近50年中国霾年代际特征及气象成因

根据1961-2013年全国745个国家基准站的长期观测资料,分析中国霾日数年代际变化特征及可能的气象成因。结果表明:近50年来,中国霾天气主要集中在东部从华南到华北的大部分地区,霾日数呈增加趋势。秋冬两季是霾天气发生最频繁、变化最明显的两个季节。中国东部淮河以南地区秋冬两季霾日数在2000年前呈增加趋势,其后增加趋势变得较为平缓,20世纪90年代前霾日数与近地面风速呈显著负相关关系,90年代后则与大气相对湿度呈显著负相关关系,随着90年代前近地面风速减小和90年代后大气相对湿度降低,该区域霾日数表现出明显的增加趋势。中国东部从淮河到华北大部分地区秋冬两季霾日数1980年后增加趋势变得不明显,这可能与该区域近地面风速和大气相对湿度的变化趋势较为平缓有关。     

1970—2013年石家庄地区霾变化特征

利用1970—2013年石家庄地区17个县市的地面气象观测资料分析了霾的空间变化特征。结果表明:1970—2013年石家庄年霾日数的区域分布变化较大,由中东部平原霾日数多、西北部山区霾日数少的分布转变为西南部地区霾日数多、中东部地区霾日数少,这种空间分布在2010年后更显著。随着经济快速发展,石家庄市西部山区丰富的矿产资源被开采,大量排放的SO2、NOX和VOCS等污染物发生光化学反应,有利于气溶胶的转化形成;除本地污染物排放外,受太行山阻挡,在一定天气背景下东南部地区污染物向山前汇聚,区域性污染输送也是西部山区污染严重的成因。石家庄地区持续性霾事件日数占霾总日数的50%以上,霾持续日数超过4d和8d分别为中等持续性霾事件与极端持续性霾事件;中等持续性霾事件年平均发生次数为9.8次,极端持续性霾事件年平均发生次数为1.6次。以南—东北向铁路线为分界,石家庄区域呈中东部和南部县市(无极、正定、藁城、栾城、赵县)极端持续性霾事件较多、西北部3县市(平山、行唐、灵寿)和东部3县市(晋州、深泽、辛集)极端持续性霾事件少的分布。石家庄市中等持续性霾事件在12月和1月发生次数最多,6—8月中等持续性霾事件发生最少;极端持续性霾事件主要出现在11月至翌年2月,其中1月极端持续性霾事件发生的可能性最大,年平均发生次数为0.4次,其他月份极端持续性霾事件年平均发生次数不足0.2次,极端持续性霾事件的发生概率较小。     

1961—2012年中国冬半年霾日数的变化特征及气候成因分析

利用全国664站1961—2012年逐日霾观测资料、降水量、平均风速和最大风速资料,分析中国霾日数变化特征及其气候成因。结果表明：我国年霾日数分布呈明显东多西少特征,中东部大部地区年霾日数在5～30 d,部分地区超过30 d,西部地区基本在5 d以下。霾日数主要集中在冬半年,冬季最多,秋季和春季次之,夏季最少,12月是霾日数最多的月份,约占全年霾日数的2成。我国中东部地区冬半年平均霾日数呈显著的增加趋势（1.7 d/10a）,霾日数显著增加时段主要在1960年代、1970年代和21世纪初,在1970年代初和21世纪初发生了明显均值突变。从区域分布来看,华南、长江中下游、华北等地霾日数呈增加趋势,而东北、西北东部、西南东部霾日数呈减少趋势。持续性霾过程增加,持续时间越长的霾过程比持续时间短的霾过程增加更为明显。不利的气候条件加剧了霾的出现。霾日数与降水日数在中东部地区基本以负相关为主,中东部冬半年降水日数呈减少趋势（-4 d/10a）,表明降水日数的减少导致大气对污染物的沉降能力减弱。另一方面,霾日数与平均风速和大风日数以负相关为主,而与静风日数则以正相关为主,冬半年平均风速和大风日数减小,静风日数增加,表明风速减小导致空气中污染物不易扩散,从而更易形成霾天气。     

1960—2008年京津冀地区夏季高温日数的变化趋势分析

基于整理的京津冀地区83个台站1960—2008年夏季逐日日最高气温资料,采用趋势分析和滑动t检验方法分析了近50年京津冀夏季高温日数的时空特征及变化趋势。结果表明：1960—2008年京津冀夏季高温日数在空间上呈现出＂南多北少＂的分布特征,高值中心位于南部的南宫附近,在时间上呈现出＂多—少—多＂的年代际变化特征,无显著的线性变化趋势,但其南部夏季高温日数主要呈减少趋势,北部主要呈增加趋势。京津冀夏季高温日数有两个突变点,即从1972年由多变少,从1996年由少变多,但其北部只有一个突变点。与1960—1972年京津冀夏季高温日数偏多期相比,近12年（1997—2008年）京津冀夏季高温日数偏多且出现的年份更为集中,在此期间京津冀及其南北部夏季高温日数呈现明显的减弱趋势。     

贺州市霾天气的气候特征分析

根据贺州市4个国家气象观测站1981-2013年气象观测资料,对贺州市霾天气的气候特征及其成因进行了分析.结果表明,贺州市霾天气日数12月最多,7月最少,秋冬两季霾天气日数占全年的75％以上.市内各县区年平均霾天气日数分布存在明显差异,差异的原因与辖区内地形地貌、气候条件、土地利用性质密切相关.年平均霾天气日数总体呈上升趋势.     

