层状饱水软土地基三维非轴对称动力响应分析方法

将饱水软土地基视为两相介质、考虑水的渗流和土骨架9变形的耦合作用，用Fourier展开和Hankel积分变换分析三维非称对称饱和弹性土层波动方程，用刚度矩阵方法，建立了层状饱和软土地基三维非轴对称动力响应的解析分析方法。以数值算例对比分析了单相土介质与两相饱和土介质三维非轴对称稳态动力响应，结果表明：在饱水软土地基动力响应分析中应该考虑土体中孔隙流体的影响。     

FREEZE/THAW EFFECTS ON RILL AND GULLY EROSION IN THE NORTHWESTERN WHEAT AND RANGE REGION

Hydrology of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region （NWRR） of the Pacific Northwest USA is dominated by winter events. Fifty-five to sixty-five percent of the precipitation occurs from November through March, and formation of impermeable frost, intensified by excessive tillage and tillage pans, has long been a major factor in rill and gully formation in the region. Saturated zones can form above tillage pans, freeze solid, and significantly reduce infiltration. Frost heaved surface soils thaw and weaken with warming temperatures or rain. Under these conditions, runoff from rain or snowmelt or a combination of the two is inevitable, concentrating in rills and channels, and carrying with it the loosened soil. Slopes are frequently quite steep and there may be little deposition above the toe slope. Classical over-fall head-cut gullies are uncommon. Concentrated flow channels form because of collection of water from impervious areas such as conventionally tilled fall seeded small grains and bare grass seed fields. In some soils, gullies are created by seepage from saturated layers above permanent restrictive layers in the soil. Gullies can also result from terrace failures due to rodent burrows and low compaction at the time of construction. In naturally unconsolidated soil, rodent activity can lead to piping failures that remove large quantities of subsurface soil and can become gullies. Rill measurements on conventionally tilled fields in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho were used to determine coefficients for relationships between slope length and steepness and size of rills. This paper describes these studies and the results as well as analysis of long-term erosion and weather records from southeastern Washington.     

地震荷载下土层变形等级预测方法研究

以计算结果可靠的土层反应结果为基础数据,基于随机森林算法(Random Forest,简称"RF"),建立地震动、场地土层参数特征量与土层变形特征的关系,提出一种依据常规地震动和场地土层参数为特征量的地震荷载下土层变形等级预测新方法,给出了典型场地土体发生大应变的地震动阈值.结果表明:基于RF模型对土体的变形程度预测结...     

Experimental study and mathematical modelling of soluble chemical transfer from unsaturated/saturated soil to surface runoff

A one‐dimensional, two‐layer solute transport model is developed to simulate chemical transport process in an initially unsaturated soil with ponding water on the soil surface before surface runoff starts. The developed mathematical model is tested against a laboratory experiment. The infiltration and diffusion processes are mathematically lumped together and described by incomplete mixing parameters. Based on mass conservation and water balance equations, the model is developed to describe solute transport in a two‐zone layer, a ponding runoff zone and a soil mixing zone. The two‐zone layer is treated as one system to avoid describing the complicated chemical transport processes near the soil surface in the mixing zone. The proposed model was analytically solved, and the solutions agreed well with the experimental data. The developed experimental method and mathematical model were used to study the effect of the soil initial moisture saturation on chemical concentration in surface runoff. The study results indicated that, when the soil was initially saturated, chemical concentration in surface runoff was significantly (two orders of magnitude) higher than that with initially unsaturated soil, while the initial chemical concentrations at the two cases were of the same magnitude. The soil mixing depth for the initially unsaturated soil was much larger than that for the initially saturated soil, and the incomplete runoff mixing parameter was larger for the initially unsaturated soil. The higher the infiltration rate of the soil, the greater the infiltration‐related incomplete mixing parameter. According to the quantitative analysis, the soil mixing depth was found to be sensitive for both initially unsaturated and saturated soils, and the incomplete runoff mixing parameter was sensitive for initially saturated soil but not for the initially unsaturated soil; the incomplete infiltration mixing parameter behaved just the opposite. Some suggestions are made for reducing chemical loss from runoff. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

