粤北地区导线覆冰气象特征与标准厚度推算

利用广东省乐昌高山气象站1972—1978年观冰资料和气候资料,分析了粤北地区导线覆冰的气象特征,建立了导线覆冰标准冰厚的气象推算模型。根据乐昌国家气象站的历史资料,对乐昌高山气象站的气候资料进行订正延长,构建了乐昌高山气象站覆冰年极值长年代序列,并推算出离地不同高度各重现期的标准冰厚值。结果表明,粤北地区导线覆冰主要发生在1月,其次为2月和12月,平均覆冰期在90天左右,最长覆冰期可达131天以上。主导风向、日最低气温、日降水量是影响导线覆冰厚度的主要气象因素。标准冰厚的年极值序列服从极值I型概率分布,历史上的最大导线覆冰值出现在2008年1月26日,2m高度标准冰厚达64.4mm,15m高度标准冰厚达92.7mm,与2008年冰灾实况调查的覆冰厚度(标准冰厚)115mm较为接近。     

安徽省电线积冰标准冰厚的气象估算模型

基于逐步多元线性回归和人工神经网络两种方法,利用安徽省有电线积冰观测的15个气象台站建站至2008年的观测资料,建立了安徽省3个不同区域电线积冰标准冰厚的气象估算模型。结果表明:相比人工神经网络模型,逐步多元线性回归模型预测效果较好;在覆冰机理认识上,印证了影响标准冰厚主要是气温、湿度和风速3个因子的配置,其中气温是影响覆冰的最重要因子;平原和丘陵地区的标准冰厚受当日气象条件影响更多,而高山地区与前几日及当日的气象条件均密切相关,且26个气象因子 (1987—2008年资料) 构建的模型的预测效果好于24个气象因子长序列 (建站—2008年资料) 效果。最后利用最优模型推算各区域非观冰站电线积冰标准冰厚,为冰冻灾害的评估以及风险区划的开展提供了基础。     

安徽省电线覆冰厚度推算初探

利用安徽省82个气象观测站自建站至2018年2月雨凇、雾凇、混合淞日数,15个观冰站覆冰厚度和海拔高度数据,通过建立覆冰厚度与凇日数之间的关系,推算安徽省82个测站30 a、50 a和100 a一遇的标准冰厚,最后利用地形对标准冰厚进行订正。结果表明:安徽省各重现期下的标准冰厚与雨凇、雾凇和混合凇总日数具有显著的正相关关系;海拔高度与各重现期下标准冰厚呈指数关系;对海拔高于100 m的地区利用海拔高度对标准冰厚进行订正,可得到更为合理的安徽省各重现期下标准冰厚空间分布。     

中国中东部三个高山观测站气象要素变化的对比分析

运用线性回归、小波分析等方法,对中国中东部3个高山气象站(南岳、庐山和黄山)平均风速、气温和降水的气候变化特征进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)3个站年平均风速均呈明显减小趋势,3个站在20世纪60年代末期之后时间变化特征相似。(2)3个站年最大小时风速在20世纪60年代明显减小,之前最大小时风速较大,变化趋势不明显,之后最大小时风速明显减小,且呈显著减小趋势。(3)3个站的风向均存在明显的季节转换,夏半年盛行偏南风,冬半年盛行偏北风。南岳站和庐山站风速呈现"春夏大、秋冬小",黄山站呈现"秋季小、春夏冬大"。3个站平均风速有比较一致的2~3年、5~7年周期变化,在大周期略有不同。(4)3个站气温均呈明显上升趋势,存在2~3年、5~7年和准15年左右的振荡周期。(5)3个站降水量均呈不显著上升趋势,雨日数在南岳站和庐山站呈显著下降趋势,在黄山站呈显著上升趋势。3个站降水量有比较一致的2~3、5~7年左右的周期变化,在大周期变化有所不同;雨日有比较一致的2~3年、4~7年、准10年周期变化,在大周期变化有所不同。     

湖北省地形因子对电线覆冰的影响研究

利利用1960—2011年湖北省81个气象站气象观测资料和湖北省2004—2012年220~500 k V高压输电线路覆冰事故资料以及海拔高度、坡度、坡向等9类地形数据信息资料,给出风口、突出山体、迎风坡和背风坡4种特殊地形的判断指标,分析特殊地形因子对电线覆冰的影响,并对湖北省冰区分布图进行地形订正。结果表明:风口判断指标为冬季(当年12月至翌年2月)日均风速大于8 m·s-1的日数超过1.56 d·a-1,迎风坡判断指标为坡向0°~45°或315°~360°且坡度大于10°,背风坡判断指标为坡向135°~225°且坡度大于10°,突出山体判断指标为起伏度大于200 m且海拔高度大于起伏度;4种特殊地形下冰厚订正系数分别为1.75、1.62、0.68和1.82;风口处影响覆冰的主导气象因子为风速,迎风坡处影响覆冰的主导气象因子为降水量,突出山体处影响覆冰的主导气象因子为液水含量,气温对3种特殊地形下的冰厚变化均有显著影响;经过地形订正后的冰区图,能更好地反映鄂西南山区、鄂北中部和西部等地受特殊地形影响而出现的较严重覆冰区。     

