迟缓爱德华氏菌胶体金快速检测试纸的研制

本研究用纳米胶体金颗粒标记抗迟缓爱德华氏菌(AL60306NA1)单克隆抗体3A7并制备金标垫,将抗迟缓爱德华氏菌(AL60306NA1)单克隆抗体4F11与羊抗鼠抗体作为捕获抗体包被硝酸纤维素膜,建立迟缓爱德华氏菌的胶体金免疫层析快速检测方法。经过对试纸条的特异性和灵敏度测定,结果表明:试纸条与嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、豚鼠气单胞菌、海安气单胞菌、产碱假单胞菌、无乳链球菌、大肠埃希杆菌、哈维氏弧菌、鳗弧菌、创伤弧菌、副溶血弧菌、类志贺邻单胞菌、鲁氏不动杆菌等15种水产常见病原菌没有交叉反应,与迟缓爱德华氏菌特异性反应,检测灵敏度为1×105cfu.mL-1,检测所需时间低于20min。所制备的迟缓爱德华氏菌胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条具有快速、简便、特异性高和适应基层生产推广应用等优点。     

4株长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)致病性哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)鉴定及其毒力基因检测

为明确江苏连云港养殖长牡蛎大规模死亡病因,对分离自长牡蛎的4株病原菌开展了致病性、表型特征、分子特征等研究,结果表明4株病原菌均具致病性,4株病原菌ML1、ML2、ML3、ML4对长牡蛎的半数致死量LD50分别为2.8×105、1.1×105、1.8×105和1.6×105 CFU/mL;4株病原菌均为呈短杆状革兰氏阴性细菌,氧化酶阳性,还原硝酸盐,能利用甘露醇、纤维二糖,形态及理化特性结果表明4株分离菌与弧菌属的哈维氏弧菌亲缘关系最近;16SrRNA、gyrB、rpoA基因同源性检索及系统发育学分析结果表明4株分离菌与GenBank数据库中哈维氏弧菌的基因序列相似性最高且在系统发育树中聚为1个分支;根据4株分离菌的致病性、表型与分子特征,表明引起长牡蛎大规模死亡的病原为哈维氏弧菌。为进一步明确分离菌株毒力基因的携带情况,检测了分离鉴定的4株病原菌的9种毒力基因,结果表明,4株病原菌均可检测到luxR、toxR、vhhA和vhhB 4种毒力基因,扩增片段大小分别为679bp、390bp、1324bp和216bp,其他5种毒力基因未检测到,且分离鉴定的4株病原哈维氏弧菌携带相同的毒力基因,这些毒力基因可作为检测致病性哈维氏弧菌的分子标记。     

副溶血弧菌胶体金快速检测试纸的研制及应用

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是海水养殖动物弧菌病的主要病原菌之一。为实现对该菌的现场快速检测,本文以制备的兔抗副溶血弧菌多克隆抗体作为金标抗体,提取副溶血弧菌的外膜蛋白、鞭毛蛋白、胞外产物和全菌蛋白,以不同浓度的4种抗原蛋白作为4条检测线(T1~T4),特别在T4线设置全菌蛋白,基于竞争免疫层析原理研制出副溶血弧菌胶体金快速检测试纸。使用该试纸检测了副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)、溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)和鱼肠道弧菌(V.ichthyoenteri),检测结果表明其能够准确鉴别副溶血弧菌感染,排除其他菌的交叉反应干扰。副溶血弧菌快速检测试纸的最低检测限为5×105 cfu·mL^-1,感染副溶血弧菌的牙鲆组织的检测结果与ELISA结果一致。本文研制的试纸具有较高的特异性与准确性且操作简单,为现场快速检测副溶血弧菌提供了有力工具。     

