小行星撞击地球的“祸”与“福”

现在人类的生存与发展存在着很多危机,所有的这些灾害当中,小行星撞击地球可能是对地球最大的杀手. 关于小行星撞击地球的"祸"与"福".我举个例子. 恐龙灭绝事件.恐龙灭绝是第二大生物灭绝事件,地球上大约70％的物种消失了.当小天体大约直径10公里左右撞击在墨西哥的一个半岛上,冲过大气层的时候把所有能够燃烧的东西全部燃烧,因此引起了森林大火和全球大火,它撞击地球表面的时候挖掘出一个巨大的撞击坑,引起了强烈的地震和巨大的海啸.     

陨星撞击的地学意义与撞击构造的判识标志

陨星撞击是太阳系各行星及卫星演化、地质历史中导致古气候环境灾变与生物灭绝和新生的主要营力之一,在地球演化早期是一种较为普遍发生的事件。研究陨星撞击作用及其影响是探讨地球演化的有机组成部分,无论在基础理论方面还是在实际应用方面,都具有重大的意义。目前对于陨星撞击的地学意义研究,主要集中在撞击事件与地球环境灾变、地球生命更替、板块构造动力学、富集成矿（藏）等关系方面。撞击构造是判识陨星撞击事件最明显和最直接的记录,其形态和规模、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学、构造和地球物理等特征是判识撞击构造的重要标志。     

关于地壳板块成因的猜想

地壳板块的形成,是由于外来星球的撞击而造成的。太平洋就是巨大的撞击坑,大西洋则是撞击产生的地球背面的S形裂谷。地球上的水,也很有可能主要来源于这次撞击。     

均衡运动中的科里奥利力

探讨地球自转的一种惯性力──科里奥利力在地壳升降运动中的作用。地壳上升时科氏力向西，地壳下降时科氏力向东，它的大小与方向可以解释太平洋两岸的构造差异。     

欧洲第一颗环境研究卫星将进行太空模拟试验

欧洲第一个环境研究卫星—RS—1—近日将在法国南部城市图卢兹接受为期一个月的太空模拟试验。1990年底或1991年初它将由欧洲阿丽亚娜火箭送入轨道。据介绍,这颗卫星高11.8米,重2.4吨,由欧洲航天局设计,多家公司参加了建造,造价为35亿法郎,寿命预计为2年。 这颗卫星主要用于全面监测地球,尤其是研究和监测占地球表面近3/4面积的海洋。它装有4个主要研究设备:综合分析雷达SAR、风扩散率测定器、雷达高度计和红外线的扫描辐射     

论构造极

把参考系的物理学概念引进地壳运动的研究领域中,称为构造极。全球构造格局,在具有极移现象的地球变速旋转运动中必然是有规律地自成体系。全球构造体系的构造极称为地旋极一极移区中心。北地旋极位于北纬20°、西经160°附近的太平洋板块中部。南地旋极位于南纬20°、东经20°附近的非洲板块中部。根据南北地旋极而展开的地旋构造体系,由三大旋带组成: 北旋带:太平洋板块和环太平洋板边。中旋带:亚欧、印度洋、南极、美洲四大板块及相应的板边。南旋带:非洲板块和环非洲板边。上述非常有规律地展布的全球构造格局,是全部地史中全球地壳运动受到全球构造极所制约而导致全球地壳形变的总结果。     