饱和弱化与液化土层的水平极限抗力

通过给饱和砂土层施加反压,模拟地震荷载作用下具有残余孔压的饱和弱化、液化土层。选择粉质细砂与细砂,进行了18组水平荷载作用下桩与饱和弱化、液化土层相互作用的模型试验,研究了饱和弱化、液化土层水平极限抗力随土层残余孔压增加的变化规律。结果表明,随土层中残余孔压增加,水平极限抗力逐渐降低,土层液化后的水平极限抗力大约降低80%~90%。通过定义饱和弱化、液化土层的强度,定量分析了饱和弱化、液化砂土的强度参数与水平极限抗力之间关系。又通过引入土层的残余孔压比折减系数,建立了确定饱和弱化、液化土层等效强度的关系式,进而提出了一种按等效强度确定饱和弱化、液化土层水平极限抗力的方法。     

分层弹性地基场地土地震反应分析

本文对场地土按分层弹性地基土建立了合理的力学模型，通过动力分析，给分层弹性地基场地土水平方向自振特性及在水平方向地震荷载作用下强迫反应的解析解。     

A new saturated/unsaturated model for stormwater infiltration systems

Infiltration systems are widely used as an effective urban stormwater control measure. Most design methods and models roughly approximate the complex physical flow processes in these systems using empirical equations and fixed infiltration rates to calculate emptying times from full. Sophisticated variably saturated flow models are available, but rarely applied owing to their complexity. This paper describes the development and testing of an integrated one‐dimensional model of flow through the porous storage of a typical infiltration system and surrounding soils. The model accounts for the depth in the storage, surrounding soil moisture conditions and the interaction between the storage and surrounding soil. It is a front‐tracking model that innovatively combines a soil‐moisture‐based solution of Richard's equation for unsaturated flow with piston flow through a saturated zone as well as a reservoir equation for flow through a porous storage. This allows the use of a simple non‐iterative numerical solution that can handle ponded infiltration into dry soils. The model is more rigorous than approximate stormwater infiltration system models and could therefore be valuable in everyday practice. A range of test cases commonly used to test soil water flow models for infiltration in unsaturated conditions, drainage from saturation and infiltration under ponded conditions were used to test the model along with an experiment with variable depth in a porous storage over saturated conditions. Results show that the model produces a good fit to the observed data, analytical solutions and Hydrus. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工程场地薄土层剪切波速的测算方法

许多工程场地覆盖层薄,现有野外波速测试仪可测范围一般是≥1.0m,对于众多厚度为数十厘米的薄土层,如果只是简单地进行合并处理,则测出的波速失真多,并且难以确定这种混合层的土动力参数。为此本文提出了一种薄土层剪切波速的测试和计算方法,并在临沂市地震小区划工作中得到具体应用。     

三种土层结构反应谱特征周期的统计分析

本文人工合成了若干条能够反映不同地震动特征的基岩加速度时程,并将其作为土层地震反应分析的地震动输入。选取了若干个软弱夹层分别在底部、中部和顶部的场地剖面,利用工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了不同场地类别,3种土层结构在不同地震动输入下的地表加速度反应谱的特征周期。给出了不同土层结构在统计意义上的反应谱特征周期的平均值,并通过与正常剖面反应谱特征周期的比较给出了不同场地类别,3种土层结构的反应谱特征周期的影响系数。本文的研究结果对进一步考虑场地分类具有一定的意义。     

土动力参数对土层动力反应的影响

本文通过关便指出了不同的土动力特性经验关系对土层地震反应的分析结果将产生不同的影响，特别是对大震作用下的土层反应，这一计算结果可作为有关部门制定相关规范的参考。     

Scattering of SV waves by a canyon in a fluid-saturated, poroelastic layered half-space, modeled using the indirect boundary element method

