基于卓越工程师培养诉求的教学改革的理性思考——面向CDIO理念的地图学教改构想

文章根据卓越工程师的培养诉求,基于科学发展观,对地图学的教学现状进行了反思,对改革进行了构想,确立了"强化内涵"、"巩固外延"、突出"特色资源"的教改思路.提出了教学中要努力实现师生关系"人性化"、教学手段"现代化"、教学内容"科学化"、教学方式"多样化"、实践教学"工程化"、评价体系"客观化"的教改设想.作者认为教学...     

“数字湖北”地理空间框架中的数据建设及管理

结合"数字湖北"建设实际,对项目中的数据内容、数据库建设及管理等进行了探讨,并进行了对比分析,对"数字湖北"、"数字城市"地理空间框架中的数据建设及管理具有借鉴意义。     

基于GIS的"数字社区"建设技术研究

对"数字社区"建设的相关环节和技术问题进行了研究。首先就"数字社区"建设中的应用对象进行了分析,总结出了"数字社区"的5类应用对象。从地理信息技术角度和应用的空间位置角度出发,对社区信息资源进行了分类,对社区信息资源的调查、管理,以及"数字社区"应用系统的架构提出了技术要求。对"数字社区"具体的服务功能做了分析。为基于GIS的"数字社区"建设提供了有益的借鉴和建议。     

"3S"技术在"数字黄河"中的应用

首先介绍了"数字黄河"的概念,并对GPS、RS、GIS及"3S" 集成技术进行系统地阐述,最后,初步探讨了"3S" 及其集成技术在"数字黄河"中的应用.     

新一代数字地球平台与“数字中国”技术体系架构探讨

本文系统分析和总结了Google Earth的四大特点,及为地球科学研究、"数字地球"和"数字中国"的发展所带来的影响和启迪,提出了数字地球平台(DEP)的概念,并针对"数字中国"的建设,提出了建立"数字中国"的数据交换标准(DCML),提出了全新的以地学信息浏览器/空间信息服务器(G/S)结构为主的下一代数字地球、数字中国的技术体系架构,进一步对"数字中国"技术体系架构应遵循的原则进行了论述,对"数字中国"建设和应用服务进行了展望。     

香港去殖民化教育应从更改殖民色彩的地名开始

针对国内对"一国两制"的内在矛盾及其长期性、复杂性和艰巨性认识的不足,以及香港社会出现对"一国两制"的不同声音。该文提出了作为"一国两制"的制定者、主导者的中央政府,应该重新认识"一国两制",加强香港的去殖民化教育,去殖民化教育应从潜移默化的、日常频繁使用的、浓厚殖民色彩的地名更名开始。该文研究了香港殖民色彩地名的历史情况,提出了三步走的更名战略。     

空间大数据支持下的城市区域评估及其关键技术

针对人口拥挤、交通拥堵、环境污染、住房困难等一系列"城市病"问题,为了客观、定量评估城市现状,找到"城市病"根源,本文面向城市区域评估,利用空间大数据全面、客观、准确的特点,对城市进行全方位的评估,从人口、资源、环境、住房、公共设施、道路交通、经济发展及城市安全等多方面为治理"城市病"提供基础数据。本文从城市区域评估的内涵入手,设计了城市区域评估的总体流程,建立了全面的评估体系,并对实现城市区域评估的关键技术进行了阐述。通过城市区域评估的方式,对城市现状客观扫描,将使"城市病"的病重程度得到客观度量,是根治"城市病"的首要条件。     

基于遥感影像和矢量数据的水系变化检测

介绍了基于遥感影像和矢量数据的水系变化检测方法。根据矢量的拓扑结构,将水系分为主干河流、湖泊和支流水系网。对主干河流采用"模式分类、区域生长、形态学处理、边缘提取、缓冲区检测"的流程,对湖泊采用"区域生长、形态学处理、多边形面积相减"的处理,对支流水系网采用"金字塔分解和多尺度模板匹配、Ziplock Snakes模型优化、缓冲区检测"的策略。实验结果验证了上述方案的可行性。     

测绘工程专业中GIS课程的教学改革探讨

分析了国内GIS的发展现状,介绍了测绘工程专业的特点以及GIS课程的特点和教学内容。从"注重基本理论知识的掌握"、"注重培养学生的软件操作能力"、"以课程设计为重点"、"改革考试方法"这四个方面,对测绘工程专业的GIS课程教学改革进行了探讨。     