塔里木盆地玛扎塔格弧形构造及斜向逆冲

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起南部边缘玛扎塔格山地表构造为一倾向南的新近纪单斜地层,而中深部则为凸向北玛扎塔格背斜弧形构造带。根据该区构造展布特征,依据地震和钻井资料,对玛扎塔格构造进行了详细分析研究。首先从平面上分析了该构造主挤压应力方向,然后建立起弧形构造不同部位构造接触关系,引进斜向逆冲断层褶皱概念,分析了所解释的地震剖面,并对其进行部分平衡恢复。结果表明:弧形构造主挤压应力方向垂直弧顶(中部),与弧形构造东、西两段斜交;弧形构造中部与东段之间发育撕裂断层——玛4井东走滑断层,弧形构造中部与西段之间的分界构造为玛7井西侧向断坡;无逆冲断层的部分恢复剖面显示弧形构造中部位移较为均衡,古生界地层从上到下缩短量基本一致,说明构造基本上为纯挤压作用形成的滑脱褶皱;弧形构造西段滑脱褶皱北翼的寒武系—奥陶系地层缩短量大于石炭系—二叠系地层缩短量,说明滑脱褶皱的北翼存在斜向剪切作用,其形成的构造可与混合剪切断层弯曲褶皱类比;而弧形构造东段的部分恢复剖面表明中上寒武统—中下奥陶统缩短量增加很快,而石炭系—二叠系缩短量逐渐减少,说明该构造存在斜向剪切作用,其形成的褶皱类似于简单剪切断层弯曲褶皱;玛扎塔格弧形构造属于旋转弧形构造类型,即早期平直构造被晚期挤压导致逐渐弯曲形成的弧形构造,这与剖面上观察到的生长地层得到变形时间认识完全一致。     

河南省中北部弧形构造控煤

河南省北部东西向构造与北东向构造的交汇部位及中部早期东西构造受后期构造的切割或影响部位 ,东西向构造的走向发生变化 ,在平面上呈“弧形”展布 ,从而引起早期矿带走向、厚度等发生变化。由此形成弧形构造控制着早期矿产资源的分布。本文论述了弧形构造的成因 ,阐明了弧形构造的控煤作用 ,并用实例分析了弧形构造的控煤模式     

太平洋板块运动和形变及其边缘现今相对运动

环太平洋构造系是地球的一巨大构造系，集汇聚型、分离型和转换型板块边界于一体，是全球火山、地震最活跃的地带。基于空间大地测量技术长期观测得到的速度场，分析了太平洋板块的运动和形变，并利用空间技术测定太平洋边缘地带转换断层、洋中脊扩张以及海沟边界汇聚与俯冲相对运动速度，获得了太平洋板块及板内的现今运动特征。结果表明：太平洋板块整体以70.1mm/a向西北移动；北太平洋板块具有刚性特征，而南太平洋板块东西向存在拉伸，具非刚性特征。     

推覆构造的地球动力学探讨

推覆构造的研究具有重要的理论和实际意义,经过对推覆构造形成的地球动力学机制进行的探讨,提出了层圈运动是地球本身运动的基本形式;层圈运动的动力来源于物质横向上的分布不均,层圈运动的必然结果是出现推覆构造体系。根据该理论,推覆构造仅仅发生于不同大地构造单元的界线附近;推覆构造的形成机制是下俯作用。从而对大陆的发生、发展及消亡提出新的见解,把用于洋壳的威尔逊旋回发展到陆壳上,提出了新的全球大地构造旋回。该文在此基础上提出了推覆构造体系这一构造模式。     

夏季青藏高原大气热源分布特征与对中国降水的影响

利用NECP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究1951～2010年夏季青藏高原主体大气热源分布、对东亚地区的环流影响及其与同期中国降水的关系.针对高原加热局地特征明显的特点,采用旋转经验正交函数等方法探讨不同类型的热源分布以及对东亚地区大气环流的影响.结果表明,当加热中心位于高原东南侧时,青藏高原夏季风加强,南亚高压偏南偏东,西太平洋副热带高压西伸加强,而东亚中高纬地区两脊一槽的经向环流分布形势明显,有利于中国长江流域的降水而不利于华南华北的降水发展.当加热中心位于高原中北部与西南地区时,青藏高原夏季风减弱,南亚高压偏西,西太副高明显偏东偏弱,中高纬环流的纬向特征明显,有利于中国地区北方降水而不利于南方地区的降水.     

