动态应力触发研究进展

本文从库仑破裂应力与动态应力触发原理、观测事实与研究现状以及存在的问题与展望等3个方面介绍了动态应力触发的研究进展。其中,在主震对余震活动、强震对后续远场地震活动、不同破裂类型的地震之间及强震对火山(泥火山)的动态应力触发作用、一次大地震中子事件之间的动态应力触发关系以及动态应力触发的时间延迟等方面进行了详细讨论。分析认为,动态应力触发理论在解释震后余震分布、远程触发以及对火山触发性喷发等方面得到了较好的结果;动态应力触发可能会受断层破裂方式和方向的影响;大地震中子事件之间的动态应力触发关系对震源研究有重要意义;动态应力触发现象普遍存在时间延迟。     

地震应力触发研究

介绍地震应力触发基本理论．从地震静态和动态应力触发、粘弹性模型在地震应力触发中的应用、火山喷发或爆炸与地震触发及地震触发的其它解释等几个方面，综述近年来地震应力触发的研究进展，并对地震应力触发研究近期的发展进行展望．      

云南澜沧-耿马Ms7.6地震的完全库仑破裂应力变化与后续地震的动态、静态应力触发

计算和研究了1988年云南澜沧-耿马Ms7.6地震产生的完全库仑破裂应力变化的时空演化图像, 对继澜沧地震13 min后发生的耿马M7.2地震的应力触发问题进行了分析, 同时也对澜沧-耿马地震后24 d内发生的Ms5.0~6.9后续强余震的应力触发问题进行了探讨. 结果显示, 澜沧地震断层破裂产生的完全库仑破裂应力变化空间分布图像具有很强的非对称性, 正值的动态和静态库仑破裂应力变化区域均具有与强余震分布位置吻合较好的现象. 耿马Ms7.2地震受到了澜沧Ms7.6地震产生动态和静态库仑破裂应力的触发作用; 绝大多数后续强余震受到了动、静态库仑破裂应力的综合触发作用.     

动态应力作用与地震机制的初步研究

运用三维非线性动态有限元计算仿真方法研究了动态应力的作用及其与地震机制的关系. 结果表明地震产生的冲击力在加载与卸载过程中形成的应力波,在遇断层时多次反射并发生半波损失,反射的应力波叠加或干涉而形成的动态应力使围压减小和波动. 地震动态应力使围压产生低值波动,一方面使围压减小、摩擦力减小;另一方面,使裂纹串通、介质松动、接触面变平,降低摩擦系数、减小剪切强度. 由此均导致抗剪强度降低,从而触发地震. 动态应力作用时间短,触发地震大小与动态应力大小成正比、与距离成反比,触发地震位置、过程与孕震体断层产状有关.     

关于应力触发地震机理的讨论

应力触发地震问题的研究对于地震机理和预测具有重要的意义。 该文围绕潮汐力触发和地震应力触发问题, 简要回顾应力触发地震的野外观测与研究概况, 综述应力触发实验和模拟取得的成果, 简述新的实验结果, 并在此基础上探讨应力触发地震的机理, 分析取得的进展和存在的主要问题。     

断层相互作用与地震触发机制研究回顾与展望

断层相互作用与地震触发关系研究是震源物理学领域的热点问题,能够帮助认识强震的孕育过程与物理机理,在地震危险性分析与预测研究中也有良好的应用前景.前人的综述文章从应力触发的基本原理、方法、适用性及多个震例研究的角度,提供了详细的阐述,然而从地震活动性分析这一角度对地震触发的介绍并不详尽,也未对这两个角度的结合和互补提供进一步的探讨.本文从物理模型和统计模型两个角度,综述了过去几十年针对断层相互作用和地震触发机制研究的成果与进展;通过介绍速率-状态摩擦律,展现这一科学问题的内在统一性,并对目前存在的问题和未来的可能研究方向进行了梳理和展望.从物理模型角度,着重分析了断层相互作用来源的几个重要机制：静态应力触发、动态应力触发和黏弹性应力触发,以及计算的基本原理和方法.在统计模型方面,介绍了地震活动性分析的基本原理和方法,重点分析了ETAS模型和b值在断层相互作用和地震触发机制中的应用.从两个模型结合的角度,指出两者互相验证的统一内涵以及速率-状态摩擦律的基本原理和方法.分析指出通过库仑应力计算和ETAS模型这两种不同的角度,可以综合研究多断层或地震之间的应力相互作用,并提供交叉验证,增加结果...     