The scattering of SV waves by a canyon in a fluid-saturated, poroelastic layered half-space is modeled using the indirect boundary element method in the frequency domain. The free-field responses are calculated to determine the displacements and stresses at the surface of the canyon, and fictitious distributed loads are then applied at the surface of the canyon in the free field to calculate the Green's functions for displacements and stresses. The amplitudes of the fictitious distributed loads are determined from the boundary conditions, and the displacements arising from the waves in the free field and from the fictitious distributed loads are summed to obtain the solution. The effects of fluid saturation, boundary conditions, porosity, and soil layers on the surface displacement amplitudes and phase shifts are discussed, and some useful conclusions are obtained. It is shown that the surface displacement amplitudes due to saturation and boundary conditions, different porosities, or the presence of a soil layer can be very dissimilar, and large phase shifts can be observed. The resulting wavelengths for an undrained saturated poroelastic medium are slightly longer than those for a drained saturated poroelastic medium; and are longer for a drained saturated poroelastic medium than those for a dry poroelastic medium. As porosity increases, the wavelengths become longer; and a layered half-space produces longer wavelengths than a homogeneous half-space.     

水饱和土层中骨架波速的获取与分析

本文较详细地研究了水饱和状态下土体的波速性质，提出了由饱水土体波速值计算土体骨架波速值的方法。用本文的方法可以解决在工程地质工作中波速测试方面存在的一些问题。     

大别超高压榴辉岩高温高压下电导率实验研究

为研究大陆中下地壳高导层成因及与物质组成之间的关系，用模拟实验的方法在不同的温度、压力条件下分别测定了干的和1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩的电导率.结果表明，干榴辉岩平行线理方向的电导率比垂直于线理方向的高，但两个方向上的活化能相近.在中下地壳条件下，干榴辉岩的电导率比中下地壳高导层电导率值低几个数量级.常温下1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩两个方向上的电导率对压力具有不同的依赖性；在中下地壳条件下，1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩的电导率可达到一般高导层的电导率值.无论干的还是饱和的榴辉岩都不能解释大别山20-50km深处的高导层成因，因此，在该深度范围内榴辉岩不可能是主要的岩石组成.     

含地下水的土层对地震波传播的影响

本文综合地介绍了含地下水的土层对地震波传播的研究成果,并对一些普遍性的原则问题进行了讨论.在不变形介质的前提下详细研究了二维地下水的波动问题,应用和开发了线单元-特征线法、交替方向隐式差分法和伽辽金有限单元法,求解了一些边值问题.还研究了介质的不均匀性、地层的成层性等对地下水波动的影响以及地下水波在界面上的透射、反射现象,发现了一些新的规律.从普遍方程出发,论证了地下水波在可变形介质和不变形介质中的差别,导出了两者的换算关系.开辟了由不变形介质的解求可变形介质的解的一个间接途径. 在可变形介质的前提下,直接从两相介质动力方程组出发,对含水土层中的波动问题进行了详尽研究,考虑了弹塑性、非线性本构关系、剪胀性、刚度退化等各种因素的影响.通过计算对各种土壤刚度、渗阻条件、边界透水条件、荷载形式、本构关系和不均匀性等情况做了比较研究,发现一些新规律.在垂直地震荷载作用下发现了两种不同形态的孔隙水压反应--阶变形和振荡形的机制,并用间断波理论解释了孔压阶跃的原因.最后对发现的新现象做了一些讨论和总结.     

Effects of rainfall on soil moisture and water movement in a subalpine dark coniferous forest in southwestern China

Water content and movement in soil profile and hydrogen isotope composition (δD) of soil water, rainwater, and groundwater were examined in a subalpine dark coniferous forest in the Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan, China, following rainfall events in 2003–2004. Light rainfall increased water content in the litter and at soil depth of 0–80 cm, but the increased soil water was lost in several days. Heavy rainfall increased soil water content up to 85% at depths of 0–40 cm. Following the light rainfall in early spring, the δD of water from the litter, humus, illuvial, and material layers decreased first and then gradually reached the pre‐rainfall level. In summer, light rainfall reached the litter humus, and illuvial layer, but did not hit the material layer. Heavy rainfall affected δD of water in all layers. The δD of soil interflow slightly fluctuated with rainfall events. The δD of shallow groundwater did not differ significantly among all rainfall events. Light rainfall altered the shape of δD profile curve of water in the upper layer of soil, whereas heavy rainfall greatly affected the shape of δD profile curve of water in all soil layers. Following the heavy rainfall, preferential flow initially occurred through macropores, decayed plant roots, and rocks at different depths of soil profile. With continuing rainfall, the litter and surface soil were nearly saturated or fully saturated, and infiltration became homogeneous and plug‐like. Forest soil water, particularly in deeper soil profile, was slightly affected by rainfall and, thus, can be a source of water supply for regional needs, particularly during dry seasons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3D scattering of obliquely incident plane SV waves by an alluvial valley embedded in a fluid-saturated,poroelastic layered half-space

