农田植被层上通量—廓线关系的研究

以莫宁－奥布霍夫相似理论为基础，利用风温梯度观测资料，采用迭代方法确定湍流特征参量Ｕ、Ｔ、Ｌ和廓线参数β、γ，得出了适用于确定农田植被层上方风温廓线和湍流通量的普适函数半经验表达式；分析讨论了大气层结稳定度与风湿廓线曲率、廓线参数以及普适函数的关系。     

农田植被层上通量－廓线关系的研究

以莫宁－奥布霍夫相似理论为基础，利用风温梯度观测资料，采用迭代方法确定湍流特征参量Ｕ＿＊、Ｔ＿＊、Ｌ和廓线参数β、γ，得出了适用于确定农田植被层上方风温廓线和湍流通量的普适函数半经验表达式；分析讨论了大气层结稳定度与风温廓线曲率、廓线参数以及普适函数的关系。     

盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量参数化方案研究

基于2005年盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量和微气象梯度的连续观测,研究了芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量参数化方案。结果表明,盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层经常维持弱稳定和弱不稳定层结。在不稳定层结(-0.4     

地表粗糙度非均匀性对模式湍流通量计算的影响

理论分析和数值试验结果表明,地表参量的不均匀性对网格区地表湍流通量的计算有重要影响。近中性大气层结条件下,次网格粗糙度长度的变差系数、网格平均粗糙度及参考高度的选取是影响网格湍流通量计算的主要因素,其中次网格粗糙度长度的变差系数对计算偏差起主要决定作用。实际计算表明,某些特定地区(如植被气候过渡带)粗糙度的地表非均匀性引起的计算相对误差可达40%以上,选取特定的参考高度能改善高网格湍流通量计算的效果。非中性大气层结条件下,由地表粗糙度不均匀性所致的平均风速、位温梯度以及近地层大气稳定度的次网格分布都对网格湍流通量(感热通量)计算产生影响,比较而言,相对误差大小对大气稳定度的次网格分布最为敏感。所以,在目前的数值模式中有必要进一步对湍流通量计算过程中由于地表不均匀性产生的计算偏差加以考虑。     

1986年夏季西藏东部近地层湍流输送特征的分析

本文以1986年夏季西藏高原气象实验(TIPMEX-86)期间获得的资料为基础,运用廓线方法,计算了实验期间感热、潜热和动量湍流通量并分析了与通量输送有关因子的变化。分析结果表明,各种湍流通量都有明显的日变化、日际变化和旬变化。7月份感热通量比6月份大约减少了2/3以上。计算得出那曲6月13—28日拖曳系联C_d的平均值为0.0052,同期感热通量的整体输送系数C_h为0.0075;而拉萨6月11日—7月20日C_d的平均值为0.0056,同期C_h的平均值为0.0085。根据整体输送系数和各种有关因子的关系分析表明,C_d,C_h不可能用一个常数代表,它们不仅仅是风速的函数,而且其变化还包含了稳定度、风速梯度、温度梯度的综合效应。     

MM5和ETA相似理论近地层方案对农田下垫面通量模拟比较研究

近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义,湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一.选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统,离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA相似理论迭代方案B),并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析.在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下,根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合,发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显.将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算.结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素,在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量,方案A优于方案B,而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量,方案B优于方案A,两种方案总体来看误差不大.对于大理边界层通量观测场农田植被交替的环境条件,不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异,以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显着影响.方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z₀和热量粗糙度z_0h的差异,不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A.针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象,使用了Zeng等1998年提出的用辐射地表温度订正裸土下垫面感热能量方法后,计算结果也有明显改善.     

