Geochemical characteristics and genetic types of crude oils from Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression,Songliao Basin,northeastern China

The Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields are new Mesozoic petroleum exploration targets in Lishu Fault Depression of Songliao Basin, northeastern China. Currently, researches on geochemistry of crude oils from Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields have not been performed and the genesis of oils is still uncertain. Based on bulk analyses, the crude oils in the Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields of Lishu Fault Depression from the Lower Cretaceous can be classified as three types. TypeⅠoils, from Quantou and Denglouku formations of Qikeshu oilfield, are characterized by high C24tetracyclic terpane/C26tricyclic terpanes ratios, low gammacerance/C30hopane ratios, tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios, C29Ts/C29norhopane ratios and 17α(H)-diahopane/17α(H)-hopane ratios, indicating a brackish lacustrine facies. TypeⅡoils, from Shahezi Formation of Qikeshu oilfield show low C24tetracyclic terpane/C26tricyclic terpanes, high gammacerance/C30hopane ratios, tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios, C29Ts/C29 norhopane and C30diahopane/C30hopane ratios, thus suggesting that they originated from source rocks deposited in a weak reducing brackish lacustrine environment, or clay-rich sediments. Type oilsⅢ, from some wells of Qikeshu oilfield have geochemical characteristics intermediate between those two types and may be mixture of typeⅠand Ⅱoils.     

Prediction of source rock characteristics based on terpane biomarkers in crude oils: A multivariate statistical approach

The distributions of eight tricyclic and eight pentacyclic terpanes were determined for 216 crude oils located worldwide with subsequent simultaneous RQ-mode factor analysis and stepwise discriminate analysis for the purpose of predicting source rock features or depositional environments. Five categories of source rocks are evident: nearshore marine (i.e., paralic/deltaic); deeper-water marine; lacustrine; phosphaticrich source beds; and Ordovician age source rocks. The first two factors of the RQ-mode factor analysis describe 45 percent of the variation in the data set; the tricyclic terpanes appear to be twice as significant as pentacyclic terpanes in determining the variation among samples. Lacustrine oils are characterized by greater relative abundances of C₂₁ diterpane and gammacerane; nearshore marine sources by C₁₉ and C₂₀ diterpanes and oleanane; deeper-water marine facies by C₂₄ and C₂₅ tricyclic and C₃₁ plus C₃₂ extended hopanes; and Ordovician age oils by C₂₇ and C₂₉ pentacyclic terpanes. Although thermal maturity trends can be observed in factor space, the trends do not necessarily obscure the source rock interpretations. Also, since bacterial degradation of crude oils rarely affects tricyclic terpanes, biodegraded oils can be used in predicting source rock features. The precision to which source rock depositional environments are determined might be increased with the addition of other biomarker (e.g., steranes) and stable isotope data using multivariate statistical techniques.     

Petroleum geochemistry of the Potwar Basin, Pakistan: 1. Oil-oil correlation using biomarkers, δC and δD

Geochemical characterisation of 18 crude oils from the Potwar Basin (Upper Indus), Pakistan is carried out in this study. Their relative thermal maturities, environment of deposition, source of organic matter (OM) and the extent of biodegradation based on the hydrocarbon (HC) distributions are investigated. A detailed oil-oil correlation of the area is established. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and bulk stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of saturated and aromatic HC fractions reveals three compositional groups of oils. Most of the oils from the basin are typically generated from shallow marine source rocks. However, group A contains terrigenous OM deposited under highly oxic/fluvio-deltaic conditions reflected by high pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph), C₃₀ diahopane/C₂₉Ts, diahopane/hopane and diasterane/sterane ratios and low dibenzothiophene (DBT)/phenanthrene (P) ratios. The abundance of C₁₉-tricyclic and C₂₄-tetracyclic terpanes are consistent with a predominant terrigenous OM source for group A. Saturated HC biomarker parameters from the rest of the oils show a predominant marine origin, however groups B and C are clearly separated by bulk δ¹³C and δD and the distributions of the saturated HC fractions supporting variations in source and environment of deposition of their respective source rocks. Moreover, various saturated HC biomarker ratios such as steranes/hopanes, diasteranes/steranes, C₂₃-tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane, C₂₈-tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane, total tricyclic terpanes/hopanes and C₃₁(R + S)/C₃₀ hopane show that two different groups are present. These biomarker ratios show that group B oils are generated from clastic-rich source rocks deposited under more suboxic depositional environments compared to group C oils. Group C oils show a relatively higher input of algal mixed with terrigenous OM, supported by the abundance of extended tricyclic terpanes (up to C₄₁₊) and steranes.Biomarker thermal maturity parameters mostly reached to their equilibrium values indicating that the source rocks for Potwar Basin oils must have reached the early to peak oil generation window, while aromatic HC parameters suggest up to late oil window thermal maturity. The extent of biodegradation of the Potwar Basin oils is determined using various saturated HC parameters and variations in bulk properties such as API gravity. Groups A and C oils are not biodegraded and show mature HC profiles, while some of the oils from group B show minor levels of biodegradation consistent with high Pr/n-C₁₇, Ph/n-C₁₈ and low API gravities.     

