鲁中山区地形对山东省一次暴雨影响的敏感性数值模拟试验

利用PSU/NCAR MM5V3中尺度数值模式进行了鲁中山区地形对一次台风暴雨的数值模拟敏感性试验,结果分析表明:鲁中山区地形作用对山东省暴雨有重要影响,迎风坡可引起低层气流和水汽的辐合上升运动增强,降水量增加,但偏北气流在迎风坡的水汽辐合不明显,降水量影响不大;山顶引起低层辐合上升运动减弱,辐散下沉运动增强,降水量减小;背风坡引起低层气流和水汽的辐合上升运动增强,降水量增加。     

四川盆地东北部一次突发性暴雨事件的影响系统分析

利用ERA5再分析资料、新一代雷达拼图资料,探究了2017年5月初四川盆地东北部一次突发性暴雨事件的影响系统及动力影响因子。结果表明:此次暴雨事件的主要影响系统有中纬500 hPa东移低槽、西伸的西太平洋副热带高压、对流层中低层的西南低空急流以及低层切变线。大尺度的低空急流与中小尺度的山区低空急流的叠加使四川盆地东北部形成正涡度柱和低层强辐合柱的动力耦合,低空急流最大风速出口辐合上升区与地形的辐合抬升作用叠加形成盆地东北部强烈的垂直上升运动,成为山地暴雨突发的动力触发条件,因低空急流建立的位势不稳定层结构成暴雨的热力条件。冷空气自低层逐渐向高层侵入是暴雨第二阶段增幅的主要原因。盆地东北部地形是本次暴雨的另一个增幅因子,其对暴雨过程中垂直上升运动有加强作用,秦巴山脉迎风坡的抬升作用对暴雨第一阶段的降水量贡献较大,青藏高原东麓背风坡的辐合效应对第二阶段降水量贡献较大。此外,盆地东北部山地对东移的中尺度对流系统有阻挡作用,使其停滞并旺盛发展。     

泰山地形对一次局地强降水过程动力作用的数值模拟分析

文章针对2005年9月2日发生在济宁郭楼镇的一次泰山背风下游区局地特大暴雨过程（438 mm/7 h）,利用济南SA雷达资料和WRF中尺度数值模式资料,分析了泰山山区地形造成的对流层中低层大气动力过程及其对暴雨中尺度系统的影响,开展了地形敏感性数值试验。结果表明：对流层低层回流南下的东北气流受鲁中山区地形影响,水平方向发生绕流,垂直方向被迫抬升,从而在泰山背风向的暴雨区附近形成准定常的绕流汇合区和重力波扰动区,两项作用强迫的垂直运动,与天气系统辐合区共同作用触发该地区的对流活动,并使移入该地的对流系统增强和维持。改变地形后引起低层风场和散度场变化,进而影响降雨带中的强降水落区和强度,但对主雨带的分布无明显影响。     

天山地形对新疆强降水天气影响的数值模拟研究

2009年5月24日夜间~26日夜间,新疆地区自西向东出现了明显的降水、大风、降温天气过程。为研究此次天气过程中天山地形的作用,本文用WRFV3.1模式对其进行了数值模拟,并通过改变天山山脉的地形高度设计了一组敏感性试验没,分析了天山地形对此次强天气过程中大风和降温的影响作用。结果表明,（1）天山山脉的地形作用是此次强降水天气过程在天山山区形成暴雨的主要原因之一;随着地形的升高,雨带在天山迎风坡一侧的带状分布特征越明显,迎风坡一侧的降水量极值越大;地形的抬升作用对暴雨在山脉迎风坡一侧的降雨量有明显的增幅作用,对其雨带分布也有显著影响;（2）天山山脉对5﹒25强降水天气过程中的西南暖湿气流有明显的分流与阻挡作用。天山山脉将西南暖湿气流分为南北两支,使北支的水汽混合比极大值减小,湿区范围增大;使南支的水汽混合比极大值增大,湿区范围增大。（3）天山山脉的地形抬升作用为5﹒25强降水过程在天山山区发生暴雨天气创造了水汽的垂直上升运动条件,对昆仑山北坡暖湿气流的垂直上升运动的也有一定的贡献作用。     

太行山对北京“7.21”特大暴雨的影响及水汽敏感性分析的数值研究

运用GRAPES_Meso模式对2012年7月21—22日发生在北京地区附近的特大暴雨过程进行数值模拟和地形、水汽的敏感性试验。地形敏感性试验发现,在这次特大暴雨过程中,由于太行山北端的阻挡作用,使得气流和水汽辐合、抬升,加强了对流过程;对流层低层山前东南风和西南风、北风的辐合带增大了气旋性涡度,使东移到北京的低涡稳定维持5 h左右,对降水有明显的增幅作用;而且地形起伏和地形海拔高度对降水都有明显增幅作用,地形起伏的增幅作用较地形高度的大。水汽敏感性试验发现在这次特大暴雨过程中,水汽条件较小的变化,会导致水汽输送的明显差异,从而导致降水量显著地改变。     

