A theoretical relationship between probabilistic relative operating characteristic skill and deterministic correlation skill in dynamical seasonal climate prediction

Understanding the relationship between probabilistic and deterministic prediction skills is of important significance for the study of seasonal forecasting and verification. Based on the Brier skill score methodology, we have previously found a theoretical relationship between the probabilistic resolution skill and the deterministic correlation (i.e., anomaly correlation; AC) skill and a lack of necessary or consistent relationship between the probabilistic reliability skill and the deterministic skill in dynamical seasonal prediction. Here, we further theoretically investigate the relationship between the probabilistic relative operating characteristic (ROC) skill and the deterministic skill. The ROC measures the discrimination attribute of probabilistic forecast quality, another important attribute besides the resolution and reliability. With some simplified assumptions, we first derive theoretical expressions for the hit and false-alarm rates that are basic ingredients for the ROC curve, then demonstrate a sole dependence of the ROC curve on the AC, and finally analytically derive a relationship between the related ROC score and the AC. Such a theoretically derived ROC-AC relationship is further examined using dynamical models’ ensemble seasonal hindcasts, which is well verified. The finding here along with our previous findings implies that the discrimination and resolution attributes of probabilistic seasonal forecast skill are intrinsically equivalent to the corresponding deterministic skill, while the reliability appears to be the fundamental attribute of the probabilistic skill that differs from the deterministic skill, which constitutes an understanding of the fundamental similarities and difference between the two types of seasonal forecasting skills and predictability and can offer important implications for the study of seasonal forecasting and verification.

     

基于多种模型的云南元江哈尼云海景观预报研究

为推动区域旅游事业发展,满足旅游气象服务需求,研究针对云南元江哈尼云海景观进行了立体气象观测和业务预报实验。本研究基于云南元江云海气候站2016—2019年观测数据,利用经验预报法、Logistics回归、支持向量机、决策树分析等方法,进行了云海景观出现与否的二分类预报实验。结果表明：各预报方法间训练样本总体准确率在74.3%—82.2%之间差别不大,但传统经验预报基于云海机理研究背景,预报指标物理意义明确,随着预报经验的积累经验预报2019年TS评分为54.8,优于2016—2018年TS评分46.0,也优于仅使用局地数据的统计学习算法的预报评分,且其他几种统计学习预报方法的检验样本TS评分均不如训练样本评分高。云海景观出现需要水汽条件和大气静稳条件的配合,局地云海气象观测站建设收集的立体气候数据有利于预报人员改进预报指标体系,提高预报准确率,有利于提升区域旅游气象服务能力发展。     

北京市城六区2018年空气质量数值预报效果评估

为更好地改进提高模式预报性能,评估了新一代WRF-CMAQ（Weather Research and Forecasting model-Community Multi-scale Air Quality model）模式系统的不同网格分辨率预报产品对2018年北京市城六区空气质量预报结果的影响。分析表明:（1）基于首要污染物为PM2.5的预报数据集,模式系统1 km网格分辨率（BJ01）和3 km网格分辨率（BJ03）等级准确率优于官方预报结果,模式系统BJ01和BJ03区域4天内预报等级准确率均达到50%以上,24 h内准确率达60%以上,官方预报24 h内等级准确率为59%。本文引入预报综合评分法,基于IAQI（Individual Air Quality Index）和等级级别正确性双因素的预报综合评分结果显示,模式系统BJ03得分75.0分最高,BJ01次之,优于官方预报结果,模式9 km网格分辨率（BJ09）得分69.1分最低。（2）基于模式系统2018年长时间序列预报结果分析表明:模式系统预报的PM2.5浓度与实测的变化趋势较为一致,其中模式系统BJ03结果与实测PM2.5浓度相关系数达0.76,覆盖区域较大的BJ03和BJ09对PM2.5浓度峰值模拟较好。中重度污染过程的PM2.5浓度峰值模式预测误差表明,不同分辨率模式预报峰值误差的变化趋势基本一致,覆盖区域更大的粗分辨率模式预报结果高于覆盖区域小的细分辨率模式预报结果。与预报综合评分结果一致,统计分析结果也表明BJ03区域预报效果最好,平均偏差为0.83 μg/m3;而BJ01区域预报整体偏低,BJ09区域预报整体偏高。（3）基于不同网格分辨率预报效果的空间差异性分析表明:同一站点在不同分辨率上表现不一致,BJ01区域中农展馆站表现最好,BJ03区域中万柳站表现最好,BJ09区域中东四站表现最好。     

