电子水准仪与自动安平水准仪的对比研究——以DINI11和NI002为例

对目前常规大地测量和工程施工测量中较为常用的电子水准仪和自动安平水准仪进行了对比研究。以DINI11和NI002两种不同水准仪为例,以实际观测结果对其发展现状、仪器结构、观测原理、影响因素及抗干扰能力等分别进行了对比分析。结果表明,DINI11水准仪较NI002水准仪有性能先进、抗干扰能力强的特点,但其测量精度较NI002水准仪偏低,这可能与仪器的放大倍数有关。此外还对精密水准测量中用电子仪器替换光学仪器的合理性进行了探讨,并给出了初步结论与使用建议。     

DINI12电子水准仪在台站短水准测量中的应用

主要介绍了DINI12电子水准仪的特性、原理、检测方法及代替原有光学水准仪在台站短水准测量中的应用,并结合电子水准仪的实际观测数据,对该仪器的使用方法和测量精度进行了探讨。     

跨断层测量电子水准仪后处理软件研发

跨断层水准测量是地震监测工作的重要手段之一,为地震分析预报提供了宝贵的原始观测数据。当前跨断层水准测量开始陆续使用高精度电子水准仪,利用Delphi结合Office办公软件,设计并开发了电子水准仪DINI12测量后处理软件,基本实现了数据处理自动化,提高了作业效率。     

DINI11数字水准仪观测资料处理软件

介绍了编制DINI11数字水准仪观测资料后,处理软件的设计思路和实现方法,该软件自动完成观测资料入库、计算、打印手簿、成果表和画时序图等任务。     

电子水准仪观测资料处理系统的研制

本文着眼于台站水准数字化改造的实际需要，对电子水准仪投入使用前及使用中所涉及的仪器检查项目和观测数据的后续处理工作进行二次开发，研制了“电子水准仪观测资料处理系统”。该系统包括仪器检查、观测成果处理和绘图三部分。使台站水准测量结束了人工读数、手工记录和点图、人工计算的历史，实现了电子水准仪观测资料处理的微机化和自动化。     

DINI12电子水准仪振动实验

电子水准仪是在自动安平水准仪的基础上发展起来的,自1990年瑞士威特厂研制出第一台电子水准仪NA2000,经过十几年的研发,已有多家公司能够生产精密电子水准仪,其主要厂家有德国的蔡司(后为美国的天宝)、日本的拓普康和索佳等.     

DiNi-11数字水准仪在断层形变台站测量中的应用

电子自动数字化水准仪已进入市场 ,并将作为光学水准仪的替代产品被广泛应用。中国地震局在“九五”规划期间 ,为形变台站等有关单位的水准测量配备了一批 Di Ni-1 1数字水准仪。安徽合肥形变台自 2 0 0 0年 1月 1日起正式投入观测。执行“大地形变台站测量规范” (短水准测量 )及“使用电子水准仪的规范中有关条款和附录要求的变化情况”的规定要求 ,分析处理了 1年的观测资料 ,对 Di Ni-1 1数字水准仪的性能和适合台站定点水准测量的工作方法、操作规程进行了分析讨论 ,研究探讨了该仪器用于定点短水准测量的观测精度及测量误差。1　 Di…     

数字电子水准仪DiNi10性能实测分析

对蔡司公司的ＤｉＮｉ１０数字电子水准仪,通过主要指标测试、条件试验和６６ｋｍ的实际外业测量,特别是与精密自平水准仪Ｎｉ００２的４０ｋｍ同桩平行测量试验,论述了此种仪器的性能及其作业规律和特点。结果表明该仪器可用于一等水准测量和精密地形变监测。指出了该仪器的不足之处。     

水准自动化观测系统设计

结合机械、电子与计算机控制技术设计水准自动化观测系统——车载自动调平水准仪观测平台和车载自动悬挂水准标尺平台,阐述该系统的设计目标、系统组成、工作原理及流程,初步实现：①水准仪调平、水准标尺扶尺自动化;②水准测量站间迁移机械化;③省去水准测量中的打桩、拔桩工序。如该系统配置测距装置,便可实现视距自动化测量功能。     

水准自动化观测系统设计

结合机械、电子与计算机控制技术设计水准自动化观测系统——车载自动调平水准仪观测平台和车载自动悬挂水准标尺平台,阐述该系统的设计目标、系统组成、工作原理及流程,初步实现:(1)水准仪调平、水准标尺扶尺自动化;(2)水准测量站间迁移机械化;(3)省去水准测量中的打桩、拔桩工序。如该系统配置测距装置,便可实现视距自动化测量功能。     

On the latitudinal structure of the magnetohydrodynamic Alfvén resonances

According to the data of the IMAGE network of magnetometers the latitudinal profile of the amplitude of the Pc5 geomagnetic pulsations is constructed, which are excited in the Earth’s magnetosphere in the form of the resonance Alfvén magnetohydrodynamic pulsations. The approaches to the solution of two problems are studied on a specific example. The first concerns the anharmonicity of Alfvén’s resonances. The displacement of the peak of the resonance curve towards to the north with the reduction of the amplitude of the pulsations is discovered. Based on the results of measurements, the nonlinear distortion coefficient of the latitudinal profile is determined. The second problem is connected with the magnetotelluric sounding. Information about the resonance structure of the Alfvén pulsations is useful for magnetotelluric sounding. This information gives the possibility of evaluating the accuracy of the sounding with the application of the local impedance relationship and of introducing corrections if necessary.     