The indirect boundary element method is used to study the 3D dynamic response of an infinitely long alluvial valley embedded in a saturated layered half-space for obliquely incident SV waves. A wave-number transform is first applied along the valley’s axis to reduce a 3D problem to a 2D plane strain problem. The problem is then solved in the section perpendicular to the axis of the valley. Finally, the 3D dynamic responses of the valley are obtained by an inverse wave-number transform. The validity of the method is confirmed by comparison with relevant results. The differences between the responses around the valley embedded in dry and in saturated poroelastic medium are studied, and the effects of drainage conditions, porosity, soil layer stiffness, and soil layer thickness on the dynamic response are discussed in detail resulting in some conclusions.     

Response of Surface Soft Soil and Fine-Grained Sand Layers to Seismic Waves

INTRODUCTIONManyChineseandforeignseismologistsandengineeringseismologistshavestudiedthelargecasualtiesandpropertydamagescausedbytheMexicanMS8 1earthquakeonSeptember1 9,1 985andtheHanshinMS7 4earthquakeinJapan ,onJanuary 1 7,1 995andfoundthatsurfacesoftsoilcovercansignificantlyamplifyseismicgroundmotion .Thisphenomenoncanresultinlargerfailureofbuildingswithvibrationfrequencysimilartotheamplifiedgroundmotionfrequencythanthatcausedbyearthquakesthatoccuratbedrocksiteswheretherearenoamplifi…     

成层地基一维土层对地震的随机反应分析

首先基于改进的一维剪切梁模型，对成层土层推导了确定自振频率、振型函数、参与系数及稳态动力响应的封闭型解析表达式，首次证明了成层土层振型函数的正交性，然后在此基础上，利用随机振动理论，研究了成层土层对地震的随机动力反应问题，关于基岩输入地震加速度的功率谱密度函数，考虑了两种形式：白噪声谱和过滤白噪声谱。数值计算结果表明：对这两种谱，土层的最大期望反应是不相同的；平稳输入与输出过高估计了土层的随机反应。     

三种土层结构反应谱平台值的统计分析

本文以建筑抗震设计规范规定的反应谱为目标谱,通过调整加速度峰值和特征周期来人工合成数百条加速度时程曲线,并将其作为土层地震反应分析的地震动输入。在若干有工程意义的场地剖面中,选取和构造了部分软弱土层分别在底部、中部和顶部的三种土层剖面,利用土层地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了不同土层剖面在不同地震动输入下的地表加速度反应谱的平台值。在统计分析的基础上,给出了不同场地三种土层结构的反应谱平台值的平均值。通过与正常剖面的反应谱平台值比较,给出了三种土层结构的反应谱平台值的影响系数。本文的研究获得了一些有意义的成果。     

兰州市区场地地面与基岩地震动峰值加速度对应关系研究

根据兰州市区黄河阶地特征及黄土层覆盖厚度,对兰州市场地划分了3个分区,选用兰州市区156个满足场地地震反应条件的地震钻孔资料,对每个工程场地合成3组相互独立的基岩加速度输入时程,进行土层地震反应分析,对各个工程场地地面与基岩地震动峰值加速度的对应关系进行研究,结果表明I区内的工程场地地面与基岩地震动峰值加速度比值为1.120,Ⅱ区为1.320,Ⅲ区为1.531,平均均方根误差为0.083。