A CRPS-Based Spatial Technique for the Verification of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts

Traditional precipitation skill scores are affected by the well-known“double penalty”problem caused by the slight spatial or temporal mismatches between forecasts and observations. The fuzzy (neighborhood) method has been proposed for deterministic simulations and shown some ability to solve this problem. The increasing resolution of ensemble forecasts of precipitation means that they now have similar problems as deterministic forecasts. We developed an ensemble precipitation verification skill score, i.e., the Spatial Continuous Ranked Probability Score (SCRPS), and used it to extend spatial verification from deterministic into ensemble forecasts. The SCRPS is a spatial technique based on the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) and the fuzzy method. A fast binomial random variation generator was used to obtain random indexes based on the climatological mean observed frequency, which were then used in the reference score to calculate the skill score of the SCRPS. The verification results obtained using daily forecast products from the ECMWF ensemble forecasts and quantitative precipitation estimation products from the OPERA datasets during June-August 2018 shows that the spatial score is not affected by the number of ensemble forecast members and that a consistent assessment can be obtained. The score can reflect the performance of ensemble forecasts in modeling precipitation and thus can be widely used.     

A Comparison of Breeding and Ensemble Transform Vectors for Global Ensemble Generation

To compare the initial perturbation techniques using breeding vectors and ensemble transform vectors,three ensemble prediction systems using both initial perturbation methods but with different ensembl...     

公里级CMA_MESO模式FSS评分技术研究

本文研究计算CMA_MESO模式预报降水FSS（Fractions Skill Score）评分时,当其水平分辨率与观测降水不一致时,采取两种匹配方式统一分辨率,分析这两种方式得到的FSS评分结果是否有差异。针对3 km分辨率CMA_MESO模式6 h累积降水,选取5 km分辨率的观测降水,分别采取预报降水匹配观测降水分辨率,以及观测降水匹配预报降水分辨率两种方式,选择4种邻域尺度：5、25、51和105 km;4种降水阈值：0.1、4、13和25 mm,得到两组不同预报时效的FSS评分。通过分析发现：两组FSS评分结果没有显著差异。研究结果表明,当CMA_MESO模式预报降水水平分辨率与观测降水不一致时,可以将预报降水匹配到观测降水格点场,也可以将观测降水匹配到预报降水格点场,两种匹配方式对FSS评分结果没有影响。     

晴雨(雪) 和气温预报评分方法的初步研究

利用全国逐日天气预报产品和对应实况数据, 分析了目前普遍使用的晴雨(雪) 和气温预报评分方法存在的问题, 并进行了改进尝试和研究。结果表明:由于没有考虑降水概率的影响, 在降水概率全国差异较大的多数月份, 晴雨(雪) 预报正确率与单站无降水频率表现为正相关, 具有无降水频率越大评分越高的趋势; 采用绝对标准值(1 ℃或2 ℃) 作为阈值进行气温预报准确率评分, 评分结果与气温日际变化呈明显负相关, 气温日际变化偏小则评分值偏高的趋势比较明显。该文提出的晴雨(雪) 和气温预报改进评分方法能有效减少降水概率和气温日际变化对晴雨(雪) 和气温预报评分的影响, 提高不同气候背景地区天气预报评分结果的可比性, 在天气预报质量检验和评估业务中具有一定的应用和推广价值。     

集合模式定量降水预报的统计后处理技术研究综述

集合数值模式预报已在定量降水预报业务中广泛应用,以获得预报不确定性、最可能预报结果以及极端天气预警。由于集合系统的数值模式不完善,且不能提供所有的不确定性信息,常表现出系统性偏差以及欠离散或过离散（如对于多模式集合）。为此,需要发展统计后处理技术,在尽量保持集合预报解析度的条件下,提高预报的技巧和可靠性。近年来,各种集合预报统计后处理技术得到快速发展。针对定量降水预报,依据技术方法的途径和成熟度将后处理研究归纳为3方面进行总结,包括:（1）不基于统计模型的非参数化后处理,包括集合定量降水预报偏差订正、多成员或模式信息集成以及基于空间分析的对流尺度模式后处理;（2）基于概率分布统计模型的参数化后处理,包括集合模式输出统计和贝叶斯模型平均两种方法框架;（3）考虑预报量的时间、空间和多变量间依赖关系或结构的处理方法,包括参数化和经验连接概率法。最后,讨论发展统计后处理技术需要关注的问题,包括考虑不同来源、不同尺度的多模式信息集成;提供高质量、高分辨率的降水分析资料;发展再预报技术扩充训练样本;基于不同的订正目的和应用场景来使用不同的后处理技术;发展面向海量预报数据、捕捉极端降水以及考虑预报量结构的新技术。      

