Hydrogeochemical analysis on Italian bottled mineral waters: Effects of geology

The use of bottled mineral waters use is increasingly becoming popular and the need for better knowledge of their chemical composition is a key issue for defining their quality, particularly for those elements that are not monitored on a regular basis. The link between geology and water chemistry is well known and can lead to extreme differences in element distribution and is an issue that needs to be addressed. Such an opportunity has been provided by a project of the EuroGeoSurvey Geochemistry Expert Group aimed at the characterization of groundwater geochemistry using bottled mineral waters purchased in supermarkets all over Europe. On these waters pH, conductivity and concentrations of 69 elements and ions were measured at the BGR geochemical laboratories. On a total of 1785 “samples”, 158 represent waters bottled in Italy in 126 different sites scattered throughout the country. Most of the purchased mineral water is packaged in PET bottles. In this paper, the dataset concerning Italy has been used to provide an overview on the relationship between natural concentration of the determined chemical elements in groundwater and geo-lithological features. These relationships have been investigated mostly taking into account the surface geology and other information available on water sources. Application of R-Mode factor analysis to the data set allowed the determination of the possible relationship between the distribution of individual elements and lithology or other surface enrichment phenomena. In particular waters draining through volcanic rocks are enriched in elements such as As, B, Br⁻, Cl⁻, Cs, I, K, Li, Na, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, Rb, Sc, SiO₂, Sr, Te, Ti, and V up to 3 orders of magnitude higher than waters draining through other lithologies. REE and Y show significant difference in median concentration due to interaction of waters with plutonic rocks. Many elements have a large spread of concentrations, which reflects natural variations and interaction with particular lithologies. One of the five R-mode factor analysis associations, recognized as being representative of elements analysed shows high nitrate and V loadings along with As, PO₄³⁻ and Se. The latter association probably reflects a sign of anthropogenic contribution in some aquifers in volcano-sedimentary or silico-clastic deposits and in intensively cultivated areas.     

Chemical composition of bottled mineral waters in Estonia

Five commercially available in Estonia brands of bottled water have been analysed for 59 chemical elements by ICP-QMS and ICP-AES techniques to assess the quality of domestic mineral waters in scope of the European Groundwater Geochemistry Project initiated by the Geochemistry Expert Group of EuroGeoSurveys. Contents of 9 cations and anions, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in the bottled mineral waters by IC, titration and photometric methods. The data showed a significant difference between natural undiluted mineral water (Värska Originaal) characterised by the highest values of pH, EC and majority of trace elements studied, and other domestic waters sold in Estonia.     

The chemistry of bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway,Sweden, Finland and Iceland

Twenty-two bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland have been analysed for 71 inorganic chemical parameters with low detection limits as a subset of a large European survey of bottled groundwater chemistry (N = 884). The Nordic bottled groundwaters comprise mainly Ca–Na–HCO₃–Cl water types, but more distinct Ca–HCO₃, Na HCO₃ and Na–Cl water types are also offered. The distributions for most elements fall between groundwater from Fennoscandian Quaternary unconsolidated aquifers and groundwater from Norwegian crystalline bedrock boreholes. Treated tap waters have slightly lower median values for many parameters, but elements associated with plumbing have significantly higher concentrations in tap waters than in bottled waters. The small dataset is able to show that excessive fluoride and uranium contents are potential drinking water problems in Fennoscandia. Nitrate and arsenic displayed low to moderate concentrations, but the number of samples from Finland and Northern Sweden was too low to detect that elevated concentrations of arsenic occur in bedrock boreholes in some regions. The data shows clearly that water sold in plastic bottles is contaminated with antimony. Antimony is toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic, but the levels are well below the EU drinking water limit. The study does not provide any health-based arguments for buying bottled mineral and spring waters for those who are served with drinking water from public waterworks. Drinking water from crystalline bedrock aquifers should be analysed. In case of elevated concentrations of fluoride, uranium or arsenic, most bottled waters, but not all, will be better alternatives when treatment of the well water is not practicable.     