宁夏雾日和霜日的变化趋势分析

利用1961～2012年宁夏22个气象台站逐日天气现象、能见度、相对湿度资料,采用气候倾向率、趋势系数、最大熵谱分析、突变分析等方法,分析了宁夏各区域雾日数和霾日数的空间分布及变化趋势。结果表明：宁夏雾目数、霾日数均呈南北多、中间少的空间特征,但雾日数南部最多,而霾日数北部最多。近52a来,雾日数除南部山区呈不显著的减少趋势外,其他3个区域均呈增多趋势,而霾日数各区域均呈显著的增多趋势;另外,二者均有明显的阶段性演变特征,1961—1980年为明显偏少阶段,1981～2000年为波动变化阶段,2001年以后为明显偏多阶段;雾日数具有较明显的准7．5a,4．3a周期振荡,霾日数具有较明显的准4．6a、3,0a周期振荡;各区域雾日数与霾日数均未发生突变现象。     

江西省近50年霾天气时空分布特征及成因分析

利用1964—2013年江西省83个站逐日霾观测资料,运用线性倾向估计等统计方法,分析江西省近50年霾时空变化特征及其与气候要素的关系。结果表明:江西霾日数呈赣中北部多、赣南少的特点,赣中的萍乡—宜春—抚州—上饶一带以及赣北北部的九江中部、景德镇北部地区是霾天气多发区,年均霾日数在30 d·a~(-1)以上。冬季霾日数最多,萍乡—宜春—鹰潭地区中北部、南昌—九江的中部以及上饶东部地区超过20 d·a~(-1),春季和秋季次之,夏季最少。12月是霾日数最多的月份,接近全年霾日数的2成。江西省霾日数呈年际增长的趋势,增长率为11 d·(10 a)~(-1),气候趋势系数为0.78,通过0.01的显著性水平检验。霾日数与平均风速和大风日数均呈负相关,而与静风日数呈正相关。近50年平均风速和大风日数呈下降趋势,静风日数呈上升趋势,这可能导致空气中污染物不易扩散而形成更多的霾天气。江西省降水日数呈减少趋势[-6.3 d·(10a)~(-1)],气温呈增暖趋势[0.15℃·(10a)~(-1)],霾日数与气温和降水日数分别呈正、负相关。     

西安霾天气时空分布特征与影响因子分析

选用1971—2013年西安7个一般气象站和西安探空站资料,综合人工观测霾日记录、能见度小于10.0km、相对湿度小于80%的标准,分析霾的年代际、季和月的时空分布特征,以及霾天气时风、降水、边界层等影响因子。结果表明:120世纪70年代至21世纪西安年代际平均霾日呈"减-增-减-增"趋势;2西安是关中地区主要大气污染区,霾主要出现在冬季,多发区域基本维持在中东部;城市化对霾天气发生影响显著,呈市区、近郊多,远郊少的特点;3大部分霾持续时间不超过一周;近95%霾出现在3.3m/s风速以下,一半以上霾天气风力小于1级;4霾日与雨日成反比,与连续无降水日数成正比,月均最长连续无降水日数低值区为4—9月,霾日数均不多;各月边界层高度和霾日数呈明显的反相关,冬季边界层低,霾日最多;5特殊的"盆地"地貌、风速逐年减小的气候变化趋势、城市工业污染加重等是造成西安霾天气形成并波动上升的重要影响因子。     

基于序列重建的湖北省大范围持续性霾过程特征分析

利用1961—2013年湖北省76个气象站逐日天气现象、相对湿度和能见度等观测资料,重建了湖北省霾日序列,建立大范围持续性霾过程的强度等级评价模型及指数,并分析了湖北省霾日和大范围持续性霾过程的时空变化特征。结果表明:1961—2013年湖北省霾日序列重建前和重建后时空分布的年代际变化差异较小,但变化趋势相反。基于霾日的重建序列,近50 a湖北省霾日具有明显的年代际变化特征,2000年后霾日增加趋势尤其明显,冬季为霾易发季节。湖北省大范围持续性霾过程主要出现在20世纪70年代及21世纪初,2013年尤为突出;三峡河谷至鄂西北东部和鄂东中北部地区为持续性霾过程高发地区。经验证,大范围持续性霾过程指数(LSCHI)的评估效果较好。     

1961-2012年江苏省霾日时空变化特征及影响因素分析

利用1961—2012年江苏省69个地面气象站观测资料和2012年苏州市大气气溶胶观测资料,在对霾日进行判识和筛选的基础上,分析江苏省霾日的时空变化特征及霾与气象条件和污染物的关系。结果表明：1961—2012年江苏省各站年总霾日数均呈上升趋势,85％的台站呈极显著上升趋势;江苏省年平均霾日数呈显著上升趋势,其中2011—2012年呈急剧上升趋势;1980年前霾日的空间分布差异不明显,1980年后,沿江和苏南地区为霾的高发区,东部沿海大部地区霾日较少。霾天气主要发生在冬季和春季,以12月和1月发生最多。降水少和风速小有利于霾天气的发生;除SO2外,PM10、PM2.5和NO2等污染物浓度随着霾等级的增加而增大,其中PM2.5浓度增大明显。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.