Identification of magnetic Fe–Ti oxides in marine sediments by electron backscatter diffraction in scanning electron microscopy

In paleomagnetic and environmental magnetic studies the magnetomineralogical identification is usually based on a set of rock magnetic parameters, complemented by crystallographic and chemical information retrieved from X-ray diffraction (XRD), (electron) microscopy or energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of selected samples. While very useful, each of these supplementary techniques has its limitations when applied to natural sample material which are related to low particle concentrations (down to the ppm range in marine sediments) and very fine grain sizes (down to the nm scale). Therefore, meaningful application of such techniques depends on sample quality. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) of individual grains in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enables mineralogical identification of grains down to ∼0.2 micrometer and is particularly powerful when combined with EDS. In this study, we show the merits of EBSD for rock magnetic investigations by analyzing titanomagnetites and hemoilmenites of various compositions and submicron lamella of titanomagnetite–hemoilmenite intergrowths. Such particles often occur in natural marine sediments where EDS often has a semi-quantitative character and compositionally similar intergrowths may be difficult to distinguish. With the mineralogical information provided by EBSD unambiguous identification of spinel-type and trigonal oxides is obtained. Optimal EBSD patterns are gathered from smooth, polished surfaces, but here we show that interpretable EBSD patterns can be obtained directly from the surface of unconsolidated, so called 'non-embedded' particles from marine sediments. This information enhances the interpretative value of rock magnetic parameters.     

西方区域环境治理研究进展及其对粤港澳大湾区的启示

文章旨在通过系统梳理西方区域环境治理的研究进展和前沿问题,以拓展国内区域环境治理研究,对认识粤港澳大湾区乃至中国深入发展以来面临的经济发展—环境保护矛盾和探索可持续发展政策有所启示。文章回顾了20多年以来西方区域环境治理研究的主要成果,总结出区域环境治理研究的理论进展、治理模式与影响效应3个重点议题。政府和非政府主体共同参与区域层面环境问题的应对已成为环境治理转变的重要特征之一。各主体之间采用了由国家政府或者地方行动者主导的协调方式,形成了不同的管理模式。区域层面的环境参与受到了经济、政治、社会等多重因素的影响,同时也对资源环境、经济、政治等方面产生了重要影响。最后,文章提出粤港澳大湾区环境治理研究应重点关注中国特色“一国两制”政策背景下粤港澳大湾区环境治理的组织框架,实施环境治理的地域因素、影响效应,探索促进区域发展的制度安排。     

Modelling patterned ground distribution in Finnish Lapland: an integration of topographical, ground and remote sensing information

New data technologies and modelling methods have gained more attention in the field of periglacial geomorphology during the last decade. In this paper we present a new modelling approach that integrates topographical, ground and remote sensing information in predictive geomorphological mapping using generalized additive modelling (GAM) . First, we explored the roles of different environmental variable groups in determining the occurrence of non‐sorted and sorted patterned ground in a fell region of 100 km2 at the resolution of 1 ha in northern Finland. Second, we compared the predictive accuracy of ground‐topography‐ and remote‐sensing‐based models. The results indicate that non‐sorted patterned ground is more common at lower altitudes where the ground moisture and vegetation abundance is relatively high, whereas sorted patterned ground is dominant at higher altitudes with relatively high slope angle and sparse vegetation cover. All modelling results were from good to excellent in model evaluation data using the area under the curve (AUC) values, derived from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots. Generally, models built with remotely sensed data were better than ground‐topography‐based models and combination of all environmental variables improved the predictive ability of the models. This paper confirms the potential utility of remote sensing information for modelling patterned ground distribution in subarctic landscapes.     