Composition and variation of major and trace elements in Croatian bottled waters

Within the framework of the Pan-European project about the geochemistry of bottled mineral waters in Europe launched in 2007 by the European Geological Surveys (EGS) Geochemistry Expert Group fourteen brands of bottled natural waters from Croatia of both mineral and spring types were evaluated for getting more coherent spatial information about the natural variation of element concentration in bottled waters found at the European market. Results of chemical analysis show that not a single one out of fourteen analyzed bottled waters from Croatia exceeds the Croatian water standards sanctioning thereby their suitability for human consumption. Also, statistical tests performed for 41 analytes (including pH and EC) clearly show that the water chemistry is in a high degree of conformity with regional geology, depending on structural, stratigraphic and, above all, lithological diversity of aquifers. Thus Dinaric and Pannonian parts of Croatia differ largely with regard to their water types: Dinaric region is completely lacking mineral water types while, on the other side, in the Pannonian region even the spring waters show stronger mineralization in comparison with their Dinaric counterparts. Typically, all natural waters from Croatia bear the bicarbonate (HCO₃) signature. However, Ca–Mg cation pair combination is characteristic of spring waters while Na–K dominates in the mineral waters.     

Determination of major and trace elements in European bottled mineral water — Analytical methods

A total of 1785 European bottled water samples were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The bottled water samples were purchased in 2008 at supermarkets throughout 40 European countries. The samples were analyzed for 71 chemical parameters (As, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, Br⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻, SiO₂, pH, and EC) by quadrupole inductively coupled emission spectroscopy (ICP-QMS, trace elements), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, major elements), ion chromatography (IC, anions), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS, Hg), titration (alkalinity), photometric methods (NH₄⁺), potentiometric methods (pH), and conductometric methods (specific electrical conductivity, EC). A very strict quality control procedure was followed by analysing blanks, international reference materials, an internal project standard, and duplicate analyses, as well as by analysing 23 elements by both ICP-QMS and ICP-AES. Analysis of marketed bottled water from springs, wells or boreholes, apart from the evaluation of its quality with respect to inorganic elements, it may provide a cheap alternative to obtain a first impression about groundwater chemistry at the European scale.     

Hydrogeological conditions for the forming and quality of mineral waters in Serbia

In the past researches conducted on the territory of Serbia, 5 regional geotectonic units have been distinguished with registered occurrences of 230 mineral springs. Recent analyses of the bottled mineral waters quality have not included systematic examinations of micro-components present in these waters. Based on the analyses of the bottled mineral waters (EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group), it has been observed that the water quality is greatly influenced by the chemical composition of igneous intrusions, regardless of the fact that the analyzed waters have been taken from different aquifers (Neogene sediments, limestone, flysch, schist).     

Study of the distribution of Trace elements in soils in and around Mysore city,Karnataka

Soil samples collected from various places in and around Mysore were analyzed for the total trace elements such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. The results of the analysis indicate that the concentration of lead and cadmium in soils is below 2.5 g ml^–1 and 0.2 g ml^–1, respectively, which are the minimum detection levels, whereas the concentration of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in most of the samples is within the global average ranges of 3%, 500–1000 g g^–1, 15–40 g g^–1, and 50–100 g g^–1, respectively. The investigated area has the presence of gneisses and schists, in which partly there are igneous intrusions and pegmatitic intrusions. There are amphibolite enclaves in gneisses that account for the higher concentration of trace elements. The lower concentration may be attributed to the presence of silicic type of rock.     