Geochemical characteristics of Lower Permian coal-measure source rocks in Northeast Ordos Basin

General characteristics and biomarker distributions of Lower Permian coal-measure source rocks in northeastern Ordos Bsain have been analyzed in this paper. The results show that the source rocks are type III kerogen, thermally mature, with high content of total organic carbon. The extracts of the source rock samples with different lithologies from Well Su 27 feature high Pr/Ph ratios, high C19TT and C24Te, high rearranged hopanes, a predominance of C29 sterane in regular steranes, and the absence of C30 4-methylsteranes. These data suggest that the source rocks were deposited in suboxic to oxic conditions with dominantly terrigenous higher plant input. In contrast, the source rocks from wells Shuang 1 and Yu 20, are characterized by low Pr/Ph ratios, low C19TT and C24Te, high C23TT, similar content of C27 sterane and C29 sterane, and the presence of C30 4-methylsteranes, showing that the source rocks were deposited in reducing environment with algae and/or microorganisms and terrigenous higher plant input.     

Diversities in biomarker compositions of Carboniferous–Permian humic coals in the Ordos Basin,China

The molecular composition of Carboniferous–Permian coals in the maturity range from 0.66 to 1.63% vitrinite reflectance has been analysed using organic geochemistry to investigate the factors influencing the biomarker compositions of humic coals. The Carboniferous–Permian coal has a variable organofacies and is mainly humic-prone. There is a significant difference in the distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in these coals, which can be divided into three types. The Group A coals have biomarker compositions typical of humic coal, characterised by high Pr/Ph ratios, a lower abundance of tricyclic terpanes with a decreasing distribution from C₁₉ tricyclic terpane to C₂₄ tricyclic terpane and a high number of terrigenous-related biomarkers, such as C₂₄ tetracyclic terpane and C₂₉ steranes. The biomarker composition of Group B coals, which were deposited in a suboxic environment, have a higher abundance of rearranged hopanes than observed in Group A coals. In contrast, in Group C coals, the Pr/Ph ratio is less than 1.0, and the sterane and terpane distributions are very different from those in groups A and B. Group C coals generally have abnormally abundant tricyclic terpanes with a normal distribution maximising at the C₂₃ peak; C₂₇ steranes predominates in the m/z 217 mass fragmentograms. The relationships between biomarker compositions, thermal maturity, Pr/Ph ratios and depositional environments, indicate that the biomarker compositions of Carboniferous–Permian coals in Ordos Basin are mainly related to their depositional environment. This leads to the conclusion that the biomarker compositions of groups A and B coals collected from Shanxi and Taiyuan formations in the northern Ordos Basin are mainly related to their marine–terrigenous transitional environment, whereas the biomarker compositions for the Group C coals from Carboniferous strata and Shanxi Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin are associated with marine incursions.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Different Kinds of Crude Oils in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Based on the compositions and distributions of biomarkers in thirty-five representative oil samples, oils from the Tarim Basin of northwestern China are mainly divided into two oil families. One oil family contains relatively low amounts of C₁₅-C₂₀ isoprenoid hydrocarbons and shows pristane predominance with Pr/Ph ratios ranging from 1.50 to 3.00. The GC/MS analytical data of these oils show the occurrence of abundant hopanes, and low concentrations of steranes and tricyclic terpanes with hopanes/steranes ratios from 6.25 to 12.24 and tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios from 0.03 to 0.24. These oils contain low drimane relative to homodrimane (C₁₅/C₁₆ < 1.0) and abundant rearranged bicyclanes in bicyclic sesquiterpanes. They are dominated by low carbon number (C₁₉-C₂₁) compounds in the tricyclic terpanes, and are rich in rearranged hopanes, C₂₉Ts and an unknown C₃₀ compound in pentacyclic triterpanes. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the oils were generated mainly from terrigenous organic matter. The other oil family shows remarkably different biomarker compositions and distributions. The oils revealed Pr/Ph ratios of about 1.0, high drimane/homodrimane ratios (>1.0), low hopanes/steranes ratios (0.65–2.50), high tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios (0.30–2.00) and a dominant peak at C₂₃ in tricyclic tepanes, suggesting a marine organic origin. Oil-source rock correlation indicates that these two oil families seem to have been derived from Mesozoic Jurassic-Triassic terrestrial source rocks (shales and coal seams) and Lower Paleozoic Ordovician-Cambrian marine source rocks, respectively.     