GRAPES-EPS系统的初值生成方法与对比试验研究

介绍了增长模繁殖法（BGM）和集合转化卡尔曼滤波法（ETKF）两种不同的模式初始扰动方法的基本原理,并以GRAPES中尺度模式为基础,利用两种初始扰动方法构建了两套中尺度集合预报系统。通过圣帕台风的个例试验,对比两种初始扰动生成方法对降水预报结果的影响。结果表明：两种方法均可以很好的捕捉到中尺度强降水的过程信息,集合平均结果优于控制预报,并在一定程度上改善了对强降水的落区和强度的预报;从邮票图和对集合预报系统的检验参数上来看,ETKF的集合离散度和特征值分布好于BGM方法,但对于降水结果TS等的评分的比较上来看,BGM的预报结果要优于ETKF的预报结果;另外,BGM方法和原理更简单,易于实现业务应用。     

岳阳市ECMWF数值模式降水预报检验与释用

该文应用TS评分、预报偏差（BIAS）等方法,对ECMWF模式预报的2015年12月—2018年12月岳阳市降水场资料,开展晴雨和分级降水检验。晴雨预报检验结果表明：ECMWF模式对岳阳市晴雨预报性能总体较稳定,年际变化幅度较小;晴雨预报准确率季节差异大,冬季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低;从逐月晴雨预报检验来看,12月份最高,8月最低;晴雨预报还存在明显的日变化规律,对夜间的预报能力明显优于白天;空间上总体呈北高南低的空间分布特征。分级降水预报检验结果表明：小雨量级降水预报评分明显高于其他量级降水,中雨次之,大雨及以上量级评分较低且无明显规律;小、中、大雨3个量级任一时效的空报率整体上比漏报率大,小雨量级表现得尤为明显,说明小雨量级的空报更为严重。针对小雨降水预报空报率高的现象,该文对岳阳市ECMWF模式预报降水量1.2 mm以下消空处理后进行了预报释用,结果表明：冬季订正空间较小,夏季各时效可适度订正;春季和秋季可视情况适度订正,订正后可以有效提升预报技巧,但增加了一定漏报风险。     

邻域空间检验技术在集合降水预报检验中的应用

常规降水检验受空间及时间微小差异所带来的"双重惩罚"影响严重,邻域空间检验FSS(Fraction Skill Score)方法在确定性预报中已体现出弥补这一不足的明显优势.随着集合预报分辨率的不断提高,集合降水预报同样存在与确定性预报相似的问题.本研究将FSS方法拓展至集合预报领域,构建适用于集合预报的降水空间检验指...     

一种适用于延伸期过程事件预报的检验方法

基于延伸期过程性天气气候事件预报评估的特点,结合实际科研和业务工作的需求,提出了一种适用于延伸期过程预报的检验方法 (简称PPS方法)。该方法参考了常用的预报评分方法准则,借鉴了命中率、假警报率、欧式距离和动态时间弯曲距离等评估检验方法。利用命中率、假警报率和该方法对实际预报中可能出现的有漏报没有空报和既有漏报也有空报这两类情况的多个实例进行对比分析,表明该方法既能考虑大气随着时间的延长预报效果急剧降低的特性,也考虑了相似时间序列度量不精确匹配和形变的问题。利用该方法对1999—2010年冬季冷空气过程业务预报进行检验,结果表明:该方法能清晰表征延伸期预报时段内冷空气过程预报的准确程度,真实反映了目前延伸期预报准确率较低的现状,有较好的适用性。同时,该方法也适用于其他延伸期过程事件预报的评分,具有较好的应用前景。     