Trace elements in the shallow ground water of The Netherlands. A geochemical and statistical interpretation of the national monitoring network data

Concentration levels of the trace elements Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Y, and Zn in the shallow Dutch ground water were studied. Data were extracted from the data base of the Dutch National Ground Water Quality Monitoring Network, a network set up to monitor the diffuse contamination. The network contains over 350 sites at a low density of about 1 per 100 km². The sites are sampled once a year at two depths (approx. 10 and 25 m below surface). A two-step multivariate statistical approach was used, in which the major element chemistry was used to define water types. Within each water type, trace element behavior could be coupled to distinct geochemical processes: dilution, acidification and weathering, carbonate dissolution, oxidation/reduction, and ion exchange. In recently infiltrated acid rain water in low buffering capacity sands, the anthropogenic influence indirectly caused mobilization of Al (median 430 g/l), Cd (0.6 g/l), Co (14 g/l), Cu (2.7 g/l), Ni (16 g/l), Y (11 g/l), and Zn (50 mg/l). In carbonate bearing sediments the acidification is neutralized, and the mentioned trace elements remain immobile. Arsenic and Cr have higher concentrations levels in ground waters with a slightly reducing character and are possibly governed by the dissolution of iron-manganese hydroxides. Boron, Li, and Sr have high concentrations (respectively 875, 80, 2700 g/l) in the water type related to a seawater source. Strontium is related to carbonate dissolution in all other water types (medians ranging from 100 to 1000 g/l). Barium shows a complex behaviour. It is concluded that the high Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn concentrations are anthropogenically induced. High Ba and Cr concentrations are inferred to be due to natural processes.     

Trace elements and mineral chemistry of silicified wood from Thailand: colours and elemental distribution

Thai silicified woods were examined using electron probe microanalysis, yielding chemical data that characterised the samples into two groups: low and high silica contents (82—94 wt% and 94—98 wt%). The elements analysed in order of abundance include Si > Fe > Ca > Na > Al > Ti > K > Mg > Mn > Zr. Iron plays a major role in the colour range (red, orange, yellow, brown, grey and black) of the samples. Calcium is associated with Fe in the darker colours of the wood. Pseudo-crystallochemistry has been used for the substitution of trace elements for Si⁴⁺ in silica polymorphs. The atomic channels that run parallel to the c-axis of silica polymorphs or lattice defects, or even the charge balance for trivalent-ion substitution for Si⁴⁺, can accommodate monovalent ions (K⁺ and Na⁺). Vacant and atomic cavities, which are charged balanced by trivalent ions [Al³⁺ or Fe³⁺ substituting for Si⁴⁺], are commonly occupied by divalent ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺). Quadrivalent ions, Ti⁴⁺ and Zr⁴⁺ are non-structurally incorporated but form clusters of mineral inclusions in the samples. Several other trace-element contents are also in the form of mineral/fluid inclusions hosted in the woods.     

Trace elements in world steam coal and their behaviour in Dutch coal-fired power stations: A review

Trace elements associated with the combustion of coal have received more attention recently, as can be seen from the increasing demands laid down in legislation and permits.Knowledge of the trace element content of coal is essential. Coal used in the Netherlands is imported from all over the world. As a consequence, Dutch power stations are designed to burn a wide range of bituminous coals. The largest share nowadays originates from South Africa, Colombia, and Indonesia, with these three countries accounting for more than 85% of the coal fired in the Netherlands in recent years. The coals, as imported in the Netherlands, have been monitored for their (trace) element content. At present the database contains results of own analyses of about 170 coals, originating from 14 different countries. An important uncertainty was the question of how homogeneous the imported lots are. It appears that the lots as imported from overseas are fairly homogeneous.The behaviour and fate of trace elements in coal-fired power stations has been studied in more than 40 mass balance studies since 1977. More than 50 test series have been completed during co-combustion of biomass and waste materials (up to 40% on mass base) since 1993. It has therefore been possible to establish a relationship between (trace) elements in the fuel and the ash, as well as with emissions into the atmosphere.     

