层结大气中烟气扩散的实验和数值模拟

利用不同密度分层的盐水模拟稳定大气层结条件,对复杂地形上的烟气绕流及其扩散规律进行实验研究,是一个被实践证明行之有效的方法。同时对低层逆温中出现的烟气扩散现象也得到了独特的效果。且水中实验具有可视化的优点,可以得到直观的显示图像。通过烟气扩散灰度的变化,也可对其浓度量化,使定性研究又取得了进展。特别是对复杂地形所做的数值模拟计算与实验的相互验证,取得两者相一致的结果。     

A numerical simulation of flow and concentration fields on mountain lee-side

In the present paper the numerical integration of the atmospheric thermodynamic equation system is carried out to simulate the flow and concentration fields over a two-dimensional mountain. The concentration distri-butions from a continuous elevated release point at different positions on the lee-side under a variety of atmos-pheric stabilities are calculated to examine the effects of topography on the diffusion of pollutants. The comparison between the results calculated by the model and those observed in field experiments indicates that the model can predict the transport and diffusion of pollutants under different atmospheric conditions over complex terrain and may become an applicable tool for solving the air quality problems in mountain areas.     

The Numerical Simulation on Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of the Spray Atomized from Flood Discharging by Hydropower Station over Complex Terrain

Summary  A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic numerical model with high spatial resolution, in which a simple energy closure scheme is employed, has been developed to simulate the spray dispersion over complex terrain. The evaporation, condensation, and dispersion of the spray and moisture are taken into account in model equations. The term of latent heat due to phase transformation is considered in detail to account for its effects on the temperature field and airflow. As an application of the model, the spray concentration and air relative humidity are calculated under neutral condition. The results indicate that under the neutral condition, the spray is transported to about 0.6 km downwind from the source, and its effects on the air humidity reach a further distance of 0.9 km downwind from the source. Attention is given to the dependence of the results upon the various factors influencing the simulation, such as the intensity of the source, the atmospheric stratification, and the dynamic factor of the terrain. Some numerical tests were carried out to provide extra insight to the effects of these factors. It has been demonstrated that the simulation results such as relative humidity and temperature are sensitive to these factors, especially to the thermal stratification. Under unstable conditions, the effects of the spray source increase significantly, and the variation extent of the temperature, relative humidity and flow field is larger than that under neutral condition. The effects of dynamic and thermal factors on the air flow field are discussed through the comparison of the modeling results over complex terrain and flat terrain. Received June 8, 1998 Revised April 17, 1999     

中性层结下局地平缓地形起沙的次网格参数化研究

局地地形起沙对沙尘模式的预报精度具有重要影响。基于狭管与下滑效应以及气流过山的已有研究成果,研究了中性层结与局地平缓地形条件下风速在这两种效应下次网格参数化问题,然后基于平坦地形的起沙公式、引入局地地形的摩擦速度,得到了相应的次网格起沙公式,最后对狭管效应、下滑效应以及两效应的叠加进行了理想试验。试验表明:(1)对于狭管效应的次网格参数化问题,风从狭管的阔口进(出)、窄口出(进)时,风速、跃移通量与起沙量均增大(减小);(2)下滑效应致使风速、跃移通量与起沙量均增大,且山脚增幅大于山坡;(3)对于两种效应的叠加,当气流从狭管的阔口进、窄口出时,风速、跃移通量和起沙量同时增大,山脚风速大于山坡,大粒径沙粒跃移通量增幅大于小粒径沙粒。反之,窄口进、阔口出时,出入口宽度之比存在一临界值,大于此临界值,风速减小;反之增大。而且,除了在山脚的小粒径沙粒在一定风速条件下跃移通量会增大外,其余情况均减少。最后,提出了本参数化方法与数值模式耦合的分算法与整算法。     