长三角区域大气污染协同治理的时空演化特征及其影响因素

在长三角更高质量一体化发展的战略背景下,构建区域间环境协同治理体系,是提升区域大气污染治理成效的可行性选择。本文从环境规制的政策文件、实施过程、治理效果3个维度,构建大气污染规制耦合度评价体系,探究长三角区域41个城市2003—2019年大气污染规制耦合度的时空演化特征。以此为基础,对长三角区域各城市划分区域协同治理小组,并分别测算其大气污染治理协同水平,进而探究长三角区域大气污染协同治理的影响因素。结果显示：① 各城市的大气污染规制耦合度整体上表现为连片集聚发展特征,呈现出上海市最高、浙江省和江苏省次之、安徽省再次之的格局,且区域差异性不断缩小;② 长三角区域整体大气污染治理协同度较低,但在波动中呈缓慢上升趋势,划分区域治理组后各小组大气污染治理协同度保持在较高水平;③ 影响因素分析结果表明,地区间对外开放差异、公共交通差异和绿化建设差异对长三角区域大气污染协同治理有着显著的抑制作用,而经济增长差异和技术创新差异具有显著的积极影响。     

大理洱海旅游环境治理事件中的主体博弈与权益协商

以大理洱海环境治理事件为典型案例,基于半结构式访谈、观察法等质性方法,从环境正义视角切入分析洱海环境治理中的主体博弈与权益协商议题。研究发现,洱海的环境治理是一种以环境名义开展地社会治理与目的地管理过程,逐渐从治理水环境延伸至环境、民生、产业升级等多方面的综合治理;洱海治理隐含权力张力与利益冲突,本地村民、旅游经营者及地方基层政府三方基于合情、合理与合法性原则,围绕“情、理、法”逻辑进行利益博弈与协商;乡村旅游中的环境治理应置于乡村与社会治理框架体系下进行,关照民生与发展。环境正义理论可解释乡村旅游中的环境治理与冲突现象,为揭示环境治理背后的利益冲突与社会问题提供独特视角。     

试论地理信息系统与地球系统科学的关系

本文对地球系统科学的概念及其发展和学科特点进行了阐述,在此基础上探讨了地理信息系统在地球系统科学中的地位与影响,并对其发展方向进行初步评述。     

“When I Take Off My EPA Hat”: Using Intersectional Theories to Examine Environmental Justice Governance

Environmental justice governance is affected not just by the political context within which it is executed but also by the choices made by the individuals who are responsible for implementing, enacting, and enforcing policies. In this article, I examine the experiences of seven African American women at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to argue that their lived experiences of oppression affect their approach to environmental justice governance. Using an intersectional environmental justice framework and drawing on semistructured interviews, I contend that these women believe that they have to go above and beyond for the environmental justice communities they serve because they are their communities. One way they do this is by drawing on the networks they have due to their positionality as EPA employees to connect communities to resources to which they might not otherwise have access. In this way, they help communities while still staying within the confines of the regulatory framework imposed on them. In conclusion, I contend that it is necessary to examine the mechanism of environmental justice governance and to do that we must pay attention to the intersectional identities of the people who enact these policies. Key Words: black geographies, environmental governance, environmental justice, Environmental Protection Agency, intersectionality.     

Cross‐border Urban Governance in Hong Kong: The Role of State in a Globalizing City‐Region*

The rapid development in the Hong Kong‐Pearl River Delta (PRD) city‐region has taken place alongside complicated cross‐border governance. The framework of time‐space envelopes (TSEs) is adopted for a study of cross‐border governance in Hong Kong, especially in the role of the state, that is, the Hong Kong government, in cross‐border urban governance. This article argues that tension‐ free regional integration has never existed due to a complex governance network. The shift from “cross‐border protectionism” to “cross‐border free trade zone” in Hong Kong's cross‐border urban governance since 2001 is a result of the rearticulation of the state cutting through the geoeconomic and geopolitical TSEs.     

An adaptive approach to selecting a flow‐partition exponent for a multiple‐flow‐direction algorithm