羌塘盆地昂达尔错地区油苗生物标志化合物特征及其指示意义

本文以油苗抽提物的饱和烃色谱-质谱分析为基础,剖析了羌塘盆地昂达尔错地区油苗的生物标志化合物特征,探讨了其沉积环境和成熟度指示意义。昂达尔错油苗含有丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物。正构烷烃轻烃组分含量较高,无明显的奇偶优势。Pr/Ph比小于1,显示一定的植烷优势。萜类化合物中五环三萜烷相对含量最高,四环萜烷含量最少,并有一定的伽马蜡烷和升藿烷分布。规则甾烷相对含量为C27C29C28,呈不对称"V"字形分布,异构化成熟度参数值较高,且4-甲基甾烷化合物普遍存在。昂达尔错油苗母源岩沉积于具有较高盐度的还原环境,以藻类、菌类等海相有机质输入为主,油苗有机质处于成熟阶段。     

A geochemical investigation of crude oils and source rocks from Biyang Basin, China

China has a number of petroliferous lacustrine sedimentary basins of varying salinity and age (mainly Eocene). A geochemical investigation has been undertaken on several oils and source rocks from the Eocene lacustrine Biyang Basin. The distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, steranes, and terpanes have been studied and used to characterize the sedimentary environment of deposition, maturity, biodegradation and undertake possible correlations. The ratios of C₃₀-hopane/gammacerane, 4-methyl-steranes/regular steranes, steranes/hopanes, C₂₁ tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane are proposed to be indicative of the depositional environment whereas ß-carotane appears to be a source related indicator. The geochemical data obtained in this study suggest that the major source rocks in the Biyang Basin were deposited in a saline/hypersaline depositional environment.     

Geochemical characteristics of saturate hydrocarbons in crude oils and source rocks of the Qaidam, Tarim, Tupran basins, NW China

Based on the systematic analyses of fifteen typical crude oils and ten typical potential source rocks col-lected from the Qaidam,Tarim and Turpan basins,Northwest China,the geochemical characteristics of the oils and source rocks were investigated and oil-source rock correlations undertaken.The oils and source rocks deposited in saline lacustrine environment from the western Qaidam Basin were characterized by n-alkanes with even car-bon-number preference in the C20-C28 range,low pristane/phytane(Pr/Ph) ratios(less than 0.5),and high abundances of C27 steranes,gammacerane and C35 hopanes.The oils and source rocks deposited in marine environment from the Tarim Basin were characterized by n-alkanes with even carbon-number preference in the C14-C18 range,relatively low Pr/Ph ratios(near to 1),high abundance of C28 steranes,and relatively high gammacerane.In contrast,the oils and source rocks deposited in terrigenous bog environment from the Turpan Basin were characterized by relatively high Pr/Ph ratios(oil samples greater than 6) high abundance of C29 steranes,and relatively low gammacerane and C31-35 hopanes.The higher amounts of C37 and C38 n-alkanes of source rocks from the western Qaidam Basin and the Tarim Basin suggest an origin of these alkanes from functionalized C37 and C38 n-alkadienes and alkenones in prymnesiophytes living in lacustrine and marine environments.Oil-source rock correlations suggest oils in the west-ern Qaidam Basin were derived from the Oligocene Lower Ganchaigou Formation(E3),oils in the Tabei and Tazhong uplifts from the Tarim Basin have a genetic relationship with the Middle-Upper Ordovician source beds.Oils in the Turpan Basin generally fall into two genetic types.Most oils in the Taibei depression from the Turpan Basin were derived from the Lower-Middle Jurassic coal measures,but the fewer oils in this region are a mixed source derived from the Lower-Middle Jurassic coal measure and the Upper Permian source rocks.     