CCSD主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素特征：LA-ICPMS分析及其意义

对中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔200~1005m范围内8件榴辉岩样品的金红石进行了LA-ICPMS原位微区微量元素分析,结合前人已发表的全岩和金红石分析数据,研究结果发现：在不同类型榴辉岩中,金红石的微量元素与其全岩成分具有不同的相关关系。金红石中的Nb和Ta元素含量不同程度地受控于全岩Nb和Ta含量。在高钛和低镁钛榴辉岩中,金红石的Cr与全岩Cr/TiO₂正相关;在富镁榴辉岩中,金红石的Cr含量受全岩MgO含量的控制;在高钛和富镁榴辉岩中,全岩成分明显影响着金红石的Zr含量,金红石Zr温度计可能不适用。低镁钛榴辉岩的金红石的平衡温度普遍低于榴辉岩峰期变质温度,可能是变质流体参与下的扩散作用和退变质作用所致;多数情况下,单个样品中大部分金红石颗粒的Zr含量是均匀的,金红石Zr温度计所给出的温度可能代表着退变质再平衡的温度;CCSD榴辉岩的全岩Nb/Ta比值普遍低于其中金红石的Nb/Ta比值,不支持金红石榴辉岩可能是地球上超球粒陨石Nb/Ta比值储库的观点。     

Ambient nanoparticles/nanominerals and hazardous elements from coal combustion activity:Implications on energy challenges and health hazards

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world. Because of the growth of coal mining, coal-fired power plants and coal-burning industries, the increase of the emission of particulates(coarse, fine or ultrafine)is of great concern. There is a relationship between increasing human morbidity and mortality and progressive environmental air pollution caused by these types of particles. Thus, the knowledge of the physico-chemical composition and ambient concentrations of coal-derived nanoparticles will improve pollution control strategy. Given the current importance of this area of research, the advanced characterization of this coal combustion-derived nanoparticles/nanominerals as well as hazardous elements is likely to be one of the hottest research fields in coming days. In this review, we try to compile the existing knowledge on coal-derived nanoparticles/nanominerals and discuss the advanced level of characterization techniques for future research. This review also provides some of aspects of health risks associated with exposure to ambient nanoparticles. In addition, the presence of some of the hazardous elements in coal and coal combustion activities is also reviewed.     

Trace elements in ferromanganese concretions,gibbsite spots,and the surrounding terra rossa overlying dolomite: Their mobilization,redistribution and fractionation

The mobilization, redistribution and fractionation of trace elements during chemical weathering processes have been investigated on a 4.05 m thick terra rossa profile overlying dolomite on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, in Southwest China. In this in situ weathering profile, the ferromanganese concretions and the gibbsite spots coexist in the terra rossa saprolite. The mass-balance evaluation reveals that titanium, Nb and Hf in the terra rossa matrix are conservative elements during chemical weathering compared to Zr. The elements of Li, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Ga, As, Mo, Cs, Ce, Ta, Tl, Pb and Th in the terra rossa matrix include additions from external sources. Beryllium, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Rb, Ba and La are depleted in the shallow parts of the terra rossa profile and enriched in the deep parts. The elements of Zn, Sr, Y, Cd, Sn and U in the terra rossa profile are lost during weathering. Compared to the terra rossa matrix, the ferromanganese concretions are significantly enriched in most trace elements, especially Mn, Co, Cd, Ce, Tl and Pb. In contrast, the gibbsite spots are depleted in all trace elements, except for U. The results regarding specific inter-element relationships indicate that most trace elements have different inter-element relationships in the ferromanganese concretions, the gibbsite spots and the terra rossa matrix. This suggests that the behavior of many trace elements during mobilization and redistribution differs from their behavior during incorporation into secondary mineral phases, especially the Mn and Fe oxides and/or oxyhydroxides in the ferromanganese concretions. It is worthy to note that the fractionation between Ce and Mn occurs under intensive chemical weathering conditions. Correspondingly, beryllium exhibits a similar geochemical behavior as that of rare earth elements (except for Ce) and Y during surface weathering.     