Optimization of Upstream Profiles in Modelled Flow Over Complex Terrain

This paper describes an adjoint method for data assimilation intoupstream boundary conditions of numerical modelsusing optimal control theory. Mathematical formalisms are given along with the numerical implementation of the schemein a column model of the atmospheric boundary layer. The optimized mean and turbulence profiles are used as an upstream solutionin a model of turbulent flow in complex terrain. To contrast thiswith other methods, two solutions for flow over an isolatedhill are calculated, one with an optimized upstream solution andone with a simple surface-layer formulation for the upstream solution.These two solutions are compared to observations and analytical theory. The adjoint optimization method is shown to producesolutions of flow in complex terrain that are substantively differentat the two solutions, with the optimized solution giving more accurate results.     

京津冀站点风温湿要素的机器学习订正方法

基于线性回归方法、梯度提升回归方法(GBRT方法)、XGBoost方法和堆叠集成学习方法(Stacking方法)4种机器学习方法,采用误差分析建模思路,针对北京城市气象研究院研发的睿图-睿思系统对2020年12月—2021年11月所有起报时次未来3～12 h的2 m温度、2 m相对湿度、10 m风速以及10 m风向4种气象要素预报,开展京津冀复杂地形下的站点预报误差订正技术研究及试验应用。结果表明:基于预报误差分析构建的4种订正模型中,由于Stacking方法集成了前3种方法的优势,在4个季节的4种气象要素订正中均表现最佳,其他3种单一机器学习方法试验中,XGBoost方法表现最佳,其后依次为GBRT方法、线性回归方法,但均对预报准确率有明显的正向提升效果。总体上,基于机器学习方法构建的预报误差订正模型可有效降低系统原始预报误差,有助于进一步提升复杂地形下站点客观释用产品的预报准确性。     

Wind energy estimates by use of a diagnostic model

A diagnostic model is a relatively simple and practical tool for modeling the wind flow of the boundary layer in complex terrain. The model begins with a wind analysis based on available surface wind reports and geostrophic winds (computed from pressure data). The height of the boundary layer top (upper surface of the computational domain) is prescribed to fit local conditions. Using the continuity equation in terrain-following coordinates, the winds at mesh points are adjusted to produce nondivergence while maintaining the original vertical component of vorticity. The method of computing the nondivergent winds uses direct alterations. This method may be useful for other modeling purposes and will be described. Data for a long period (usually a year) are analyzed to obtain eigenvectors and the associated time series of their coefficients at each observation time. The model is run only for the five or six eigenvectors that explain most of the variance. The wind field at any particular time is reconstructed from the eigenvector solutions and their appropriate coefficients. Comparisons of model results with measured winds at sites representing different types of terrain will be shown. The accuracy and economy of the model make it a useful tool for estimating wind energy and also for giving wind fields for low-level diffusion models.     

采用隐式立方样条计算平流过程的数值模式及理想实验

本文介绍了一种用隐式立方样条求解平流方程的数值方法,并从理论上对其无条件稳定性进行了证明,在此基础上建立了一个在地形坐标系下的两维原始方程模式,模式在行星边界层参数化中引入了湍流动能方程,在模式顶部引入了吸收层.数值实验表明:模式有较好的计算稳定性,对较高的模式水平分辨率和复杂地形均有较强的适应能力;对复杂地形和下垫面非均匀热源条件下中尺度系统的模拟能获得合理的结果,并具有较高的精确度.     