珠江口盆地不同类型原油地球化学特征

为明确白云凹陷目前发现原油的成因及来源,系统分析取自珠江口盆地不同类型原油中各类生物标志物的分布与组成特征,发现番禺低隆起北部构造及番禺4洼的原油具有姥植比低(2.0),指示陆源有机质输入的奥利烷含量中等,基本缺乏达玛树脂贡献的双杜松烷,各类重排构型甾藿含量较低,而指示沟鞭藻贡献的C_(30)4-甲基甾烷异常丰富的特点。C_(30)4-甲基甾烷与C_(29)规则甾烷的比值2.1,且其三环萜烷系列C_(19-26)呈现以C_(21)为主峰的正态分布,指示其原始生烃母质以藻类为主,表明这类原油与文昌组湖相烃源岩具有较好的可比性;而番禺低隆起南部构造及白云凹陷的凝析油具有姥植比高(4.0),明显富含奥利烷和双杜松烷,各类重排构型甾藿烷含量较高,缺乏C_(30)4-甲基甾烷的特点,且其三环萜烷C_(19-26)呈现阶梯状依次降低的特点,表明陆源有机质是其主要原始生烃母质,这符合白云凹陷发育恩平组煤系烃源岩的石油地质背景。     

Characteristics of biomarkers in source rocks of the Ganquan Formation in the Dahulishan region, Ejina Banner

Based on gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques, the authors examined biomarker characteristics of the Ganquan Formation source rocks in the area of Dahulishan, Ejina, and analyzed the information and petroleum geological significance that were indicated by the source of organic matter, sedimentary environment and maturity and so on. Gas chromatography peak of saturated hydrocarbons from the Ganquan Formation source rocks showed "the former peak" of the single peak distribution, the main peak of carbon being C18 , indicating the main sources of organic matter with marine organic matter. Pr/Ph ranges from 0.3 to 0.6, indicating a strongly reducing sedimentary environment. Biomarker assemblages of the Ganquan Formation source rocks are abundant in tricyclic terpane with long side chains, with a high level of gammacerane, showing dominant distribution of C27 sterane. High contents of gammacerane in organic matter show organic facies of source rocks in the saltwater sedimentary environment. That average hopane/sterane ratio is 0.59, showing that algae have made more contributions to organic matter than bacteria. And the high level of C27 steranes shows that algae are the main source of hydrocarbon precursors. The Ganquan Formation’s methylphenanthrene index, which is an effective molecular parameter index to measure thermal evolution of organic matter, ranges from 0.35 to 0.50, and the conversion of vitrinite reflectance Rc from it is within the range of 2.00-2.09, indicating that the Ganquan Formation source rocks are in the over-mature stage of thermal evolution.     

An assessment of paleodepositional environment and maturity of organic matter in sediments of the Setap Shale and Belait formations in West Sabah,East Malaysia by organic geochemical methods