一株许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)肠道乳酸菌的分离鉴定及特性分析

为筛选具有广谱抑菌活性的乳酸菌用于微生态制剂开发,本研究自野生许氏平鲉肠道内共分离出35株细菌,从中筛选出1株乳酸菌YH1,其革兰氏染色呈阳性,且可发酵脱脂乳产生凝固、无气泡、呈酸性现象,基于形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列鉴定乳酸菌YH1为食窦魏斯氏菌。分析了酸碱度、温度和NaCl含量对食窦魏斯氏菌YH1生长的影响;选取金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜水气单胞菌、溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌、鳗弧菌、假交替单胞菌和哈维氏弧菌等多种病原指示菌,以琼脂扩散法测定YH1培养12h产物的抑菌活性;并采用肌肉注射和腹腔注射两种方式对YH1的动物安全性进行检测。实验结果显示,食窦魏斯氏菌YH1适宜的生长条件为pH5.7—8.8、温度20—40oC,最适生长条件为pH7.2—8.4,温度35oC,在MRS培养基中添加NaCl会抑制YH1的生长;食窦魏斯氏菌YH1的无菌培养产物可显著抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜水气单胞菌、溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌、鳗弧菌、假交替单胞菌、哈维氏弧菌等病原指示菌的生长;食窦魏斯氏菌YH1在10~8CFU/m L及以下浓度对许氏平鲉是相对安全的。以上研究表明了食窦魏斯氏菌YH1具有广谱抑菌性和动物安全性,为其应用于水产养殖业奠定了理论基础。     

4株对虾肠道益生菌的筛选及鉴定

采用体外拮抗试验的方法,先从不同生长阶段的对虾肠道中分离的96株细菌中筛选出4株对病原菌（鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌）有拮抗作用的细菌;进一步通过固体扩散法和液体混合法确定LV060806、LV060808的产物对鳗弧菌有明显抑制作用,Lv060806、LV060815的产物对副溶血弧菌有明显抑制作用,LV060810、LV060815的产物对哈维氏弧菌有明显抑制作用。溶血试验证实这些菌株不产生溶血素,不具有潜在的致病性;动物安全性实验证实菌株浓度在10^6 cfu／ml以下对实验对虾无明显的毒害作用。随后测定了其16S rRNA基因序列,分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性,构建了系统发生树,结合菌株表型特征和生理生化特性最终鉴定结果为：LV060806、LV060808为Vibrio natriegens;LV060810、LV060815为V.alginolyticus。     

4 种病原弧菌外膜蛋白的提取及抗原性初步分析

利用十二烷基磺酸钠抽提并结合超速离心的方法提取了鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、河口弧菌(V.aestuarianus)、霍乱弧菌(V.cholerae)和副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)4种致病性弧菌的主要外膜蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE分析比较4种弧菌主要外膜蛋白的组分。结果表明:4株弧菌的外膜蛋白电泳图谱一般可得到5～10条蛋白带,分子量多数集中在26~40 kD和48~85 kD。对所提取的4种弧菌主要外膜蛋白进行SDS-PAGE后,分别与自制的兔抗鳗弧菌血清、抗河口弧菌血清、抗副溶血弧菌血清进行Western-blotting印迹分析。结果显示每种全菌抗血清可与相应菌的外膜蛋白部分组分发生免疫反应,并与其他3种弧菌外膜蛋白的部分组分产生交叉免疫反应,这些反应条带分子量主要集中于30~48 kD之间。本研究为进一步研究致病性弧菌外膜蛋白免疫学特性提供参考。     