Most multiple‐flow‐direction algorithms (MFDs) use a flow‐partition coefficient (exponent) to determine the fractions draining to all downslope neighbours. The commonly used MFD often employs a fixed exponent over an entire watershed. The fixed coefficient strategy cannot effectively model the impact of local terrain conditions on the dispersion of local flow. This paper addresses this problem based on the idea that dispersion of local flow varies over space due to the spatial variation of local terrain conditions. Thus, the flow‐partition exponent of an MFD should also vary over space. We present an adaptive approach for determining the flow‐partition exponent based on local topographic attribute which controls local flow partitioning. In our approach, the influence of local terrain on flow partition is modelled by a flow‐partition function which is based on local maximum downslope gradient (we refer to this approach as MFD based on maximum downslope gradient, MFD‐md for short). With this new approach, a steep terrain which induces a convergent flow condition can be modelled using a large value for the flow‐partition exponent. Similarly, a gentle terrain can be modelled using a small value for the flow‐partition exponent. MFD‐md is quantitatively evaluated using four types of mathematical surfaces and their theoretical ‘true’ value of Specific Catchment Area (SCA). The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) shows that the error of SCA computed by MFD‐md is lower than that of SCA computed by the widely used SFD and MFD algorithms. Application of the new approach using a real DEM of a watershed in Northeast China shows that the flow accumulation computed by MFD‐md is better adapted to terrain conditions based on visual judgement.     

中国县级以上行政中心迁移的特征、效应及其影响因素

行政中心设置是否科学合理,直接影响着资源要素的高效配置、基本公共服务均等化、区域协调高质量发展,以及国家治理体系与治理能力现代化。论文采用空间分析、双重差分模型等方法,对改革开放以来中国县级以上行政中心迁移的基本特征、经济效应及其影响因素进行了分析。研究表明：在迁移特征方面,行政级别越高,迁移距离相对越远,集中出现在2000年以后,以华北地区最为频繁,西部地区迁移距离普遍比其他地区更远;在迁移效应方面,新行政中心周边人口、经济和建设用地增速都明显快于原行政中心,行政中心迁移对经济发展起到了一定的促进作用,但也存在着明显的差异性;在影响因素方面,主要受资源环境条件制约、旧城规划改造推动、新区开发建设引导、行政体制改革和城市发展战略等因素的影响,行政中心迁移通常是多重因素共同作用的结果。     

协作式环境管理在粤港澳大湾区中的应用——以跨界河治理为例

以粤港澳大湾区跨界河流治理的协作机制为代表,选取淡水河、深圳河与鸭涌河为例进行梳理与比较分析,分别探讨了以粤内、粤港与粤澳为核心的伙伴关系在协作式河流规划治理中的协作异同。结果发现:1)淡水河、深圳河与鸭涌河分别是以多级政府部门管理决策主导、多元主体参与和政府政策主导的协作机制。2)协作过程均存在规划目标不一致、囿于双边协作、公众协作意识薄弱和未形成可持续的协作机制等问题。3)行政体制是影响跨界河治理的表面因素,内在因素为参与主体达成伙伴关系的不同,最终通过协作模式、规划信息以及机制设计等差异影响治理结果。最后对建构粤港澳大湾区环境管理协作机制提出政策建议。     

Public Participation in Rural Environmental Governance around the Water Source of Xiqin Water Works in Fujian

Public participation is an important way to improve the overall effect and social recognition of rural environmental governance in water source areas. Public participation makes environmental governance measures more targeted and effective, contributes to protecting the basic environmental rights of the public, and makes it easier to meet the livelihood needs of rural people. Public participation in rural environmental governance in water source areas is characterized by complex behavior and is dependent on public willingness to participate. Amongst other factors, it is subject to the combined influences of both internal (psychological cognition) and external (environmental regulation) conditions. This paper builds a theoretical framework for understanding public participation behavior in rural environmental governance, and uses it to analyze a case in the rural area surrounding the Xiqin Water Works in Fujian Province. In the case study, the public shows high willingness to participate, but low actual rates of participation. At the same time, the willingness of villagers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding varies greatly from village to village, and there are also noticeable individual differences in public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste. We found that gender, understandings of environmental protection and perception of environmental regulation, play a key role in influencing the willingness of farmers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding. Individual awareness of environmental protection, environmental protection facility conditions, and environmental service quality had a significant influence on public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste.     