NCEP/NCAR再分析风速、表面气温距平在中国区域气候变化研究中的可信度分析

采用计算标准化均方根误差、相关分析和EOF分解等多种客观分析统计方法,对NCEP/NCAR再分析风速、表面气温距平在中国区域的可信度进行了研究,结果表明中国东部不同要素距平的标准化均方根误差均比西部地区的小,说明NCEP/NCAR再分析资料的可信度东部比西部要高,可能是受到模式地形和中国地面气象站点“东密西疏”分布格局的较大影响。随着高度升高,NCEP再分析风速距平的误差减小,进一步表明地形对NCEP再分析资料的可信度具有较大影响。另外,冬季再分析风速误差较大的特点在850,500和200 hPa等压面上均存在,表明冬季再分析风速距平的可信度受到再分析模式系统误差的较大影响。相关分析结果和标准化均方根误差计算结果之间具有很好的反向对应关系,即均方根误差大,NCEP再分析资料与实测资料的相关性就差,均方根误差小,则对应两者之间的相关性就较好。标准化均方根误差较小的要素,其NCEP再分析和站点实测资料距平EOF分解得到的特征向量空间分布较为相似,各特征向量对应时间系数的相关性也比较好;反之,标准化均方根误差大的要素,其NCEP再分析和站点实测资料距平EOF分解得到的特征向量空间分布则相差较大,对应时间系数的相关性也比较差,因此采用EOF分解方法,分析对应特征向量空间分布相似性及其时间系数变化的一致性,可以对NCEP再分析资料的可信度有一个更加客观的认识。综合上述各季节、各要素多种方法的分析结果,可以发现NCEP再分析风速距平在春、夏、秋季具有一定的可信度,但冬季的可信度较差;表面气温距平则是冬季的可信度最好,夏季的可信度较差。     

Advance and prospectus of seasonal prediction: assessment of the APCC/CliPAS 14-model ensemble retrospective seasonal prediction (1980–2004)

We assessed current status of multi-model ensemble (MME) deterministic and probabilistic seasonal prediction based on 25-year (1980–2004) retrospective forecasts performed by 14 climate model systems (7 one-tier and 7 two-tier systems) that participate in the Climate Prediction and its Application to Society (CliPAS) project sponsored by the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC). We also evaluated seven DEMETER models’ MME for the period of 1981–2001 for comparison. Based on the assessment, future direction for improvement of seasonal prediction is discussed. We found that two measures of probabilistic forecast skill, the Brier Skill Score (BSS) and Area under the Relative Operating Characteristic curve (AROC), display similar spatial patterns as those represented by temporal correlation coefficient (TCC) score of deterministic MME forecast. A TCC score of 0.6 corresponds approximately to a BSS of 0.1 and an AROC of 0.7 and beyond these critical threshold values, they are almost linearly correlated. The MME method is demonstrated to be a valuable approach for reducing errors and quantifying forecast uncertainty due to model formulation. The MME prediction skill is substantially better than the averaged skill of all individual models. For instance, the TCC score of CliPAS one-tier MME forecast of Niño 3.4 index at a 6-month lead initiated from 1 May is 0.77, which is significantly higher than the corresponding averaged skill of seven individual coupled models (0.63). The MME made by using 14 coupled models from both DEMETER and CliPAS shows an even higher TCC score of 0.87. Effectiveness of MME depends on the averaged skill of individual models and their mutual independency. For probabilistic forecast the CliPAS MME gains considerable skill from increased forecast reliability as the number of model being used increases; the forecast resolution also increases for 2 m temperature but slightly decreases for precipitation. Equatorial Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies are primary sources of atmospheric climate variability worldwide. The MME 1-month lead hindcast can predict, with high fidelity, the spatial–temporal structures of the first two leading empirical orthogonal modes of the equatorial SST anomalies for both boreal summer (JJA) and winter (DJF), which account for about 80–90% of the total variance. The major bias is a westward shift of SST anomaly between the dateline and 120°E, which may potentially degrade global teleconnection associated with it. The TCC score for SST predictions over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean reaches about 0.68 with a 6-month lead forecast. However, the TCC score for Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index drops below 0.40 at a 3-month lead for both the May and November initial conditions due to the prediction barriers across July, and January, respectively. The MME prediction skills are well correlated with the amplitude of Niño 3.4 SST variation. The forecasts for 2 m air temperature are better in El Niño years than in La Niña years. The precipitation and circulation are predicted better in ENSO-decaying JJA than in ENSO-developing JJA. There is virtually no skill in ENSO-neutral years. Continuing improvement of the one-tier climate model’s slow coupled dynamics in reproducing realistic amplitude, spatial patterns, and temporal evolution of ENSO cycle is a key for long-lead seasonal forecast. Forecast of monsoon precipitation remains a major challenge. The seasonal rainfall predictions over land and during local summer have little skill, especially over tropical Africa. The differences in forecast skills over land areas between the CliPAS and DEMETER MMEs indicate potentials for further improvement of prediction over land. There is an urgent need to assess impacts of land surface initialization on the skill of seasonal and monthly forecast using a multi-model framework.     