贵州戈塘金矿萤石微量元素特征及钐—钕测年

对与戈塘金矿共生的萤石微量元素特征研究表明:萤石中Mo,W,As,Cd,Bi等高温元素含量均高于地壳值,V,Cr,Cu,Cs,Th,Mo,Ga和Ge等元素变异系数大,活化能力强。萤石的稀土总量很低,仅为10.299×10-6～17.455×10-6,明显富集重稀土(LREE/HREE为0.48～0.69),并具有Eu和Ce的负异常(δEu为0.71～0.91,δCe为0.62～0.78),Tb/Ca-Tb/La图解显示萤石为热液成因且为热液的晚期阶段。萤石的Rb/Sr比值和初始87Sr/86Sr比值均与地幔值较为接近,反映出其成矿流体主要来源于上地幔或(岩浆)深部。萤石的形成经历了长期演化的热液活动,成矿温度较低(<200°～250°),成矿年龄为(35.83±0.37)Ma(Sm-Nd等时线年龄)。     

扬子板块周缘MVT型铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素组成特征与指示意义:LA-ICPMS研究

扬子板块周缘铅锌多金属成矿带内分布着数以百计的沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿床,它们不仅是我国主要的铅锌矿产地,同时也是重要的稀散元素(Ge、Ga等)生产基地。本次研究采用LA-ICPMS技术分别测定了扬子板块西南缘的会泽铅锌矿床、金沙厂铅锌矿床、大梁子铅锌矿床,扬子板块北缘的马元铅锌矿床以及扬子板块东南缘的凤凰茶田锌(铅)汞矿床中闪锌矿的微量元素组成,以揭示闪锌矿中微量元素(稀散元素)的富集规律和赋存状态,并为矿床成因类型的厘定及稀散元素矿产资源综合利用提供更多依据。LA-ICPMS微量元素测定结果显示闪锌矿中不同微量元素(稀散元素)分布不均匀,但这些矿床中闪锌矿总体以富集稀散元素Ge、Ga、Cd,贫In、Se、Tl、Te为特征,其Fe、Mn含量要明显低于与岩浆热液有关的高温闪锌矿,指示了扬子板块周缘铅锌矿床可能形成于中-低温成矿流体,而与岩浆热液无直接的成因联系,此外这些矿床中闪锌矿富Ge贫In的特征与其他的密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床(MVT)一致。同时,本次研究综合分析了闪锌矿中不同微量元素(稀散元素)之间的相关关系,并与闪锌矿微量元素LA-ICPMS时间分辨率特征相结合,研究表明:这些铅锌矿床中稀散元素Ge可能主要通过3Zn2+?Ge4++2(Cu+,Ag+)和2Zn2+?Ge4++□(晶体空位)的替代方式进入闪锌矿,Ga在闪锌矿中富集机理主要为2Zn2+?(Cu,Ag)++(Ga,As,Sb)3+。此外,为进一步揭示不同成因类型铅锌矿床中稀散元素的富集规律,本文还系统对比了全球范围内不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿的稀散元素(均为LA-ICPMS数据)组成特征,并初步探讨了造成不同成因闪锌矿中稀散元素(Ge、Ga和In)差异性富集的主要控制因素,研究表明:(1) Ge在中低温盆地卤水成矿系统(MVT和SEDEX矿床)和岩浆-火山热液成矿系统(浅成脉状铅锌矿床和VMS矿床)形成的闪锌矿中均可能富集成矿,但中低温浅成脉状矿床中Ge的富集程度要明显高于高温脉状矿床,指示了成矿温度是控制闪锌矿中Ge富集的一个重要因素。(2)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中In主要为岩浆来源,In倾向于在成矿温度较高的岩浆及火山热液成因铅锌矿床中富集成矿,而壳源的MVT和SEDEX型铅锌矿床中闪锌矿均贫In。可见除形成温度外,成矿物质来源是决定闪锌矿是否富In的关键因素。(3)除矽卡岩型铅锌矿床外,其他不同成因类型、不同形成温度的铅锌矿床中闪锌矿均可能富Ga。矽卡岩型铅锌矿床闪锌矿具有明显的贫Ga、Ge的特征,这可能是由于矽卡岩化过程中稀散元素Ga、Ge大量进入早期矽卡岩矿物,进而导致了成矿流体以及随后形成的闪锌矿中Ga、Ge的贫化。综上所述,闪锌矿中稀散元素富集与否和富集程度受成矿物质来源、成矿流体性质以及流体演化过程等多因素的综合控制。(4)扬子板块周缘铅锌矿床闪锌矿的微量元素(稀散元素)组成特征指示了它们形成于中低温成矿环境,稀散元素的富集规律与其它MVT型铅锌矿床类似。     