日本环境污染防治经验与启示浅析

今年是值贯彻落实"十八大"精神的开局之年。在中央"十八大"提出了"五位一体"科学发展的总体战略布局,其中首次将生态文明建设纳入其中,足见中央对环境问题的重视;日本在地缘上与我国一衣带水,并且经历了一个经济发展由盛转衰的全过程,其在工业高速增长期由著名的"公害岛国"变成"环境强国"的生态文明建设经验与教训值得我们学习和深思。笔者通过大量采集日本战后经济发展及环境污染防治的相关文献资料,对国内外专家学者的研究结论进行了梳理,从行政管理体制设置、法律体系设置、严格的执法程序、日本特色的环境保护援助机制、助力产业升级的先进污染防治技术及全民参与的环境教育理念等6个方面,对日本的环境污染防治经验进行了总结,以期对我国的生态文明建设发展有所启示。     

集成Landsat OLI和机载LiDAR条带数据的亚热带森林生物量制图

以亚热带天然次生林为研究对象,借助一个条带的少量LiDAR点云数据和覆盖整个研究区的免费Landsat OLI多光谱数据,并结合地面实测数据,探索森林生物量低成本高精度制图方法。首先,提取了OLI和LiDAR特征变量,并与地上和地下生物量进行相关分析以筛选变量;然后,借助LiDAR数据覆盖区的样地和条带LiDAR数据构建"LiDAR生物量模型";再从LiDAR反演生物量的结果中进行采样,结合OLI特征变量构建"LiDAR-OLI模型";最后,与单独使用OLI多光谱数据建立的"OLI估算模型"结果进行比较,分析精度并验证新方法的效果。结果表明,"LiDAR-OLI模型"对地上和地下生物量的模型拟合效果较好且均优于"OLI模型",且其交叉验证的精度也较高并优于"OLI模型",从而证明了新方法的可靠性及有效性。本研究为主、被动遥感技术在中小尺度上协同反演森林参数提供了实验基础,也为基于全覆盖免费OLI多光谱数据及条带LiDAR数据的低成本森林生物量制图探索了技术路线。     

Evaluation of Cartographic accuracy of IRS-1A LISS II data for upgrading linear details on the existing maps (A case study of Chandigarh area)

Considering the fest pace of development, up-to-date maps have become imperative in developmental planning. Conventional map updating techniques are expensive and time consuming. The present paper makes an attempt to tackle the problem using GIS techniques. Maps generated from IRS-1A LISS II data and Survey of India (SOI) toposheets were used as input maps in GIS. These maps were overlaid to obtain the positional errors at road junction points. The area statistics of each sector were calculated taking the SOI map as reference data. The results show that the areas calculated from LISS II data and SOI map are well comparable and the deviations are within 10%, whereas the positional accuracy (MSE) of points is within 30 m. The study demonstrates that the IRS-1A LISS II data can be used for updating of maps on scale 1:100,000 and smaller in areas where linear features are identifiable in the IRS LISS II image.     

Crop acreage estimation using ERS-1 SAR data

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) acquired in July, October and November, 1992 covering the kharif season of the region were used separately and in combination to identify the major crops and for estimation of their acreage before harvest Separability indices were calculated for major cover types and it was found that single-date SAR data cannot be used for accurate identification of various crops. Multi-temporal colour composite facilitated better identification of crop types. Comparison of area estimates made with ERS-1 SAR and IRS-1B LISS II data showed that the commonly used digital data analysis techniques (per pixel classifiers) are not adequate for accurate estimation of crop acreage using SAR data.     

The Southwest Pacific GPS Project: Geodetic results from Burst 1 of the 1990 Field Campaign

The Southwest Pacific GPS Project (SWP) is using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to monitor crustal motion across and within a plate boundary complex between the Australian and Pacific plates. GPS field campaigns were conducted in 1988, 1989 and 1990, to observe networks of increasing size and complexity. The 1990 campaign consisted of two periods, or Bursts, and this paper focuses on the analysis of data collected during the nine day Burst 1 in July, 1990, a period in which GPS Selective Availability was activated. During Burst 1, baselines that spanned the Tonga Trench and the Lau Basin were observed, and only one station (Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu) was located west of Fiji in the network. The lengths of the baselines observed fall mainly between 300 km and 1600 km, but some lines are as long as 3500 km. A total of 78 station-days of field site data and approximately 150 station-days of global fiducial data were processed from predominantly codeless receivers. A global fiducial network of 20 sites was used to provide orbit control and accuracy assessment for the 13 available satellites. The daily solutions for 45 baselines between 10 SWP sites have an RMS scatter in the length of 24 mm plus 6 parts per billion. This scatter provides an estimate of baseline precision for the Burst 1 nominal solution. Experiments were conducted to investigate a variety of possible effects on the SWP Network baseline estimates, including the influence of a reduced global fiducial network for the purpose of assessing the quality of results obtained in 1988 and 1989 in which the fiducial network was smaller than in 1990. These experiments produced results that agreed with the nominal solution at the level of the precision estimate. Furthermore, estimates for selected baselines in Australia, the Central Pacific, North America and Europe, also measured by VLBI and SLR, were used for an external accuracy evaluation. The GPS and VLBI or SLR determinations of length agreed at a level consistent with the nominal solution precision estimate.     