MM5和ETA相似理论近地层方案对农田下垫面通量模拟比较研究

近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义, 湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一。选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统, 离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA 相似理论迭代方案B), 并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析。在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下, 根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合, 发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显。将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算。结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素, 在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量, 方案A优于方案B, 而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量, 方案B优于方案A, 两种方案总体来看误差不大。对于大理边界层通量观测场地农田植被交替的环境条件, 不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异, 以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显著影响。方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z₀和热量粗糙度z_0h的差异, 不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A。针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象, 在使用了(Zeng, et al, 1998)提出的对于使用辐射地表温度在裸土下垫面时的订正方法后, 计算结果也有明显改善。     

北京北郊冬季大风过程湍流通量演变特征的分析研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m气象观测塔1993年12月～1994年1月大气边界层实验资料, 计算分析了大风过境过程中47 m和120 m高度湍流通量演变特征及其影响因子, 以及与风速、 稳定度等参数的关系。结果表明: 大风过程对近地面层的物质能量输送有着重要影响, 大风之前出现短时间动量上传和热量下传; 大风过程中的湍流通量数值明显高于过境后, 水平方向湍流通量数值和能量增加幅度大于垂直方向; 当风速大于临界值5 m/s时, 湍流通量与风速、 湍流动能的相关迅速增大; 湍流谱特征表现为湍流能量的低频部分增加、 湍流谱曲线变宽; 大风能强烈影响近地面层的能量收支。     

稻麦轮作农田近地层湍流通量计算方案对比研究

稻麦轮作农田是我国典型农田类型,其模拟效果对我国农田气候模拟具有重要参考价值。气候中尺度模拟结果对近地层通量极为敏感,选择合适的通量计算方案对模拟效果至关重要。因此,对比分析稻麦轮作农田下不同的通量计算方案具有重要意义。本文选取了8种具有代表性的近地层湍流通量计算方案,采用寿县国家气候观象台实测资料对比分析了各方案在稻麦轮作农田的计算特征和差异。结果表明,在不同稳定度和不同风速情况下,各方案的误差特征各异。本文基于归一化标准差综合评价了各方案的准确度,总体而言,所有方案的动量通量总体平均归一化平均差为0.536,其中SS14(Sharan和Srivastava,2014年)方案最大为0.575,SS20(Sharan和Srivastava等,2020年)方案最小为0.517;所有方案的感热通量总体平均归一化标准差为0.638,其中GLGS20(Gryanik等,2020年)方案最大为0.871,SS14方案最小为0.476。此外,本研究还给出了稻麦轮作农田不同稳定层结和不同风速情况下各通量计算方案的误差特征。本文的研究结论,可为准确计算近地层湍流通量提供支撑。     

那曲高寒草地上四种地表通量计算方法的对比

利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2013年9月至2014年8月自动气象站(AWS)和涡动相关系统(EC)的观测资料,基于空气动力学法、地表能量平衡组合法、总体输送法以及涡动相关法,计算了高寒草地下垫面的湍流通量,并对不同方法计算结果间的一致性和差异性进行了分析。结果表明,不同方法计算的湍流通量特征具有明显的差异。地表能量平衡组合法满足能量平衡关系,但在早晨和傍晚层结转换期间,计算的湍流通量出现异常不稳定值;空气动力学法计算的湍流通量在整个观测期与涡动相关法计算的湍流通量相关性最高,但在大气稳定度参数接近0,计算结果不稳定;总体输送法计算的通量数据在地气温差为负值时发散明显,但该方法原理简单,适合在只有常规观测项目的业务气象站或在气象观测项目不全的野外台站使用。空气动力学法和地表能量平衡组合法与涡动相关法的湍流通量的平均偏差相对较小,而总体输送法平均偏差相对较大。研究方法和结果除了为这些方法的使用提供参考外,也为建立长时间通量序列提供了一个较为合理的依据,有助于深入了解高原地气相互作用。     

Determination Of The Surface Drag Coefficient

This study examines the dependence of the surface drag coefficienton stability, wind speed, mesoscale modulation of the turbulent flux and method of calculation of the drag coefficient. Data sets over grassland, sparse grass, heather and two forest sites are analyzed. For significantly unstable conditions, the drag coefficient does not depend systematically on z/L but decreases with wind speed for fixed intervals of z/L, where L is the Obukhov length. Even though the drag coefficient for weak wind conditions is sensitive to the exact method of calculation and choice of averaging time, the decrease of the drag coefficient with wind speed occurs for all of the calculation methods. A classification of flux calculation methods is constructed, which unifies the most common previous approaches.The roughness length corresponding to the usual Monin–Obukhovstability functions decreases with increasing wind speed. This dependence on wind speed cannot be eliminated by adjusting the stability functions. If physical, the decrease of the roughness length with increasing wind speed might be due to the decreasing role of viscous effectsand streamlining of the vegetation, although these effects cannot be isolated from existing atmospheric data.For weak winds, both the mean flow and the stress vector often meander significantly in response to mesoscale motions. The relationship between meandering of the stress and wind vectors is examined. For weak winds, the drag coefficient can be sensitive to the method of calculation, partly due to meandering of the stress vector.     