Outflow of Pacific water from the Chukchi Sea to the Arctic Ocean

Pacific water exits the Chukchi Sea shelf through Barrow Canyon in the east and Herald Canyon in the west, forming an eastward-directed shelfbreak boundary current that flows into the Beaufort Sea. Here we summarize the transformation that the Pacific water undergoes in the two canyons, and describe the characteristics and variability of the resulting shelfbreak jet, using recently collected summertime hydrographic data and a year-long mooting data set. In both canyons the northward-flowing Pacific winter water switches from the western to the eastern flank of the canyon, interacting with the northward-flowing summer water. In Barrow canyon the vorticity structure of the current is altered, while in Herald canyon a new water mass mode is created. In both instances hydraulic effects are believed to be partly responsible for the observed changes. The shelfl）reak jet that forms from the canyon outflows has distinct seasonal configurations, from a bottom-intensified flow carrying cold, dense Pacific water in spring, to a surface-intensified current advecting warm, buoyant water in summer. The current also varies significantly on short timescales, from less than a day to a week. In fall and winter much of this mesoscale variability is driven by storm events, whose easterly winds reverse the current and cause upwelling. Different types of eddies are spawned from the current, which are characterized here using hydrographic and satellite data.     

Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on regional sea level rise in the Pacific Ocean from 1993 to 2012

The rate of regional sea level rise(SLR) provides important information about the impact of human activities on climate change.However,accurate estimation of regional SLR can be severely affected by sea surface height(SSH) change caused by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO-SSH).Here,the PDOSSH signal is extracted from satellite altimeter data by multi-variable linear regression,and regional SLR in the altimeter era is calculated,before and after removing that signal.The results show that PDO-SSH trends are rising in the western Pacific and falling in the eastern Pacific,with the strongest signal confined to the tropical and North Pacific.Over the past 20 years,the PDO-SSH accounts for about 30%-40%of altimeter-observed SLR in the regions 8°-15°N,130°-160°E and 30°-40°N,170°-220°E.Along the coast of North America,the PDO-SSH signal dramatically offsets the coastal SLR,as the sea level trends change sign from falling to rising.     

Response of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean to the slow-moving super typhoon Nanmadol

Based on in-situ observation, satellite and reanalysis data, responses of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean(WNPSO) to the slow-moving category 5 super typhoon Nanmadol in 2011 are analyzed. The dynamical response is dominated by near-inertial currents and Ekman currents with maximum amplitude of 0.39 m/s and 0.15 m/s, respectively. The near-inertial currents concentrated around 100 m below the sea surface and had an e-folding timescale of 4 days. The near-inertial energy propagated both upward and downward, and the vertical phase speed and wavelength were estimated to be 5 m/h and 175 m, respectively. The frequency of the near-inertial currents was blue-shifted near the surface and redshifted in ocean interior which may relate to wave propagation and/or background vorticity. The resultant surface cooling reaches -4.35℃ and happens when translation speed of Nanmadol is smaller than 3.0 m/s.When Nanmadol reaches super typhoon intensity, the cooling is less than 3.0℃ suggesting that the typhoon translation speed plays important roles as well as typhoon intensity in surface cooling. Upwelling induced by the slow-moving typhoon wind leads to typhoon track confined cooling area and the right-hand bias of cooling is slight. The mixed layer cooling and thermocline warming are induced by wind-generated upwelling and vertical entrainment. Vertical entrainment also led to mixed layer salinity increase and thermocline salinity decrease, however, mixed layer salinity decrease occurs at certain stations as well. Our results suggest that typhoon translation speed is a vital factor responsible for the oceanic thermohaline and dynamical responses, and the small Mach number(slow typhoon translation speed) facilitate development of Ekman current and upwelling.     