The black shale samples collected from two Neogene formations in the Klias Peninsula area, West Sabah, have been assessed and characterized in details by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a variety of organic geochemical parameters. The aims of this study are to describe the characteristics of organic matter of these sediments in terms of source/type of the organic matter, assess its thermal maturity and paleoenvironment of deposition, based primarily on biomarker distributions. The results of both formations do not reveal significant differences within the rock extracts. The gas chromatograms of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions of the Setap Shale and the Belait formations displayed monomodal n-alkane distributions and nearly identical regular sterane compositions with a predominance of C₂₇ regular steranes. These are consistent with open marine depositional environments dominated by marine biological matter. Another related feature of these rock extracts is the presence of a high relative abundance of gammacerane, indicating anoxic marine hypersaline source depositional environment. The relatively high abundance of common land plant-derived biomarkers, such as bicadinanes and oleananes, is a clear indication of a major terrigenous input to the source of the extractable organic matter. The predominance of oleanane biomarkers in both formations is indicative of angiospermis input and Tertiary source rocks. The high C₂₉/C₃₀ hopane ratios, moderate development of C₃₃–C₃₅ hopanes, high abundance of tricyclic terpanes and a slight predominance of C₂₇ regular sterane over C₂₈ and C₂₉ steranes are characteristic features tending to suggest a significant marine influence on these source rocks, thereby suggesting a mixed source input. The 22S/(22S+22R)C₃₂ hopane ratio has reached equilibrium, and this is supported by the high maturity level as indicated by the 22S/22SC_31–33 extended hopane ratios and 20S/(20S+20R)C₂₉ regular steranes ratios.     

Genesis study of high abundant 17a（H）-diahopanes in Lower Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks of the Lishu Fault Depression,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

Relatively abundant 17α（H）-diahopanes have been detected in the lower cretaceous lacustrine source rocks from the Lishu Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin Northeast China. Rich long chain tricyclic terpanes （carbon number up to C35） and gammacerane have been observed in those source rocks with relatively abundant 17α（H）-diahopanes, which is rarely seen in previous reports. In this paper, the formation of 17α（H）-diahopanes has been discussed from three aspects including maturity, oxidation-reduction nature of depositional environment and parent material composition by the GC/MS analyses. The results reveal that maturity and oxidation-reduction nature of depositional environment have little effect on the formation of 1 7α（H）-diahopanes in the investigated area. How- ever, the positive correlation between long-chain tricyclic terpanes and 17α（H）-diahopanes argues strongly for a common origin, and the origin is related to the algaes in saline water environment. The algaes in saline water envi- ronment may be a kind of origin of 1 7α（H）-diahopanes.     

近代盐湖沉积物中的生物标志化合物

    生物标志化合物是在沉积有机质地质演化过程中可保留其原碳骨架的生物分子，具记录沉积环境和沉积有机质热演化历史的功能。用有机地球化学方法（气相色谱、气相色谱/质谱、热解色谱和同位素质谱）对采自我国西部盐湖的近代沉积物进行了大量研究，而且对盐湖沉积环境地球化学特征、有机质组成与早期成岩作用的关系和各种生物标志化合物指标进行了更加深入细致的探索。研究结果表明干酪根碳同位素组成（δ¹³C PDB）和盐湖类型有关系，例如，硫酸盐型湖的干酪根δ¹³C 值较重，而碳酸盐型盐湖的δ¹³C值则较轻。姥鲛烷/植烷比（Pr/Ph）、总三环萜烷/总萜烷（%）、孕甾烷/甾烷比（%）、伽玛蜡烷/αβ—藿烷和三芴系列化合物组成三角图等生物标志化合物指标可以用来判识沉积环境的盐度。通常，在盐湖或咸水沉积环境中，除额吉卓尔盐湖样品因采自边缘，Pr/Ph比值较大而外，其余各盐湖样品的Pr/Ph比值一般≤1.0，而其余各比值均明显大于在淡水湖中的比值；三芴系列化合物三角图中，各盐湖样品均集中分布在硫芴含量高的区域。与我国各典型沉积环境中的原油及古代岩样的分析结果作了对比，发现同样表现出上述规律，故认为是良好的识别标志。正构烷烃分布、甾烷相对含量及某些特殊生物标志化合物的含量如三环二萜烷可以用来划分可溶有机质类型。察汉卓和查干诺尔盐湖可溶有机质中，正烷烃以低碳数占优势，显示其组成主要来源于低等水生生物；额吉卓尔盐湖则以高碳数为主，显然与边缘相陆生高等植物的输入有关；而小柴旦盐湖正烷烃高低碳数分布均衡，说明高等植物与低等水生生物同时输入。C₂₇～C₂₉正常甾烷及三环二萜烷的组成与分布也显示了相似特征。
    另外，还发现了多种非常规生物标志化合物，报导了其 m/z 217、m/z 231、m/z 245、m/z 259离子色谱特征。这些特征离子大多由三芳甾烷产生。三芳甾烷是由生物分子（甾体）在地质条件下演化而成的。盐湖沉积物中大量该类化合物的发现意味着含盐沉积环境及其继后的早期成岩作用在甾体的这种芳化过程中起着积极作用。     