Impact of waves on air-sea exchange of sensible heat and momentum

The impact of sea waves on sensible heat and momentum fluxes is described. The approach is based on the conservation of heat and momentum in the marine atmospheric surface layer. The experimental fact that the drag coefficient above the sea increases considerably with increasing wind speed, while the exchange coefficient for sensible heat (Stanton number) remains virtually independent of wind speed, is explained by a different balance of the turbulent and the wave-induced parts in the total fluxes of momentum and sensible heat.Organised motions induced by waves support the wave-induced stress which dominates the surface momentum flux. These organised motions do not contribute to the vertical flux of heat. The heat flux above waves is determined, in part, by the influence of waves upon the turbulence diffusivity.The turbulence diffusivity is altered by waves in an indirect way. The wave-induced stress dominates the surface flux and decays rapidly with height. Therefore the turbulent stress above waves is no longer constant with height. That changes the balance of the turbulent kinetic energy and of the dissipation rate and, hence the diffusivity.The dependence of the exchange coefficient for heat on wind speed is usually parameterized in terms of a constant Stanton number. However, an increase of the exchange coefficient with wind speed is not ruled out by field measurements and could be parametrized in terms of a constant temperature roughness length. Because of the large scatter, field data do not allow us to establish the actual dependence. The exchange coefficient for sensible heat, calculated from the model, is virtually independent of wind speed in the range of 3–10 ms^-1. For wind speeds above 10 ms^-1 an increase of 10% is obtained, which is smaller than that following from the constant roughness length parameterization.The investigation was in part supported by the Netherlands Geosciences Foundation (GOA) with financial aid from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).     

Aerodynamic drag coefficient and roughness length for three seasons over a tropical western Indian station

Land Surface Processes Experiment (LASPEX) was conducted over semi-arid region of western India in 1997. As a part of this program, wind and temperature observations were taken using slow as well as fast response sensors over a semi-arid station Anand (22°35′N, 72°55′E) situated in Gujarat state of India. Turbulent parameters such as drag coefficient and sensible heat flux were estimated using eddy correlation method and aerodynamic roughness length was estimated using wind profiles. The analysis has been carried out for the data representing summer, monsoon and winter seasons. It was found that the wind speed does not exceed 5 ms^− 1 during the observational period considered in this study. Relationship of aerodynamic drag coefficient and roughness length with wind speed and stability has been investigated. Aerodynamic roughness length was greater in the stable conditions when the wind speed was low and it reduced drastically during convective conditions. The resulting values of aerodynamic roughness length and drag coefficient for the monsoon period agree well with values reported in literature over Indian subcontinent for homogeneous grass covered surfaces.     

Wind profiles,momentum fluxes and roughness lengths at Cabauw revisited

We describe the results of an experiment focusing on wind speed and momentum fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer up to 200 m. The measurements were conducted in 1996 at the Cabauw site in the Netherlands. Momentum fluxes are measured using the K-Gill Propeller Vane. Estimates of the roughness length are derived using various techniques from the wind speed and flux measurements, and the observed differences are explained by considering the source area of the meteorological parameters. A clear rough-to-smooth transition is found in the wind speed profiles at Cabauw. The internal boundary layer reaches the lowest k-vane (20 m) only in the south-west direction where the obstacle-free fetch is about 2 km. The internal boundary layer is also reflected in the roughness lengths derived from the wind speed profiles. The lower part of the profile (< 40 m) is not in equilibrium and no reliable roughness analysis can be given. The upper part of the profile can be linked to a large-scale roughness length. Roughness lengths derived from the horizontal wind speed variance and gustiness have large footprints and therefore represent a large-scale average roughness. The drag coefficient is more locally determined but still represents a large-scale roughness length when it is measured above the local internal boundary layer. The roughness length at inhomogeneous sites can therefore be determined best from drag coefficient measurements just above the local internal boundary layers directly, or indirectly from horizontal wind speed variance or gustiness. In addition, the momentum and heat fluxes along the tower are analysed and these show significant variation with height related to stability and possibly surface heterogeneity. It appears that the dimensionless wind speed gradients scale well with local fluxes for the variety of conditions considered, including the unstable cases.     