6种海洋致病性弧菌36kDa外膜蛋白特性分析

研究本着筛选和制备弧菌共同外膜蛋白亚单位疫苗,用十二烷基肌氨酸钠抽提并结合超速离心的方法提取了鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、鱼肠道弧菌(V.ichthyoenteri)、溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)、副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)和创伤弧菌(V.vulnificus)6种海洋致病性弧菌的主要外膜蛋白, SDS-PAGE图谱比较发现这6种弧菌都存在36 kDa的外膜蛋白条带.通过电泳洗脱分离纯化这6种弧菌的36 kDa外膜蛋白,并制备了鳗弧菌菌株SJ060621的36 kDa外膜蛋白多抗.ELISA和Western-blot印迹结果显示,仅鳗弧菌SJ060621、S010610-1和哈维氏弧菌的36 kDa外膜蛋白存在免疫交叉反应;双向电泳分析了鳗弧菌SJ060621、S010610-1、哈维氏弧菌和溶藻弧菌的36 kDa外膜蛋白,2-DE图谱显示出鳗弧菌SJ060621和S010610-1均由3种等电点相近的蛋白组成,存在很高的同源性,2株鳗弧菌与溶藻弧菌和哈维氏弧菌在蛋白质组成数量和等电点上都存在较大的差异,结果说明通过主要外膜蛋白的分子量和免疫特性研究,可为筛选不同弧菌共同外膜蛋白的亚单位疫苗提供有利参考.     

养殖石斑鱼溃疡病病原哈维氏弧菌胞外产物的研究

以网箱养殖的患溃疡病青石斑鱼(Epinephlus awoara)和斜带石斑鱼(Epinephlus co-ioides)分离的哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)TS-628菌株为研究对象,采用平板玻璃纸覆盖技术,获得该菌株的胞外产物(ECP),并对其成分进行分析。利用杯碟法研究表明,哈维氏弧菌TS-628菌株的胞外产物具有酪蛋白酶、明胶蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、卵磷脂酶等多种酶活性和溶血活性,且溶血性物质具有热不稳定性。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)及考马斯亮蓝R-250染色分析表明,ECP蛋白条带主要集中在分子质量范围25.0~66.2 ku之间,经不同时间培养所获得的ECP在凝胶上显示出的蛋白条带几乎一致。采用复性电泳方法(G-PAGE)分析了哈维氏弧菌及其它4种弧菌属细菌的ECP蛋白酶活性,结果发现哈维氏弧菌ECP在酸性条件下,蛋白酶活性较强,在碱性条件下,蛋白酶带明显减少,活性很弱。在相同的pH条件下,5种弧菌中以副溶血弧菌的ECP蛋白酶活性最强,种类多,分子质量范围宽;而哈维氏弧菌的蛋白酶带较少,活性也稍弱。     

从患病黑鲪分离病原菌HV0811的鉴定及其系统发育分析

从症状为溃疡瞎眼的养殖黑鲪(Sebastodes fuscescens)病灶处分离到3株优势菌HV0811、PT0811和JH0811,以肌肉注射人工感染实验证实菌株HV0811为致病菌,其对黑鲪的半致死浓度为7.15×10~5 CFU/尾。通过对致病菌的形态学观察、生理生化分析表明:菌株HV0811为革兰氏阴性菌,极生单鞭毛,短杆状,直径1～3mm,需Na+生长,低于4℃、高于42℃不生长。基于16SrRNA和HSP60基因序列构建的系统发育树表明:HV0811分别与哈维氏弧菌(AY750578和AY332571)相类聚,其中16SrRNA基因序列与哈维氏弧菌(AY750578)聚合置信度较低,仅有10%,不能有效地确定该种;HSP60基因序列与哈维氏弧菌(AY332571)聚合为一个分支的置信度达100%。综合该菌的形态、生理生化及HSP60基因序列比对结果,表明分离到的病原菌HV0811为哈维氏弧菌。药敏试验结果显示病原哈维氏弧菌(HV0811)对庆大霉素、新霉素、氟哌酸等较为敏感。     

一株副溶血弧菌qdfsVp001的分离与鉴定

用弧菌选择从牙鲆饲育水中分离出1株细菌qdfsVp001,对该菌在培养基上的菌落形态、生理生化特性及其16SrDNA基因序列进行研究,结果表明该菌在TCBS平板上呈现大的蓝绿色菌落,在弧菌显色培养基上呈现紫色菌落,其生理生化特性具有副溶血弧菌的典型特征。16SrD-NA基因序列及系统发育树分析表明,该菌与弧菌的亲缘关系最近,其中尤与副溶血弧菌最为相似。结合qdfsVp001的形态、生理生化及16SrDNA基因序列分析结果,确定该菌株是1株副溶血弧菌。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.