Spatio-temporal pattern of viral meningitis in Michigan, 1993-2001

To characterize Michigans high viral meningitis incidence rates, 8,803 cases from 1993–2001 were analyzed for standard epidemiological indices, geographic distribution, and spatio-temporal clusters. Blacks and infants were found to be high-risk groups. Annual seasonality and interannual variability in epidemic magnitude were apparent. Cases were concentrated in southern Michigan, and cumulative incidence was correlated with population density at the county level (r=0.45, p<0.001). Kulldorffs Scan test identified the occurrence of spatio-temporal clusters in Lower Michigan during July–October 1998 and 2001 (p=0.01). More extensive data on cases, laboratory isolates, sociodemographics, and environmental exposures should improve detection and enhance the effectiveness of a Space-Time Information System aimed at prevention.The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Duane Newton, former manager of the Virology Section, Michigan Department of Community Health Bureau of Laboratories, for his provision of data on viral isolates. We also appreciate the contributions of Drs. Leah Estberg and Dunrie Greiling for ClusterSeer support, Scott Swan for his assistance with ArcView GIS, and Dr. Edward L. Ionides for his advice on time series analysis. We are grateful to Dr. Pierre Goovaerts and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. This project was supported in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Joint Program on Climate Variability and Human Health, a consortium including the EPA, NASA, NSF, and EPRI (NA16GP2361) to MLW.     

基于GIS的陕西省人口空间分布模式

借助空间自相关分析方法分析了陕西省人口的空间分布模式和空间关联关系。结果表明,陕西省人口分布呈现显著的空间集聚现象,在整体上具有较强的正相关性。在西安市附近存在几个非常明显的"高-高"集聚;同时,延安市和安康市分别出现"低-低"集聚。陕西省人口重心从2002年的礼泉县移动至2009年的泾阳县,向东北移动约3.3 km。     

Forest cover mapping of East district,Sikkim using IRS-1A LISS II satellite data

Remote sensing techniques have been applied to classify tour density classes within each of the forest type along with other major landuse/landcover classes in the East district, Sikkim using IRS-1A LISS II satellite data pertaining to the period of November, 1988. The shadow problem in rugged terrain and difficulty in acquiring cloud free data for different seasons pose problems to achieve considerable mapping accuracy. In the present study, the forests of the district were delineated through supervised classification techniques using maximum likelihood algorithm into five forest types as sal forests, subtropical broad-leaved forests, Himalayan wet temperate forests, Rhododendron forests and alpine forests. The alpine forests were further stratified into two categories as moist alpine scrub and dry alpine scrub. The statistical data obtained from the present study shows that 55.47 percent of the total geographical area of the East district was under forest cover. An overall accuracy of more than 85 percent in correctly delineating forest classes was achieved.     

A study of gravity variations caused by polar motion using superconducting gravimeter data from the GGP network

Long-term continuous gravity observations, recorded at five superconducting gravimeter (SG) stations in the Global Geodynamic Project (GGP) network, as well as data on orientation variations in the Earths rotation axis (i.e. polar motion), have been used to investigate the characteristics of gravity variations on the Earths surface caused by polar motion. All the SG gravity data sets were pre-processed using identical techniques to remove the luni-solar gravity tides, the long-term trends of the instrumental drift, and the effects of atmospheric pressure. The analysis indicates that the spectral peaks, related to the Chandler and annual wobbles, were identified in both the power and product spectral density estimates. The magnitude of gravity variations, as well as the gravimetric amplitude factor associated with the Chandler wobble, changed significantly at different SG stations and during different observation periods. However, when all the SG observations at these five sites were combined, the gravimetric parameters of the Chandler wobble were retrieved accurately: 1.1613 ± 0.0737 for the amplitude factor and –1°.30 ± 1°.33 for the phase difference. The value of the estimated amplitude factor is in agreement with that predicted theoretically for the zonal tides of an elastic Earth model.     

The Flat-Area Issue in Digital Elevation Models and Its Consequences for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

When analyzing a digital elevation model, flat areas originating from the standard pit removal procedure can affect the characterization of flow paths and subsequent hydrologic or hydraulic analysis. In the present work, six case-study areas were selected, and two different methodologies for rainfall-runoff modeling were investigated within the framework of the Width Function Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (WFIUH). One methodology is "standard," while the other is an "advanced" approach. The methodologies basically differ with regard to pit and flatarea treatment and flow-routing determination. In both approaches continuous rainfall-runoff modeling was applied and annual maximum hydrographs were compared. The results show that when using the "standard" approach a shorter WFIUH and a resultant hydrograph characterized by higher peak discharge and shorter duration are obtained.