Macroseismic manifestations of the Okhotsk earthquake of May 24, 2013 in the territory of Moscow

The results of a study of the macroseismic effects in the territory of Moscow of a remote deepfocus earthquake that occurred on May 24, 2013 in the Sea of Okhotsk are reported. On the surface of the earth and on the first floors of the buildings the seismic effect was not felt. The effect of the shock began to manifest itself at levels higher than the fifth floor of the buildings. The distribution of points on the map where the earthquake was felt is non-uniform. Points where tremor was felt do not appear to correspond with certain types of Quaternary deposits or with zones of different depth. There is also no significant correlation of the parts of the surface with high intensities of tremor and areas of ground-water flooding. Comparison between the surface manifestations of the seismic event and the tectonic features and deep structure of the metropolis was made. Based on the results of the implemented statistical estimation of distribution points where the earthquake was felt on the territory of the city it is visible that fault zones govern the largest number of points, while block structures characterize almost half of them. Thus, we can reasonably suggest a certain macroseismic increase of vibrations from earthquakes in the areas of large faults in the city. The study of deformations of the asphalt cover of walkways on the landslide-affected slope of Vorobyovy Hills showed that the tremor caused by the Okhotsk deep focus earthquake of May 24, 2013, caused the activation of a small landslide at all levels of the hillside.     

基础柔性对土-结构相互作用系统响应影响的一个解析解

采用波函数展开法,通过SH波入射均匀半空间中二维埋置半圆形刚柔复合基础-单质点模型,推导土-刚柔复合基础-上部结构动力相互作用的解析解,并验证解的正确性。研究表明:基础柔性对于系统响应峰值与系统频率有较大影响。考虑基础柔性后,上部结构相对响应峰值相比全刚性基础结果均有一定减小,且系统频率也会产生向低频偏移的现象。     

滇池东北岸生态修复区的环境效应--Ⅰ.抑藻效应

研究了滇池东北沿岸带生态修复区抑制蓝藻水华的功能,对比监测了修复区内外水体中chl.a浓度,通过原位围隔试验研究了修复区内聚集藻类的降解过程,测定了水生植被的遮光率及其对藻类光合作用的影响。结果显示,修复区具有捕获富集和分解消除漂浮性蓝藻的作用,同时能通过水生植物的遮荫作用抑制藻类光合作用。在蓝藻水华暴发期(7-10月)修复区内蓝藻大量聚集,chl.a最高浓度达到修复区外的29倍;聚集在修复区内的藻类在微生物作用下迅速降解,chl.a降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,反应系数为k=0.2173(时间单位为天);修复区内挺水植被的遮光率可以达到90％以上,能降低植被区内水体中藻类光合作用强度60％左右。     

利用三维孔隙弹性模型探讨紫坪铺水库对汶川地震的影响

本文基于三维孔隙弹性理论,建立了紫坪铺水库及周边地区的有限元模型.根据紫坪铺水库开始蓄水到汶川地震发震时刻的水位变化情况,计算了整个区域的孔隙压力和库仑应力.详细讨论了断层及周围地层的弹性模量和扩散系数对计算结果的影响.计算结果表明:从弹性角度看,断层的弹性模量对汶川地震震源处的库仑应力影响很小;震源处的库仑应力随着断层和周围地层的扩散系数增大而增大.当给定弹性模量和扩散系数代表性值的时候,计算结果表明在汶川地震发震时刻,震源处的库仑应力变化量为+1 kPa左右,这表明紫坪铺水库使得汶川地震发震断层更加危险.是否这个量级的库仑应力就能够触发汶川地震还需要进一步探讨.通过分析库区周边小震的分布,发现小震分布区域均是库仑应力增加的地区,因此紫坪铺水库周边的小震应该与紫坪铺水库蓄水有直接关系.     