湘黔下寒武统黑色岩系不同矿物组合中的铂族元素特征

贵州遵义和湖南张家界黑色岩系中的矿物组合非常复杂,用X射线衍射仪分析并结合前人的研究成果,显示其中的硫化物矿物、粘土矿物和有机质含量较高;经破碎和分选流程对样品进行处理后,用ICP-MS方法测定了黑色页岩和分选后样品中的铂族元素含量,对贵州遵义和湖南张家界黑色岩系中的铂族元素赋存特征进行研究,结果表明:贵州遵义和湖南张家界的黑色页岩系中赋存高含量的铂族元素,且含量表现较高的稳定性;低温氧化条件下,铂族元素的化学活动性足以使之以相当规模活化、迁移并在还原条件下沉淀富集;经强风化淋滤作用,富含碳硫钼矿黑色页岩中铂族各元素含量都有不同程度的降低;绝大部分的铂族元素富集于黑色页岩的有机质和黄铁矿中;铂族元素的分布模式具规律性,铂族元素的明显分异说明此黑色页岩的分布模式不具有地外物质的特征。     

云南永平卓潘新生代碱性杂岩体的元素地球化学和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素特征及地质意义

云南永平卓潘碱性杂岩体是金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带中的重要岩体,位于兰坪走滑拉分盆地西部.该岩体的主要岩石类型为辉石正长岩、正长岩和霞石正长岩等.岩石地球化学显示高碱、高K2O/Na2O比值、低TiO2、高Al2O3的超钾质钾玄岩系列岩石.微量元素表现为富集K、Rb、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素（LILE）,亏损Ta、Nb、Ti、P、Zr等高场强元素（HFSE）,表现为明显的“Ta-Nb-Ti”负异常,同时富集过渡性元素Cr、Ni、Co等.稀土元素为稀土总量高,富集LREE、（La/Yb）N比值高、Eu异常不明显为特征.（^87 Sr/^86 Sr）i比值为0.707611～0.709167、εNd（t）值为-4.89～-6.57,206Pb/204Pb变化于18.6886～18.7022、207Pb/204Pb变化于15.6169～15.63493、208Pb/204Pb变化于38.7972～38.8927,显示岩浆源区具有富集地幔（EM Ⅱ）与下地壳共同作用的壳幔过渡带特征,构造环境判别为大陆弧（CAP）环境.岩体是在碰撞造山过程中大陆板片俯冲,使曾经遭受古洋壳板片流体强烈交代的壳幔过渡带在上升的软流圈熔体的注入而发生部分熔融,在走滑拉分盆地的核心部位沿构造断裂上升侵位而形成.     