ENSO cycle and climate anomaly in China

The inter-annual variability of the tropical Pacific Subsurface Ocean Temperature Anomaly (SOTA) and the associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over the Asian North Pacific during the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) atmospheric reanalysis data and simple ocean data simulation (SODA). The relationship between the ENSO and the climate of China was revealed. The main results indicated the following: 1) there are two ENSO modes acting on the subsurface tropical Pacific. The first mode is related to the mature phase of ENSO, which mainly appears during winter. The second mode is associated with a transition stage of the ENSO developing or decaying, which mainly occurs during summer; 2) during the mature phase of El Ni o, the meridionality of the atmosphere in the mid-high latitude increases, the Aleutian low and high pressure ridge over Lake Baikal strengthens, northerly winds prevail in northern China, and precipitation in northern China decreases significantly. The ridge of the Ural High strengthens during the decaying phase of El Ni o, as atmospheric circulation is sustained during winter, and the northerly wind anomaly appears in northern China during summer. Due to the ascending branch of the Walker circulation over the western Pacific, the western Pacific Subtropical High becomes weaker, and south-southeasterly winds prevail over southern China. As a result, less rainfall occurs over northern China and more rainfall over the Changjiang River basin and the southwestern and eastern region of Inner Mongolia. The flood disaster that occurred south of Changjiang River can be attributed to this. The La Ni a event causes an opposite, but weaker effect; 3) the ENSO cycle can influence climate anomalies within China via zonal and meridional heat transport. This is known as the "atmospheric-bridge", where the energy anomaly within the tropical Pacific transfers to the mid-high latitude in the northern Pacific through Hadley cells and Rossby waves, and to the western Pacific-eastern Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. This research also discusses the special air-sea boundary processes during the ENSO events in the tropical Pacific, and indicates that the influence of the subsurface water of the tropical Pacific on the atmospheric circulation may be realized through the sea surface temperature anomalies of the mixed water, which contact the atmosphere and transfer the anomalous heat and moisture to the atmosphere directly. Moreover, the reason for the heavy flood within the Changjiang River during the summer of 1998 is reviewed in this paper.     

Shrinking greenery: Land use and land cover changes in Kurram Agency,Kohi Safid Mountains of north-western Pakistan

Deforestation and other Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes, driven by variety of physical and anthropogenic factors, have altered the mountainous environment. Mountains around the world including northern and north western belts of Pakistan are highly sensitive to deforestation and other LULC changes, which have profound impacts on various sectors of bio-physical and socio-economic systems. Assessment of LULC changes has high significance for protection, conservation and monitoring mountainous environment. The present study is an attempt to assess the landscape changes with particular reference to forest cover depletion in Kurram Agency located in the north western mountain belt of Pakistan. For detailed comparative analysis the study area has been divided into three sections, which coincide with the present administrative divisions of the Agency, i.e., Upper, Lower and Central Kurram. Temporal span of this study covers four decades. In this study, land use map of 1970 and land sat satellite imageries of 1987, 2000 and 2014 were used as spatial data sets. The images were processed and classified into six LULC classes through geospatial packages and change detection maps were prepared for each division and time period. Findings of the study reveal two trends in the four major LULC categories. Forest and rangeland have shrunk, on average, by 15% and 7.5% respectively while, bare soil and rocks outcrops have expanded by 89% and agriculture land by 7.2% in Kurram agency. The water bodies and snow cover have minor fluctuation in its land area. Major causes of shrinking greenery is attributed to high influx of Afghan refugees and high energy demand of growing population. However, with outflow of the refugees from Kurram agency the general trend in forest cover has reverted and deforestation rate has slowed down.     

Thermohaline finestructure observed near the northern Philippine coast

Using hydrographic measurements from three recent surveys in the western tropical Pacific, this study revealed the existence and general features of thermohaline finestructure near the northern Philippine coast. Pronounced finestructures were detected in the layers of the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) and the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) during all three cruises and shown to be mainly thermohaline intrusions. Characteristics of the intrusions were further investigated with spiciness curvature and salinity anomaly methods. The vertical scale of the intrusions was 20-50m and 50-100m in the NPTW and NPIW layers, respectively. Within the NPTW layer, the Turner angle distribution and correlation between salinity and density anomalies suggested that diffusive convection between surface fresh water and subsurface saline water played an important role in the development and maintenance of the intrusions. In addition, connection between thermohaline finestructure and larger-scale oceanic processes was explored using historical hydrographic data. The results reveal that the salinity field and the distribution of the intrusions in this region were largely determined by mesoscale eddies. As a result of eddy stirring, both isopycnal and diapycnal temperature/salinity gradients were strengthened, which gave rise to the development of thermohaline intrusions. The intrusions acted to enhance heat and salt fluxes and resulted in the mixing of water masses being more efficient. By linking mesoscale eddy stirring to micro-scale diffusion, thermohaline finestructure plays a vital role in the ocean energy cascade and water mass conversion in the northern Philippine Sea.     