北雁荡山地形对2020年“黑格比”台风暴雨影响的数值模拟

2020年第4号台风“黑格比”在浙南登陆后过境北雁荡山期间在山区引发了特大暴雨。基于中尺度数值模式WRFV4.0.2对台风进行高分辨率数值模拟,分析北雁荡山地形对此次台风暴雨的作用,并设置了升降地形敏感性试验。结果表明:数值试验较好地模拟了台风移动及特大暴雨的落区和强度,台风大风区明显不对称分布,台风登陆后第一、四象限过境山区,其东侧强偏南气流向山区输送了充足水汽。台风登陆前山区低空存在一条由台风内核拖曳出的狭长螺旋辐合带,水汽通量辐合与风场辐合相一致。台风眼墙过境时沿着降水中心的迎风坡有强烈上升运动,动力条件极好,水汽输送带由近地面向对流层低层延展,山区有零星对流单体触发加强。台风后部环流影响时在高海拔山区风速减弱、绕流激发了中尺度低涡,强降水中心迎风坡上出现持续性、停滞不动的强正涡度中心,是特大暴雨发生的主要原因。地形敏感性试验中无地形时降水减幅40%~50%,地形高度翻倍降水增幅超过60%。     

地形影响下海河流域北系强降水成因分析

利用区域自动站观测和NCAR/NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对比2012-2014年海河流域北系4次强降水过程成因,重点分析地形对强降水过程的影响。分析结果表明,4次强降水过程均属于低槽类暴雨,高空槽是影响流域北系强降水的主要影响系统,副热带高压、低层辐合系统对暴雨强度、位置及持续时间存在明显影响。此外,除能量及水汽的积聚外,地形对海河流域北系降水强度有明显增幅作用。风场与地形相配合的地形抬升是降雨增幅的动力因子。在水平方向上,呈"V"形分布的上升运动区,对应燕山山脉迎风坡坡度较大地区;在垂直方向上,地形强迫引起的低层上升运动中心与天气系统抬升引起的中高层上升运动中心逐渐合并加强。地形阻挡导致的水汽通量辐合也是迎风坡降雨增幅的重要因子,低层地形引起的水汽辐合明显强于中层天气系统引起的水汽辐合。     

地形对海南岛冬季暴雨影响的数值试验

利用中尺度WRF模式,针对2013年12月14-15日海南岛东南沿岸(五指山山脉的迎风坡)出现的罕见暴雨过程,从地形角度出发设计了一组控制试验和两组敏感性试验,探讨地形对冬季暴雨的影响及可能机制。结果表明:WRF模式能够较合理地模拟出本次降水过程特征以及相关气象要素的变化过程。五指山脉可使对流层低层偏东风和东南风在山前加强、汇合形成辐合带并长时间维持,降水出现在辐合带上。在偏东气流影响下,地形促使其东侧出现有利于水汽抬升的"低层辐合、高层辐散"环流配置,同时阻挡了中低层暖湿气流向西输送,造成地形东侧水汽大量聚集,为暴雨发生发展提供动力条件和充足的水汽。地形均一试验进一步表明,地形高度及起伏共同作用对水平流场分布、垂直运动发展以及水汽输送等影响更为显著,对暴雨增幅作用更为明显,使得降水的分布形式更为复杂。     

喇叭口地形对一次暴雨影响的数值试验

对2006年8月27～28日甘肃省中南部大暴雨过程进行数值模拟,模拟结果较好地复制了此次暴雨过程以及与之相联系的影响此次过程的中尺度对流系统的发生、发展过程。喇叭口地形使甘谷降水增加明显,抬高地形对地形迎风坡上空低层辐合及上升运动有显著的加强作用,且其动力抬升作用主要体现在降水发生前和发生时。     

“21·7”河南特大暴雨水汽和急流特征诊断分析

2021年7月中下旬在河南省发生了一场极端强降水过程,暴雨持续时间长,累计降水量大,落区集中,造成了严重的人员伤亡。基于自动站雨量数据和ERA5再分析数据探讨了多尺度系统、急流和地形对水汽的输送和辐合及降水形成的重要作用和影响机制。结果发现:暴雨发生在远距离台风影响的有利环流背景之下,大量来自西太平洋的水汽从边界层和对流层低层进入河南东侧,来自南海的水汽从南侧对流层中低层进入降水区,在低涡、切变线和辐合线的共同作用下,引发强降水。低空急流与边界层急流的耦合形成低层水汽辐合上升中心,地形起到了动力阻挡抬升和热力抬升作用,并与急流综合作用,使强降水呈带状出现在山前,且20日位于豫中,21日在豫北。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.