分解分析表明,两个地区热力异常均与塔里木盆地夏季降水联系紧密,可以通过影响500 hPa风场和水汽输送来调制塔里木盆地夏季降水的变化。当伊朗高原感热和热带印度洋海温均偏强（弱）时,对应中亚上空受异常气旋（反气旋）控制,蒙古高原上空为反气旋（气旋）控制,二者共同作用塔里木盆地上空盛行异常偏南（北）风,形成有利（不利）的动力条件;同时印度半岛上空受异常反气旋（气旋）环流控制,中亚上空为异常气旋（反气旋）,阿拉伯海水汽可（不可）由以上两个系统两步输送至新疆上空,导致盆地夏季降水整体偏多（少）。当伊朗高原和热带印度洋热力异常反相变化时,盆地降水空间差异性较大,部分区域降水偏多,部分地区降水偏少。     

Persistence of Snow Cover Anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and the Implications for Forecasting Summer Precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu Region

The present reported study investigated the persistence of snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau（TP） from the preceding seasons to summer and the relationship between the previous snow cover anomaly and summer precipitation over East Asia. The results showed that, relative to other snow indices, such as the station observational snow depth（SOSD） index and the snow water equivalent（SWE） index, the snow cover area proportion（SCAP） index calculated from the SWE and the percentage of visible snow of the Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grids（EASE-grids） dataset has a higher persistence in interannual anomalies, particularly from May to summer. As such, the May SCAP index is significantly related to summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region. The persistence of the SCAP index can partly explain the season-delayed effect of snow cover over the TP on summer rainfall over the Meiyu-Baiu region besides the contribution of the soil moisture bridge. The preceding SST anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean and ENSO can persist through the summer and affect the summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region. However, the May SCAP index is mostly independent of the simultaneous SSTs in the tropical Indian Ocean and the preceding ENSO and may affect the summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region independent of the effects of the SST anomalies. Therefore, the May SCAP over the TP could be regarded as an important supplementary factor in the forecasting of summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region.     

Impact of Northwest Pacific anticyclone on the Indian summer monsoon region

Influence of northwest (NW) Pacific anticyclone on the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), particularly over the head Bay of Bengal and monsoon trough region, is investigated. Strong NW Pacific anticyclone during summer induces negative precipitation anomalies over the head Bay of Bengal and Gangetic Plain region. Westward extension of moisture divergence and dry moisture transport from NW Pacific associated with anticyclone (ridge) and local Hadley cell-induced subsidence are responsible for these negative precipitation anomalies. The impact is maximum when the anticyclone and Indian Ocean basin warming co-occur. This contributes significantly to year-to-year variability of ISM.     

两类El Ni?o对应的印度洋偶极子事件的比较研究

利用多种大气和海洋再分析资料,采用合成分析及2.5层简化海洋模型数值模拟等方法,研究了1951—2012年期间,与东部和中部型El Ni?o事件相伴随的热带印度洋海温偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)出现时,热带印度洋海温异常增暖及其上空海气耦合特征的物理机制。结果表明:夏秋季节,伴随东部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(EP-IOD)和伴随中部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(CP-IOD)中,热带印度洋海温正异常的强度与空间分布具有很大差异。对于EP-IOD事件,夏季,海温正异常中心最先出现在热带西北印度洋;随后秋季,海温正异常向东南发展并扩大至热带中南印度洋,强度较强。对于CP-IOD事件,夏季和秋季,海温正异常中心都位于热带中南印度洋,呈东西向带状分布,但海温正异常强度较EP-IOD事件中弱。进一步分析表明,在EP-IOD事件中,夏季,热带西北印度洋海区西南季风偏弱,通过影响夹卷混合过程导致热带西北印度洋海温上升;秋季,热带西北印度洋上空的异常偏东风导致垂向夹卷混合的正异常,对热带西北印度洋增暖的维持起到重要作用;热带中南印度洋的增暖主要受赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波影响。而在CP-IOD事件中,夏秋两季,热带中南印度洋海区出现显著的西北风异常,其上空风速的负异常是增温的主要原因;同时赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波对热带中南印度洋的增暖也起到重要作用。      

EFFECTS OF SPRING SOIL MOISTURE IN THE INDOCHINA PENINSULA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS: A SIMULATION STUDY FOR 1999