基于卡尔曼滤波递减平均算法的集合预报综合偏差订正

针对集合预报存在的偏差和集合离散度通常偏小的问题,在卡尔曼滤波递减平均的一阶矩和二阶矩偏差订正方案的基础上发展了综合偏差订正方案,并利用B08RDP WWRP(The WWRP Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project)项目中日本气象厅(JMA)区域集合预报的850 hPa温度资料,将敏感性试验得到的一阶矩和二阶矩订正的最优权重系数应用于综合偏差订正方案,并对其订正效果进行多方面检验分析。试验结果表明,一阶矩订正可以有效减小集合平均偏差,集合平均预报质量得到了明显改善;二阶矩订正对集合离散度具有较强的调整能力,订正后的集合预报可靠性、区分不同天气事件的能力总体上得到了提高;综合偏差订正方案有效融合了一阶矩和二阶矩订正的优势,其各自的最优权重系数适用于综合偏差订正方案,对集合平均偏差和离散度具有良好的订正效果,能够改善集合预报的整体质量。但一阶矩与二阶矩订正对综合偏差订正的贡献程度随评分指标而异,一阶矩订正对等级概率(RPS)评分和异常值百分比评分的贡献分别为83.75%和18.83%,可信度的改善约83.98%源于二阶矩订正,而相对作用特征(ROC)评分中二者的贡献基本相当。     

气候预测PS评分对业务影响

通过对中国气象局现行PS评分办法与理论PS评分的对比,发现现行评分办法对理论PS评分进行了两处修改。一处修改是扩大了预报正确的评定范围,但在PS评分办法实施后,在气候预测业务中,却出现了只预报2个等级的普遍现象,即在能获得高分的同时却降低了预报能力。另一处修改是按统一的要素距平划分等级,结果出现了预报对象的等级分布随着测站、月份变化而变化的现象。预报对象的等级分布是无技巧预报评分的决定因素,而预报技巧是由PS评分与无技巧预报评分之差决定的。在无技巧预报评分有差异的情况下,不同月份、不同区域之间的PS评分便失去了对比的基础。该文针对上述问题,对现行PS评分办法提出了修改建议。     

Effect of doubling the ensemble size on the performance of ensemble prediction in the warm season using MOGREPS implemented at the KMA

Using the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS) implemented at the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), the effect of doubling the ensemble size on the performance of ensemble prediction in the warm season was evaluated. Because a finite ensemble size causes sampling error in the full forecast probability distribution function (PDF), ensemble size is closely related to the efficiency of the ensemble prediction system. Prediction capability according to doubling the ensemble size was evaluated by increasing the number of ensembles from 24 to 48 in MOGREPS implemented at the KMA. The initial analysis perturbations generated by the Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) were integrated for 10 days from 22 May to 23 June 2009. Several statistical verification scores were used to measure the accuracy, reliability, and resolution of ensemble probabilistic forecasts for 24 and 48 ensemble member forecasts. Even though the results were not significant, the accuracy of ensemble prediction improved slightly as ensemble size increased, especially for longer forecast times in the Northern Hemisphere. While increasing the number of ensemble members resulted in a slight improvement in resolution as forecast time increased, inconsistent results were obtained for the scores assessing the reliability of ensemble prediction. The overall performance of ensemble prediction in terms of accuracy, resolution, and reliability increased slightly with ensemble size, especially for longer forecast times.     