陆面上总体输送系数的特征

利用气象铁塔的风、温梯度资料，对陆面上近地层湍流拖曳系数ＣＤ和总体输送系数ＣＨ（或ＣＥ）的大小和日变化规律进行研究。发现陆面上较粗糙的地表，ＣＤ和ＣＨ可以比海面上大一个量级左右。而且存在着明显的日变化。它们对地表面动力粗糙度变化的反应较敏感。本工作为气候及大气环流模式研究中陆面参数化过程提供了重要依据。     

Characteristics of the Drag Coefficient in the Roughness Sublayer over a Complex Urban Surface

The statistics of momentum exchange in the urban roughness sublayer are investigated. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of the dimensionless friction velocity, \({u_{*}}/U\) , which is defined as the square root of the drag coefficient. The turbulence observations were made at a height of 47 m above the ground on the 325-m meteorological tower, which is located in a very inhomogeneous urban area in Beijing. Under neutral conditions, the dependence of the drag coefficient on wind speed varies with wind direction. When the airflow is from the area of densely built-up buildings, the drag coefficient does not vary with wind speed, while when the airflow is from the area covered by vegetation, the drag coefficient appears to decrease with increasing wind speed. Also, the drag coefficient does not vary monotonically with the atmospheric stability. Both increasing stability and increasing instability lead to the decrease of the drag coefficient, implying that the roughness length and zero-plane displacement may vary in urban areas.     

Turbulence intensities and bulk coefficients in the surface layer above the sea

The structure of the atmospheric surface layer above the sea is analysed from aircraft turbulence measurements. The data are issued from two experiments performed in 1990 above the Mediterranean sea: Crau and PYREX, and correspond to moderately unstable conditions and to wind velocities ranging from 6 to 20 m/s. Low-altitude straight and level runs were used to compute the variances of the wind components, as well as of the temperature and moisture. Their dependence on the stability index —z/L is analysed. The turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat, calculated by the eddy-correlation technique, are used to estimate the neutral bulk coefficients: drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number. The neutral drag coefficient clearly exhibits a dependence on the windspeed, which could be well fitted by the Charnock relation, with a constant of 0.012.     

辽东湾东海岸近地层特性探讨

采用离岸800m高100m的气象铁塔观测所得的资料,利用粗糙度、阻力系数及幂指数公式,计算了辽东湾东海岸地区的粗糙度、阻力系数及风指数。结果表明：在向岸气流条件下,粗糙度值较大,可达0.18m,阻力系数最大值也可达0.025;在离岸气流条件下,粗糙度、阻力系数值较小。相同稳定度条件下,风指数值随着风速增大而减小。     

Determination of the Drag Coefficient over the Tibetan Plateau

In this paper,a preliminary study is given on the drag (i.e.bulk transfer for momentum) coefficient,on the basis of data from four sets of AWS in Tibet during the first observational year from July 1993 to July 1994 according to China Japan Asian Monsoon Cooperative Research Program.The results show that the drag coefficient over the Tibetan Plateau is 3.3 to 4.4×103.In addition,monthly and diurnal variations of drag coefficient and the relationship among the drag coefficients and the bulk Richardson number,surface roughness length and wind speed at 10 m height are discussed in detail.     

Estimates of effective surface roughness over complex terrain

Turbulence data collected in an area of three-dimensional complex terrain using instruments atteched to the tether cable of a captive balloon together with radiosonde ascents are presented. In addition, data collected using only radiosonde ascents in an area of two-dimensional complex terrain of large slope are also shown. Eddy correlation measurements of the turbulent momentum flux and wind velocity profiles are used to deduce the magnitude of the effective roughness from the drag coefficient and normalised velocity profiles. A relationship connecting the terrain characteristics and the roughness length is compared with the experimental data for both types of terrain plus previous experimental estimates of the roughness length over complex terrain. The formula taken from previous work by Grant and Mason (1990) is found to agree with the data when representing an area of order 100 km².