Using the regional climate model RegCM4.4.5, coupled with the land model CLM4.5, we investigated the effects of springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and its surrounding areas in 1999. Results have indicated that there exists positive correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the western Pacific Ocean and negative correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean. Summer precipitation in the South China Sea and its surrounding areas responds to springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula (the northwest region is critical) because general atmospheric circulation is sensitive to the near-surface thermodynamic state. Increased (decreased) soil moisture would result in decreased (increased) local surface temperatures. Latitudinal, small-scale land–sea thermal differences would then result in northeasterly wind (southwesterly wind) anomalies in the upper layer and southwesterly wind (northeasterly wind) anomalies in the lower layer, which strengthen (weaken) monsoon development. As a result, precipitation would enter the Western Pacific region earlier (later), and water vapor over the eastern Indian Ocean would enter the South China Sea earlier (later), causing a precipitation reduction (increase) in the eastern Indian Ocean and increase (reduction) in the Western Pacific.     

Regional modelling of future African climate north of 15°S including greenhouse warming and land degradation

Previous studies have highlighted the crucial role of land degradation in tropical African climate. This effect urgently has to be taken into account when predicting future African climate under enhanced greenhouse conditions. Here, we present time slice experiments of African climate until 2025, using a high-resolution regional climate model. A supposable scenario of future land use changes, involving vegetation loss and soil degradation, is prescribed simultaneously with increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations in order to detect, where the different forcings counterbalance or reinforce each other. This proceeding allows us to define the regions of highest vulnerability with respect to future freshwater availability and food security in tropical and subtropical Africa and may provide a decision basis for political measures. The model simulates a considerable reduction in precipitation amount until 2025 over most of tropical Africa, amounting to partly more than 500 mm (20–40% of the annual sum), particularly in the Congo Basin and the Sahel Zone. The change is strongest in boreal summer and basically reflects the pattern of maximum vegetation cover during the seasonal cycle. The related change in the surface energy fluxes induces a substantial near-surface warming by up to 7°C. According to the modified temperature gradients over tropical Africa, the summer monsoon circulation intensifies and transports more humid air masses into the southern part of West Africa. This humidifying effect is overcompensated by a remarkable decrease in surface evaporation, leading to the overall drying tendency over most of Africa. Extreme daily rainfall events become stronger in autumn but less intense in spring. Summer and autumn appear to be characterized by more severe heat waves over Subsaharan West Africa. In addition, the Tropical Easterly Jet is weakening, leading to enhanced drought conditions in the Sahel Zone. All these results suggest that the local impact of land degradation and reduction of vegetation cover may be more important in tropical Africa than the global radiative heating, at least until 2025. This implies that vegetation protection measures at a national scale may directly lead to a mitigation of the expected negative implications of future climate change in tropical Africa.     

热带印度洋偶极子与中国夏季年际气候异常关系的年代际变化

利用中国站点观测逐月降水和月平均气温资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,揭示了热带印度洋偶极子(IOD)与中国夏季气候异常关系的年代际变化.结果表明:IOD与中国夏季年际气候异常的关系既有稳定的一面,又存在着年代际变化.较为稳定的关系表现为:IOD与同年夏季长江黄河之间的降水变化存在显著负相关,与四川气温变化存在显著正相关;IOD与次年夏季四川降水存在显著正相关.伴随发生在20世纪70年代末的大尺度环流年代际转型,IOD与中国气候年际异常的联系亦发生变化:IOD正位相年的同年夏季降水异常型,由中国大部分地区偏少变为长江以南(北)偏多(少),气温由西南地区东部偏暖变为长江以南(北)偏冷(暖);次年夏季降水由全国大部分地区偏多变为长江以南(北)偏少(多),气温由全国大部分地区相关不显著变为黄河以南大部分地区显著偏暖.在IOD负位相年,中国夏季气候异常的特征与IOD正位相年相反.在20世纪70年代末的大尺度年代际气候转犁前后,与IOD相关的东亚大气环流异常特征明显不同.在IOD发展阶段,在70年代末以前,印度夏季风和南海季风偏强,副热带高压势力偏弱,导致中国华南大部分地区降水偏少,华北西部以及内蒙古中部等地降水偏多;70年代末以后,东亚大陆中纬度为弱的东风距平,导致新疆北部降水偏少,气温偏高,华南降水偏多.在IOD次年夏季,70年代末以前,华南、河套以及四川等地盛行偏南气流,降水偏多;70年代末以后,南亚高压和西太平洋副高偏西偏强,华南、江南降水偏少.