青岛奥帆赛高分辨率数值模式系统研制与应用

该文初步建立了青岛奥帆赛高分辨率数值模式系统（包括预报模式和释用模式）。预报模式基于Weather Research & Forecast（WRF）模式V3.0,模式设计为网格数60×50×38,水平分辨率500 m。在IBM小型机上用8个线程作15 h预报所需机时约为1 h 20 min,可满足实时业务预报需要。利用高分辨率边界层模式和城市小区尺度模式对该预报结果进行了动力释用（水平分辨率分别为100 m和10 m）。该模式系统于2008年夏季进行了实时运行试验,模式产品在北京奥运气象服务中心青岛分中心使用。结果表明:该模式系统有较强的稳定性和实用性,对城市热岛、海陆风、地形及建筑物影响等局地环流特征有较好的模拟效果。数值试验分析表明:城市化引起城市热岛效应,增大了海陆温差,使海风加强;城市建筑物拖曳作用使风速减小,从而使海风推进速度减缓;精细下垫面资料的引入对海风等局地环流高分辨率数值模拟至关重要。     

Skill as a function of time scale in ensembles of seasonal hindcasts

Forecast skill as a function of time lead and time averaging is examined in two 6-member ensembles of seasonal hindcasts. One ensemble is produced with the second generation general circulation model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (GCM2) and the other with a reduced resolution version of the numerical weather prediction model of the Canadian Meteorological Centre (SEF). The integrations are initiated from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed data. Monthly sea surface temperature anomalies observed prior to the forecast period are maintained throughout the forecast season. A statistical forecast improvement technique, based on the singular value decomposition of forecast and reanalyzed fields, is discussed and evaluated. A simple analogue of the hindcast integrations is used to examine the behavior of two common skill scores, the correlation skill score and the explained variance skill score. The maximal skill score and the corresponding optimal forecast in this analogue are identified. The total skill of the optimal forecast is a sum of two terms, one associated with the initial conditions and the other with the lower boundary forcing. The two sources of skill operate on different time scales, with initial conditions being more important in the first one-two weeks and the atmospheric response to the boundary forcing becoming more dominant for longer time leads and time averages. This suggests that these sources of skill should be considered separately in forecast optimization. The statistical technique is moderately successful in improving the skill of monthly to seasonal forecasts of 500 hPa height (Z ₅₀₀) and 700 hPa temperature (T ₇₀₀) in the Northern Hemisphere and in the North Pacific/North America sector. The improvement is better when the forecasts for the first week and for the rest of the season are optimized separately. The SEF model produces better Z ₅₀₀ and T ₇₀₀ forecasts than GCM2 in the first one-two weeks whereas GCM2 performs slightly better at longer time leads. The skill of zero time lead forecast decays rapidly with averaging interval for time averages up to about 30–45 days and stabilizes, or even rises, for longer time averages. Excluding the first week from seasonal forecasts results in substantial degradation of predictive skill. Received: 1 November 1999 / Accepted: 24 May 2000     

Reliability Analyses of Anomalies of NCEP/NCAR Reanalyzed Wind Speed and Surface Air Temperature in Climate Change Research in China

By means of varied statistical methods,such as normalized root mean square error(RMSE),correlation analysis,empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition,etc.,the reliability of the varied seasonal anomalies of NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed wind speed and surface air temperature(SAT)data frequently used in the climate change research in China is studied.Results show that RMSEs of meteorological variables are smaller in eastern China than in western China,i.e.,the reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis in eastern China is better than that in western China.This could be due to effects of the topography in the reanalysis model and the disposition of"dense-in-eastern-and-sparse-in-western"of meteorological stations in China. The RMSE of anomalies of reanalyzed wind speeds decreases with increasing height,further confirming the possible impact of topography on reliability of reanalysis.Results of correlation analysis inversely correspond to those of RMSE analysis,i.e.,if the RMSE is larger,the correlation between reanalyzed and observed data is worse,and vice versa.It is found from comparing the EOF eigenvectors of anomaly of reanalyzed and observed data that if a meteorological variable has smaller RMSE,the spatial patterns of corresponding EOF eigenvectors of anomaly of reanalyzed and observed data are similar and their time coefficients are significantly correlated,and vice versa.Therefore,the similarity of EOF modes and the consistency of their time coefficients can be used to objectively assess the reliability of the reanalysis.On the whole,the reliability of the reanalyzed wind speed is better in spring,summer,and autumn,but worse in winter;and for the reanalyzed SAT,it is the best in winter and the worst in summer.