Drinking water quality in villages of southwestern Haryana,India: assessing human health risks associated with hydrochemistry

The chemical quality of groundwater of western Haryana, India was assessed for its suitability for drinking purposes. A total of 275 water samples were collected from deep aquifer based hand-pumps situated in 37 different villages/towns of Bhiwani region. The water samples were analyzed for different physico-chemical properties, e.g., pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total harness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and fluoride concentrations. In this study, the average TDS content was greater ranging 1,692 (Bhiwani block) to 2,560 mg l⁻¹ (Siwani block), and other important parameters of water, e.g., TA (442–1,232 mg l⁻¹), TH (437–864 mg l⁻¹) and bicarbonate (554–672 mg l⁻¹), were also higher than maximum permissible limit by WHO or BIS. The fluoride appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in this region. We recorded greater fluoride concentration, i.e., 86.0 mg l⁻¹ from Motipura village that is highest fluoride level ever recorded for Haryana state. The average fluoride concentration ranged between 7.1 and 0.8 mg l⁻¹ in different blocks of western Haryana. On the basis of fluoride concentration, Siwani block showed the maximum number of water samples (84% of total collected samples) unsuitable for drinking purposes (containing fluoride >1.5 mg l⁻¹) followed by Charki Dadri block (58%), Bhiwani block (52%), Bawani Khera block (33%) and Loharu block (14%). This study clearly suggest that some health deteriorating chemicals in drinking water were at dangerous level and; therefore, water quality could be a major health threat for local residents of western Haryana. The high fluoride level in drinking water has posed some serious dental health risks in local residents.     

Geomorphological hazards related to deep dissolution phenomena in the Western Italian Alps: Distribution, assessment and interaction with human activities

Deep dissolution affects great part of soluble rocks (e.g. gypsum and anhydrite) of the Western Italian Alps. The related superficial phenomena (sinkholes, gravity-induced processes and a local worsening of geomechanical rock properties) are not limited to typical karsts landscape and cause slope instability also affecting populated sites and infrastructures. The paper aims to describe general characteristic of dissolution phenomena, to interpret their conditioning factors and evolutionary stages and to assess possible hazards due to their superficial effects.The search for evidences of deep dissolution leads to the selection of representative sites in the central part of the Western Italian Alps (Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Region). Detailed geological and geomorphological studies have been used to classify the selected sites by type, size and variable state of activity. Very different evolutionary stages of dissolution phenomena have been interpreted by comparison of case-studies: some are early “embryonic”; others are more evolved, up to typical sinkholes, or even remodelled by other phenomena. Some cases show an extreme complexity in the interactions between corrosion phenomena and other geomorphic processes: slope deformations, from one side, and karst, fluvial and glacial phenomena, to the other. A wide range of movement rates on slope instabilities induced by deep dissolution have been estimated by topographic and geomorphic data. Geochemical data on removed rocks by dissolution indicate 0.4 mm/year values for local subsidence. Historical and technical data indicate low frequency of major dissolution-induced collapses, but highlight widespread damages to tunnels, roads and buildings, especially along slopes.     

安徽东顾山钨矿床白钨矿主微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素特征及其对成矿作用的指示

安徽东顾山矿床是长江中下游成矿带长江以北发现的首例大型矽卡岩型钨矿床。该矿床的成矿岩浆岩为黑云母花岗岩,成矿时代为97.22Ma,成矿作用明显不同区内140Ma斑岩型铜金矿床和130Ma玢岩型铁矿床。本文通过对东顾山矿床中矽卡岩阶段和氧化物阶段白钨矿开展EPMA矿物主量元素、LA-ICP MS微量元素分析和Sr-Nd同位素测试分析,对矿床成矿流体的演化和成矿物质来源进行了系统研究。矿床中两类白钨矿稀土元素和Mo~(6+)含量演化特征均指示成矿流体氧逸度逐渐减弱。两类白钨矿的εNd(t)范围为-17.7~-16.2,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值为0.70956~0.71113,指示东顾山矿床的成矿物质来自地壳,并由董岭群变质基底提供了部分成矿物质。东顾山矿床与长江中下游成矿带及邻区鸡头山矿床、大湖塘矿床中的白钨矿同位素特征差别较大,指示钨矿床的成矿物质来源除了江南式基底和双桥山群基底外,董岭式基底可以为钨矿床提供成矿物质,因此南钨北移的界限可以越过长江深断裂。