Monte-Carlo 法模拟复杂地形对扩散的影响

不考虑边界层中层结作用，引入Kao得到的复杂地形中的平均流场分布和近十年来PBL实验和理论研究导出的新的湍流统计量参数化关系，本文用Monte-Carlo模式模拟了复杂地形对扩散的影响，结果表明:地形的影响主要是迎风坡抬升和背风坡下沉；陡峭地形和平缓地形的影响不完全相同；在陡峭地形和大的平缓地形的背风坡能够形成空腔区，空腔区内出现闭合的浓度中心，且地形越陡峭，闭合浓度中心的范围越大；大地形对扩散的影响可以掩盖其下风方小地形的影响。     

复杂地形风场的精细数值模拟

风能是一种重要气候资源,随着我国风电规模的迅速增大,发展风能资源评估系统和风功率预测系统已成为一项重要的研究内容。国内外对复杂地形风场结构的数值模拟有大量研究,随着计算机能力增强,以往用于空气动力学精细流场计算的计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)模式越来越多地在气象领域得到应用,人们开始研究用中尺度预报模式和CFD模式结合进行复杂地形风场的数值模拟。本文的耦合模式系统采用中尺度气象模式(WRF),通过嵌套网格到内层尺度(一般是几公里),然后通过耦合CFD模式Fluent软件获得高分辨率(水平30~100 m,垂直150 m高度以下10 m)的风速分布资料,得到精细化的风场信息。通过对鄱阳湖北部区域和云南杨梅山复杂地形的风场模拟,提供了风能评估和预报的一种可行的方法。     

山区复杂地形上区域大气质量模式的试验研究

由于复杂地形上的气流多变，所以，进行区域空气质量模拟是比较困难的。根据大气污染总量控制和环境规划的需要，发展了一种可适用于山谷城市的大气质量模式，该模式的主要特点；（１）采用目前尚少的复杂地形上的三维边界层模式作为大气扩散模式所需城三维边界层要素场；（２）用复杂地形上的三维以模式和斯扩散氏架源（包括面源）和主架源所造在的地面ＳＯ２浓度，然后将两者的模拟浓度在相应网各上叠加。验证结果表明，该混合模式     

Numerical modeling of pollutant transport and chemistry during a high‐ozone event in northern Taiwan

An air pollution prediction model system (APOPS) is developed and applied to northern Taiwan with complex terrain and local thermal circulations. It consists of a nonhydrostatic mesoscale meteoro‐logical model system (MMPMS) and a gas/aerosol transport and air quality model (GATAM). The basic processes relevant to modeling the urban air pollution problems such as meteorology, dispersion, chemistry and deposition are solved at the same time on practically the same grid. The APOPS was tested on a high‐ozone event in northern Taiwan on 16 November 1998. Comparison with observed surface winds shows able to predict local flow patterns such as sea/land breezes and mountain‐valley wind in this high air pollution episode. The predicted surface concentrations of ozone and other pollutants are compared with measured values, and a fairly good agreement with the mean normalized biases of −6%, −11%, for one‐day simulation and for daytime, respectively, is obtained for ozone. Thus, it is confirmed that the APOPS can be utilized to predict urban air quality in complex terrain area.     

A new large-eddy simulation model for simulating air flow and warm clouds above highly complex terrain. Part I: The dry model

This paper presents the dry version of a new large-eddy simulation (LES) model, which is designed to simulate air flow and clouds above highly complex terrain. The model is three-dimensional and nonhydrostatic, and the governing equations are sound filtered by use of the anelastic approximation. A fractional step method is applied to solve the equations on a staggered Cartesian grid. Arbitrarily steep and complex orography can be accounted for through the method of viscous topography. The dynamical model core is validated by comparing the results for a spreading density current against a benchmark solution. The model accuracy is further assessed through the simulation of turbulent flow across a quasi two-dimensional ridge. The results are compared with wind-tunnel data. The method of viscous topography is not restricted to moderately sloped terrain. Compared to models using curvilinear grids, it allows this model to be applied to a much wider range of flows. This is illustrated through the simulation of an atmospheric boundary-layer flow over a surface mounted cube. The results show that the dry model version is able to accurately represent the complex flow in the vicinity of three-dimensional obstacles. It is concluded that the method of viscous topography was successfully implemented into a micrometeorological LES model. As will be shown in Part II, this allows the detailed study of clouds in highly complex terrain.     