京津冀地区县域环境胁迫时空格局及驱动因素

环境胁迫反映人类生产生活过程中污染物输出对区域环境系统产生的综合压力。本文基于县域污染物排放和人口社会经济数据库,运用熵权法综合测度县域环境胁迫指数（ESI）,解析2012—2016年京津冀地区环境胁迫的时空格局及各类主体功能区环境胁迫特征,并针对县域环境胁迫的空间效应,在STIRPAT模型框架基础上,运用地理加权回归方法定量估计县域环境胁迫的社会经济驱动力。结果表明：① 京津冀地区面临的环境胁迫态势显著缓解,2012年以来ESI降幅达到54.68%。其中,以北京、唐山、天津、石家庄等中心城区以及滨海新区下降最为显著,县域环境胁迫程度由中心城区向外围呈梯度递减,到2016年环境胁迫高等级县域已经消除;② 5年间京津冀地区县域环境胁迫的空间溢出效应趋强,并在津唐地区呈现空间锁定和路径依赖;③ 优化开发和重点开发区域两类城市化地区是京津冀水气环境的主要承压区,其环境胁迫程度占京津冀地区全域的65.98%,仍然是环境污染防治与管控的重点区域;④ 人口规模和经济发展水平是县域环境胁迫的控制性因素,此外还受环境处理技术水平、农业生产投入强度、国土开发强度以及城镇化等因素影响;⑤ 各驱动因素对县域环境胁迫的驱动作用存在空间异质性,需针对驱动力作用强度及其空间差异,采取差别化环境治理与源头减排对策,精准提升京津冀地区环境协同管制效果。     

中国古代科学思想对地学未来发展的影响

本文论述了中国古代科学思想对地学未来发展的影响,现代社会已进入信息社会,软科学对社会经济发展起着重要的指导作用.在未来社会中,地学对于解决环境危机和资源紧缺这一紧迫的问题日益显示其重要的作用.在中国古代社会的科学技术及其它活动中有着十分丰富的软科学内涵和许多发人深思的软科学范例.它们可提供解决作为一个整体的复杂的人一地关系问题的合理的方法和途径.     

Constructing the News: The Role of Local Newspapers in Environmental Risk Communication*

Effective risk communication is central to good environmental risk management. While studies have shown that newspapers are the primary source of information to the public regarding environmental issues, little is known about how environmental news is used as a risk‐communication tool. This article explores the role of local information systems in risk communication, using newspaper content analysis as well as in‐depth interviews with journalists and community residents to develop a case study of an environmental assessment process for a nonhazardous industrial‐waste landfill. Results indicate that risk messages were chosen and shaped by journalists on the basis of their own exigencies. In addition, while newspapers were a major source of risk information, their impact was mitigated by resident distrust and access to other information sources, most notably their own personal information networks. These results have implications for environmental policy, as decision makers often use—either passively or actively—print media as a risk‐communication tool.     

社会-生态系统适应性治理研究进展与展望

社会—生态系统（SES）由社会子系统、生态子系统及两者的交互作用构成,具有不同于社会系统或生态系统单独具有的结构、功能和复杂特征。社会—生态系统适应性治理旨在通过适应性的社会权利分配与行为决策机制,使社会—生态系统能够在动态条件下可持续地保障人类福祉。适应性治理理论的形成受到“公共池塘资源管理”“韧性”和“治理”3方面理论的影响,并为“转型治理”与“协作治理”提供了建构基础。该理论具有以下3个主要目的：① 理解和应对社会—生态系统多稳态、非线性、不确定性、整体性以及复杂性;② 建立非对抗性的社会结构、权利分配制度以及行为决策体系,匹配社会子系统与自然子系统;③ 通过综合方法管理生态系统,使其可持续提供生态系统服务。因此,面对人类行为主导地表过程的“人类世”,实现适应性治理有助于应对社会—生态系统的复杂性与不确定性。鉴于中国的生态环境正处于迅速变化时期,且中国与世界各国间的相互影响日益复杂,未来研究可重点关注以下3个方面：① 理解耦合系统的多元互动过程,增强适应能力;② 强调社会—生态系统的整体性研究;③ 提高环境变化背景下理解和预测系统动态的能力。     

A flexible multi‐source spatial‐data fusion system for environmental status assessment at continental scale