基于钻孔应变观测资料分析远震造成的动态库仑应力变化

已有证据充分证明了大地震远震触发作用的存在.为认识其机理,需要深入探究大地震产生的远场动态应力对断层面应力及断层地震活动性的影响.四分量钻孔应变仪作为超宽频地壳应力监测的重要手段,可以直接记录地震波传来时造成的动态水平应变和应力,这些资料对动态库仑应力变化及其影响的研究有着重要意义,而迄今尚未得到足够重视和应用.本文通过对高台、通化台的四分量钻孔应变仪记录到的2018年太平洋地区4次大地震事件数据进行分析,识别出了P波、S波和面波等不同震相,运用应力花瓣方法分析了它们的特点,计算了它们各自引起的动态应力变化,展示了利用钻孔应变实际观测资料定量研究不同震级大小、不同震中距离的远震地震波在台站位置处的地壳造成动态应力变化的可行性.研究发现,台站位置处动态应力变化的主应力轴方向大体与震中方位角一致,并讨论了对台站附近断层面上动态库仑应力的影响.定量计算结果表明,这4次地震在高台、通化台附近断层面产生的动态库仑应力变化峰值在数百帕量级,低于一般认为的动态触发阈值,也的确没有观测到被动态触发地震活动.但是本文的思路和方法,对今后更大远震可能产生的触发效应提供了研究基础.     

地震动态触发机制的初步研究

提出地震的动态触发模式。用三维非线性动态有限元方法研究了地震的动态触发的可能机制。模拟结果表明,应力波在反射后发生半波损失,压缩波可以转变成拉伸波,反之亦然。因此,动应力包含有拉伸应力。拉伸波叠加或干涉形成较大的动态应力,减小围压,因此减小了内摩擦力,从而触发地震,研究表明断层形态会影响动态应力,认为地震触 发的位置与孕震体边界形状有关。本文还结合有关地学理论和资料,对以上结果进行了相应的分析并给出物理解释。     

应力触发模型研究进展概述

对应力触发问题的研究从20世纪60年代至今已近半个世纪。这半个世纪以来,地震专家和学者通过对大量震例的分析和比较,在应力触发问题某些方面的研究逐渐从探索性趋向系统性。主要从静态库仑破裂应力、动态库仑破裂应力和完整库仑破裂应力3方面简要概述其对地震触发的作用。     

M_s8.0汶川地震对M_s7.0芦山地震成核失稳的影响Mw

依据速率-状态依赖性摩擦本构关系,并结合中下地壳和上地幔的黏弹性松弛效应,以震后库仑破裂应力变化和同震动态库仑破裂应力变化的计算为基础,模拟了两种应力变化对芦山地震断层的失稳发震时间的影响,研究了2008年Ms8.0汶川地震与2013年Ms7.0芦山地震之间的触发关系.计算得到,汶川地震在芦山地震震源断层面上产生的动态应力变化的峰值为0.127 MPa;此外,经过近5年中下地壳和上地幔的黏弹性松弛效应,芦山地震震源断层面上受到的震后应力变化值为0.025 MPa.结果表明,芦山地震的震源断层在应力积累逐渐接近临界状态的某一特定时期内,受到了汶川地震产生的动态应力变化、静态应力变化以及黏弹性松弛效应造成应力变化的共同触发作用,且动态应力的延迟触发作用可能更为显著.最后对芦山地震之后研究区域的应力变化场进行了初步探讨.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.