复杂地形城市冬季大气污染的数值模拟研究

采用中尺度大气动力模式与大气扩散模式相结合的方法，针对复杂地形条件下兰州市冬季无明显冷空气入侵天气过程时段（1994年12月2－3日）的大气污染状况，进行污染物（二氧化硫和烟尘）浓度分布的数值模拟研究，分析了模拟的风场的气温层结随时间的变化以及污染物浓度的分布及其变化，进一步分析了模拟的风场和气温层结与污染物浓度分布的关系。结果表明，该模式系统对兰州市大气边界层结构及污染物浓度的分布有较好的模拟能力，并证明了该模式系统可适用于兰州市大气质量预测预报研究。     

复杂下垫面地域边界层结构的三维细网格数值模拟

建立了一个可供复杂下垫面地域使用的非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，就复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了以实例为对照的数值模拟试验，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似。以实测资料为初台输入，同时还做了一些数值试验，分别获得了采用静力与非静力模式和不同闭合方案对ＰＢＬ模型的结果。     

重庆雾的二维非定常数值模拟

重庆是著名的“雾都”.本文建立了一个复杂地形下详细考虑长波辐射冷却、地表热量平衡、雾水沉降、水汽凝结和蒸发、湍流交换系数等的二维非定常雾模式,以实测资料为初始场,研究了一次重庆雾的形成和发展过程.对江河、热岛、辐射、地形和山城的影响,模式分别进行了数值试验.     

The development and initial tests of an atmospheric model based on a vertical coordinate with a smooth transition from terrain following to isentropic coordinates

An atmospheric model (η model) is developed by modifying the UW θ－σ hybrid model. In the η model, the vertical coordinate transforms smoothly from terrain following to isentropic coordinates. The model is developed to capitalize on the inherent advantage of numerical modeling in isentropic coordinates and to eliminate the interface between the sigma planetary boundary layer and isentropic free atmosphere present in the UW θ－σ model. This formulation provides the potential for the data assimilation and the application of higher order schemes. This paper describes the structure of the η model and presents results from initial numerical experiments. The first experiment tests the capability of the η model for simulating the baroclinic development process. In the 48-hr numerical weather forecast experiment, the η model produces reasonable precipitation and synoptic fields at all levels which are similar to those from the UW θ-σ model. The second and third experiments test the capability of the η model for conserving 1) the joint distribution of isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) and proxy ozone and 2) equivalent potential temperature under frictionless and isentropic conditions. These experiments show that distributions of IPV and proxy ozone in the pure isentropic domain and the distributions of prognostic and diagnostic equivalent potential temperature in the model domain remain highly correlated to day 10.     

Nocturnal drainage flow on simple slopes

Observations of nocturnal slope flow have been made at two sites with quite different topography and vegetation. In both cases, continuous measurements of wind and temperature profiles were made from towers that extended through the depth of the katabatic flow. At the simpler site, which approximates a tilted plane, three towers were located at different distances down the slope to measure the development of slope flow with downslope distance.Slope flow depth, downslope wind speed, and temperature deficit are found to change with downslope distance at rates that are consistent with the predictions of Manins and Sawford's (1979) layer-averaged model of slope flow, while measured entrainment rates are found to be comparable to those predicted by Ellison and Turner's (1959) laboratory experiments. The depth of slope flow is found to be roughly 0.05 times the vertical drop from the top of the slope, a relationship that also follows from combining Manins and Sawford's model and Ellison and Turner's laboratory data. Analysis of the wind spectra and a simple numerical model suggest that the turbulent kinetic energy profiles in slope flow are dependent on the speed and direction of the ambient wind and can differ substantially from those found over flat terrain. At the more complex of the two measurement sites, the occurrence of slope flow was found to correlate well with a dimensionless number 5 that is a function of the ridge-top wind speed and of the strength and depth of the inversion and that is an estimate of the ratio of the buoyancy deficit to the external horizontal pressure gradient.Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830