基于雾条件下能见度估算的导线覆冰气象模型

在总结分析导线覆冰模型理论框架及其影响导线覆冰增长强度的主要气象因子的基础上,根据四川省二郎山观冰站2006年1月—2009年3月的覆冰观测资料和同期常规气象资料,分析发现覆冰密度仅与气温相关显著,运用非线性回归分析建立了导线覆冰密度模型;利用能见度与液态水含量的转换关系估算了空气中的液态水含量及其输送指标,在此基础上建立了一个以气温、风速等常规气象观测要素为参数的导线覆冰模型,以便于工程应用。对模型拟合结果进行分析,实测冰厚和拟合冰厚之间的相关系数为0.8340,拟合冰厚的均方根误差为28.61 mm。     

利用常规气象资料建立的导线覆冰模型

利用2001-2009年冬季四川省二郎山观冰站的覆冰资料和气象资料,在明确影响导线覆冰因子及建立覆冰模型理论框架的基础上,分析了覆冰厚度与若干气象因子的联系,结果发现覆冰增长与水汽压、风速等单一气象指标之间的相关并不理想;尝试用若干气象指标综合咸水汽输送量指标,该指标与覆冰增长率有较显著的相关。在此基础上建立了一个以风速、温度、水汽压等常规气象观测要素为参数的导线覆冰模型,将综合覆冰拟合的冰厚与实测冰厚值进行比较,拟合结果较好地模拟了实际覆冰,达到工程应用的目的。     

中国冰冻天气的气候特征

研究冰冻天气的空间分布和变化规律对于冰冻灾害的预测、预估以及防灾减灾具有重要意义。利用1961—2008年603个站点雾凇和雨凇天气现象资料,283个站点的电线覆冰资料,采用计算多年平均值、标准冰厚转换、EOF以及求趋势变化等方法,研究了我国冰冻天气的空间分布和气候变化特征。结果表明:全国大部分地区都有冰冻天气出现;雾凇主要出现在北方地区,雨凇主要出现在南方。年冰冻日数随海拔高度增加而增加,但海拔3100 m高度以上冰冻日数较少。冰冻厚度较大的地区位于东北东南部、华北东部、西北地区东南部、西南地区东部、江南东北部。在全球气候变暖背景下,我国大部分地区冰冻天气发生频次减少,但强度增强。     

山西省不同重现期下电线覆冰厚度空间分布及区划

利用山西省18个积冰站电线积冰观测资料和91个气象站常规观测资料,采用逐步回归分析方法,针对不同气候区分别构建电线覆冰设计冰厚的气象估算模型,推算各站30 a、50 a、100 a重现期下的设计冰厚。在此基础上,结合DEM数据和电网运行覆冰观测资料,对设计冰厚进行地形订正和易冰区微地形运行经验修正,最终得到山西省电网电线覆冰厚度空间分布及区划结果。结果表明：(1)山西省电线覆冰的设计冰厚整体与气温、相对湿度、风速、水汽压等密切相关,其中高山区的设计冰厚还与降水量、日照时数关系密切,且受连续3 d的气象条件影响,而丘陵和平原区则与当日和前一日或前二日的气象条件密切相关;(2)构建的分区设计冰厚气象估算模型对各气候区的覆冰厚度模拟效果较好,估算偏差五台山前约2 mm,其余地区小于1.2 mm;(3)地形订正后的结果更为合理地反映山西省各重现期下电线覆冰厚度的空间特征,即覆冰厚度随纬度降低而减小,中、重冰区主要分布在恒山、五台山、管涔山、吕梁山、太岳山和太行山等高海拔地区,而沿黄河一带和盆地为轻冰区,且盆地覆冰最轻;(4)易覆冰区经运行经验修正后,其覆冰厚度能够更加精确表达局部微地形区覆冰真...     

一次输电线路覆冰舞动事故灾害性天气分析

利用WRF模式和Jones电线积冰模型对发生在2010年2月10—11日湖北地区的电线覆冰舞动事故的天气过程进行分析,并对灾害性天气的可预报性进行初步探讨。结果表明:Jones电线积冰模型基于观测降水数据计算积冰厚度在1.3~5.4mm,与观测量级相同。由于WRF模式对此次天气过程的降水量模拟偏大而高估了电线积冰厚度。WRF模式模拟的10m风速风向与观测的一致性较好,模拟本次过程的风速为5~10m·s-1,风向为偏北风,而湖北地区输电线路以东西走向为主,较容易发生舞动事故。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.