唐山大震区深部构造的初步研究

本文介绍利用地震转换波测深法研究1976年7.8级唐山大震区深部构造的某些结果,得出了沿两条测线的深部构造剖面图。发现在极震区的数十公里的范围内,地壳和上地幔具有异常结构,在地壳中部比震区外围多出一个中间层位,埋深约12-20km,地壳上部界面向上挠曲,而莫霍面和上地幔顶部界面却强烈地向下挠曲,引起了震区岩石圈厚度的加大,在震区存在深浅不等的深部断裂。深部构造与震源分布的对比表明,唐山主震和绝大多数余震均分布在壳内中间层之上,有的甚至就分布在壳内中间层的上、下界面附近。转换波测深结果表明,本区地壳上地幔中强烈的升降差异运动可能是唐山大震的重要促发因素。     

Simplified transverse seismic analysis of buried structures

This paper presents a simplified method for the analysis of square cross-section buried structures (tunnel) subjected to seismic motion. Finite element analyses are performed to assess the fundamental modes of vibration of the soil layer with and without the tunnel. The influence of the tunnel on the modes of vibrations is taken into account by comparing the modal deformations in the free-field to those in the presence of the tunnel. From this comparison the zone of influence of the modal displacements due to the presence of the structure is determined. The resulting model is subjected to horizontal and vertical excitation of statistically independent accelerograms compatible with the response spectra of the Regulatory Guide 1.6 of the Nuclear Energy Commission. The free-field displacement is introduced at the boundaries of the zone of influence. The proposed simplified static analysis yields a state of stresses similar to that obtained from a full dynamic analysis of the complete soil–tunnel system. Several examples are solved to corroborate the validity of the method.     

The wideband [0.001 Hz–100 kHz] interferometry project in Central Italy

We are reporting some results and future planning of the Magnetic and Electric fields Monitoring Project. The principal purpose of the project is to create a network of observatories for monitoring the electromagnetic signals in the 0.001 Hz–100 kHz frequency bands in Central Italy. These bands include both natural and artificial signals. The technological objectives of the project are the development of new instrumentation and the know-how transfer to the industry. These instruments were tested in the Geomagnetic Observatory of L'Aquila, the first station of the network. Here we show some examples of the developed electric and magnetic sensors. These instruments are designed for the automatic long-term recording of the electromagnetic fields in a wide band of frequency. The preliminary results of the first operating station of the network are shown taking into account, in the signal elaboration, the single station approach. Here we are reporting some examples concerning the calculation of the ground electric resistivity profile, the evaluation of the magnetic induction vectors and the study of the magnetic sources by the eigenvectors calculation. When all the stations of the network will be in operation, the use of an innovative technique, the wideband interferometry will be proposed. Combining the simultaneous observations of the electromagnetic field measured in each station, we will be able to obtain detailed information about the investigated electromagnetic sources.     

Late stage thermal history of the Songliao Basin and its tectonic implications: Evidence from apatite fission track (AFT) analyses

Apatite Fission Track (AFT) data from the Songliao Basin indicates that the late stage tectonic movements in the Songliao Basin have zoning in space and episodes in time. The late stage tectonic movements started from the east part of the basin and migrated westward. AFT ages in the east part of the basin are older than those in the west part of the basin, suggesting that the uplift occurred earlier in the east than in the west. The denudation thickness in the east part of the basin is significantly greater than that in the centre and west. The thermal history evolved two episodes of rapid cooling and subsequent slow cooling processes. Age-depth relationship derived from the AFT data indicates a four-episode denudation history. Further Monte Carlo random simulation of the AFT data reveals the four changing points of the thermal evolution at 65 Ma, 43.5 Ma, 28 Ma and 15 Ma, respectively. The uplifting and denudation rates from different episodes of evolution are proportional to the plate convergence rate. Based on the above analyses and the regional geologic background, it is concluded that the late stage thermal events in the Songliao Basin are the far field response to the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Eurasian Plate. The first episode of the rapid cooling probably started at the end of the Nenjiang Formation, climaxed at the end of the Cretaceous and ceased at the Late Eocene. The subsequent slow cooling lasts another 15 Ma. The first episode of the evolution is the far field response to the major episode of the Yanshan Movement and subsequent series of the tectonic reorganization, especially the directional change of the Pacific Movement and also the subduction of the Indian Plate underneath the Eurasian Plate. While the second episode of the evolution is the far field response to the extension and closure of the Sea of Japan. Extension led to the migration and converging of the mantle heat flow to the Sea of Japan and resulted in the rapid cooling of the Songliao Basin.     

鲜水河断裂带深部情况及其与地震的关系

本文根据重力、航磁、地壳视厚度、地震活动性及震源深度等资料,对鲜水河断裂带形成的深部状况及其与地震发生的关系进行了初步分析和讨论。结果表明: 1.该断裂带在上地幔顶部的壳幔界面上並未得到清晰和直观的反映,因此推测它可能未切穿岩石圈,而属一条壳内区域大断裂。2.该断裂是在前海西期构造隆起背景上发育起来的。3.从地壳剖面上看,古生代变质岩系底板以下到磁性居里等温面之间的带状空间,是该断裂带的孕震和发震的层位。4.磁性居里等温面的隆起或高点部位,因岩浆或高温流体的侵入,往往是孕震断层的根部,根部增温,上部锁住,故有利于应力的集中,最易产生错动,而成为强震孕育、发生的重要场所。