Lower Permian formations of different geodynamic environments in A'nyemaqen ophiolitic zone (Buqingshan Mts., eastern Kunlun, Qinghai Province, China)

Lower Permian formations within the Buqingshan Mountains (A'nyemaqen ophiolitic zone, eastern sector of the eastern Kunlun) were formed in the following paleogeodynamic environments (from north to south): (1) shelf and slope of a passive continental margin in a marginal sea; (2) partially Permian metamorphic rocks of subduclion-accretion complexes and volcanogenic rocks of an ensimatic island arc, of the age limited from above by the Asselian - Sakmarian; and (3 ) an island arc slope and oceanic trench. Subduction-accretion complexes and the island arc volcanites are overlain with a sharp angular unconformity by a carbonate-conglomerate sequence, which presents as local molasse of the Early Permian age. Based on fusulinids from the basal limestone, the age of the local molasse is first defined as the Yakhtashian-Bolorian, i.e. Artinskian-Kungurian (?). The thorough investigations revealed that the initial closure of the eastern Paleotethys within the eastern Kunlun corresponded to the Sakmarian-Yakhtashian (Artinskian) boundary, whereas in the western Paleotethys sector (Northern Pamirs) the closure occurred considerably earlier, prior to the Late Bashkirian. Thus, the idea that the Paleotethys in the eastern Kunlun reached its maximum width in the Permian, is highly questionable. During the Early Permian the A'nyemaqen branch of the Paleotethys intensely decreased. Beginning from the Bolorian (Kungurian) and up to the end of the Permian this branch represented its relict in the form of a marginal sea depression. It may be suggested that the Paleotethys closure in the A'nyemaqen took place gradually from the west to the east and covered a long period from the Late Carboniferous to the terminal Early Permian.     

Reproductive cycle of Ophiopholis mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in Zhangzi Island area,northern Yellow Sea

Ophiopholis mirabilis is a common species with a high population density on the western coasts of the northern Pacific Ocean.The number of O.mirabilis has been increasing recently in the scallop aquaculture zone(the Zhangzi Island area,northern Yellow Sea) in China.To explore the mechanism of its population variation,the reproductive cycle of O.mirabilis was investigated in this area(39°04'N;122°51'E) from February 2017 through January 2018 and determined by the monthly gonad index(GI),histological examinations of the gonads and the oocyte size-frequency distribution.O.mirabilis had a clear annual reproductive cycle that was synchronous between males and females.Sea temperature and food availability played important roles in O.mirabilis reproduction.The GI value was less reliable for determining reproductive activity in O.mirabilis because the nutritive tissues within the gonads may be utilized to synthesize gametes,leading to a decrease in GI during maturation.The histological results also show that abundant nutritive phagocytes were present in the gonads of O.mirabilis,which,together with the germ cells,affected the weight of the gonads.In addition,the mature oocytes of O.mirabilis were relatively small(75-150 μm),indicating that the larval development was planktotrophic.This study provided insights into the reproductive patterns and biology of O.mirabilis and is an essential basis for the quantity control of this species in aquaculture areas.     

Seismic sequence and depositional evolution of slope basins in mid-northern margin of the South China Sea

As one of the biggest marginal seas in the western Pacific margin, the South China Sea (SCS) experienced continental rifting and seafloor spreading during the Cenozoic. The northern continental margin of the SCS is classified as a passive continental margin. However, its depositional and structural evolution remains controversial, especially in the deep slope area. The lack of data hindered the correlation between continental shelf and oceanic basin, and prevented the establishment of sequence stratigraphic frame of the whole margin. The slope basins in the mid-northern margin of SCS developed in the Cenozoic; the sediments and basin infill recorded the geological history of the continental margin and the SCS spreading. Using multi-channel seismic dataset acquired in three survey cruises during 1987 to 2004, combined with the data of ODP Leg 184 core and industrial wells, we carried out the sequence stratigraphic division and correlation of the Cenozoic in the middle-northern margin of SCS with seismic profiles and sedimentary facies. We interpreted the seismic reflection properties including continuity, amplitude, frequency, reflection terminals, and 15 sequence boundaries of the Cenozoic in the study area, and correlated the well data in geological age. The depositional environment changed from river and lake, shallow bay to open-deep sea, in correspondence to tectonic events of syn-rifting, early drifting, and late drifting stages of basin evolution.