The monitoring of the environment's status at continental scale involves the integration of information derived by the analysis of multiple, complex, multidisciplinary, and large‐scale phenomena. Thus, there is a need to define synthetic Environmental Indicators (EIs) that concisely represent these phenomena in a manner suitable for decision‐making. This research proposes a flexible system to define EIs based on a soft fusion of contributing environmental factors derived from multi‐source spatial data (mainly Earth Observation data). The flexibility is twofold: the EI can be customized based on the available data, and the system is able to cope with a lack of expert knowledge. The proposal allows a soft quantifier‐guided fusion strategy to be defined, as specified by the user through a linguistic quantifier such as ‘most of’. The linguistic quantifiers are implemented as Ordered Weighted Averaging operators. The proposed approach is applied in a case study to demonstrate the periodical computation of anomaly indicators of the environmental status of Africa, based on a 7‐year time series of dekadal Earth Observation datasets. Different experiments have been carried out on the same data to demonstrate the flexibility and robustness of the proposed method.     

GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS IN BHUTAN*

ABSTRACT. The Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan is in the midst of transformation as it moves from an isolated past to a modern nation‐state and participant in the global community. Its development path embraces the concept of “Gross National Happiness,” a philosophy and policy instrument that seeks to promote human development and manage environmental conservation within a sustainable strategy guided by Buddhist ethics. After examining Bhutan's approach to development and the governance and environmental policies stemming from it, this essay assesses its impacts on environmental conditions in the country.     

Driving factors and spatiotemporal effects of environmental stress in urban agglomeration: Evidence from the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region of China

Environmental stress is used as an indicator of the overall pressure on regional environmental systems caused by the output of various pollutants as a result of human activities. Based on the pollutant emissions and socioeconomic databases of the counties in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, this paper comprehensively calculates the environmental stress index(ESI) for the urban agglomeration using the entropy weight method(EWM) at the county scale and analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns and the differences among the four types of major functional zones(MFZ) for the period 2012–2016. In addition, the socioeconomic driving forces of environmental stress are quantitatively estimated using the geographically weighted regression(GWR) method based on the STIRPAT model framework. The results show that:(1) The level of environmental stress in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was significantly alleviated during that time period, with a decrease in ESI of 54.68% by 2016. This decrease was most significant in Beijing, Tangshan, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and other central urban areas, as well as the Binhai New Area. The level of environmental stress in counties decreased gradually from the central urban areas to the suburban areas, and the high-level stress counties were eliminated by 2016.(2) The spatial spillover effect of environmental stress increased further at the county scale from 2012 to 2016, and spatial locking and path dependence emerged in the cities of Tangshan and Tianjin.(3) Urbanized zones(development-optimized and development-prioritized zones) were the major areas bearing environmental pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in that time period. The ESI accounted for 65.98% of the whole region, where there was a need to focus on the prevention and control of environmental pollution.(4) The driving factors of environmental stress at the county scale included population size and the level of economic development. In addition, the technical capacity of environmental waste disposal, the intensity of agricultural production input, the intensity of territorial development, and the level of urbanization also had a certain degree of influence.(5) There was spatial heterogeneity in the effects of the various driving factors on the level of environmental stress. Thus, it was necessary to adopt differentiated environmental governance and reduction countermeasures in respect of emission sources, according to the intensity and spatiotemporal differences in the driving forces in order to improve the accuracy and adaptability of environmental collaborative control in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.     

Enlivening development: Water management in post‐conflict Baucau city,Timor‐Leste

This paper explores how the state and others involved in the ‘development enterprise’ in Timor‐Leste are (mis)recognizing the potential of the existing environmental governance and exchange capacities of local customary institutions and practices in relation to water supply and management. Examining the problematic of water supply in a particular place‐based instance – more specifically, the intermesh of the customary, state and market sectors – it ponders how customary institutions might be better supported to extend their range of political and economic credibility and contribute to a reconfiguration of dominant community managed water supply models. Drawing out the workings of a ‘diverse economy’ where a customary economy is enmeshed with, and to some extent undermining, a weak capitalist sector, the paper argues that a failure to address issues of resource ownership and control and to engage the strengths and import of local customary institutions will have serious ramifications for the successful implementation of national development objectives in post‐conflict Baucau city and elsewhere in Timor‐Leste. Instead, it argues for an enlivened development approach wherein locally socialized landscapes are recognized as credible political sites with which ‘development’ can engage and power relations can shift.