Geochemical characteristics of Tertiary saline lacustrine oils in the Western Qaidam Basin,northwest China

Based on the systematic analyses of light hydrocarbon, saturate, aromatic fractions and C isotopes of over 40 oil samples along with related Tertiary source rocks collected from the western Qaidam basin, the geochemical characteristics of the Tertiary saline lacustrine oils in this region was investigated. The oils are characterized by bimodal n-alkane distributions with odd-to-even (C₁₁–C₁₇) and even-to-odd (C₁₈–C₂₈) predominance, low Pr/Ph (mostly lower than 0.6), high concentration of gammacerane, C₃₅ hopane and methylated MTTCs, reflecting the high salinity and anoxic setting typical of a saline lacustrine depositional environment. Mango’s K₁ values in the saline oils are highly variable (0.99–1.63), and could be associated with the facies-dependent parameters such as Pr/Ph and gammacerane indexes. Compared with other Tertiary oils, the studied Tertiary saline oils are marked by enhanced C₂₈ sterane abundance (30% or more of C₂₇–C₂₉ homologues), possibly derived from halophilic algae. It is noted that the geochemical parameters of the oils in various oilfields exhibit regular spatial changes, which are consistent with the depositional phase variations of the source rocks. The oils have uncommon heavy C isotopic ratios (−24‰ to −26‰) and a flat shape of the individual n-alkane isotope profile, and show isotopic characteristics similar to marine organic matter. The appearance of oleanane and high 24/(24 + 27)-norcholestane ratios (0.57–0.87) in the saline oils and source rocks confirm a Tertiary organic source.     

Geochemical Evidence for Coal and Carbonaceous Mudstone as the Possible Major Oil Source Rock in the Jurassic Turpan Basin,Northwest China

Petroleum geologists have debated whether the hydrocarbons from Jurassic coal measures are derived from the coals, carbonaceous mudstones or coal-measure mudstones in the Turpan Basin. Based on the geochemistry analysis of the 20 crude oils and 40 source rocks from the Turpan Basin, some data have been obtained as follows: carbon preference index and methylphenanthrene index of the Jurassic oils are 1.16–1.45 and 0.28–0.80, and the ααα C29 sterane 20S/(20S+20R) and C29 sterane ββ/(ββ+αα) are 0.44–0.51 and 0.4–0.54 respectively, which show the normal maturity of oils; the vitrinite reflectance of the source rocks from the Xishanyao to Badaowan Formations range from 0.47% to 0.97%, which indicate immature to mature thermal evolutionary stage and sufficient conditions for generating mass mature oil. The effect of hydrocarbon expulsion should be considered when studying the source of coal-derived oil by using Biomarkers. Biomarkers in the Jurassic oils from the basin are similar to those in the coals and carbonaceous mudstones, with a strong predominant content of pristane, relatively high ratio of C15/C16 sesquiterpenoids (>1), a relatively high content of low carbon number tricyclic terpanes and C24 tetracyclic terpane, little gammacerane and C29 Ts detected, an absolute predominant content of C29 sterane and a relatively high content of diasterane. However, the opposite characteristics are shown in mudstones, with an approximately equal content of pristane and phytane, relatively low ratio of C15/C16 sesquiterpenoids (<1), a relatively high content of high carbon number tricyclic terpanes and a low content of C24 tetracyclic terpane, peaks of gammacerane and C29 Ts detected obviously and an increasing C27 sterane content. All of these characteristics identify the coals and carbonaceous mudstones as the possible major oil source rocks in this area, and they were formed in the stronger oxidizing environment with shallower water than mudstones.     

Oil geochemistry derived from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields: insight from light hydrocarbons

A suite of 27 oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression of the Songliao Basin was analyzed using whole oil gas chromatography. In combination with the relative distribution of C₂₇, C₂₈, and C₂₉ regular steranes, detailed geochemical analyses of light hydrocarbons in oil samples revealed crude oils characterized by the dual input of lower aquatic organisms and higher terrestrial plants. Several light hydrocarbon indicators suggest that the liquid hydrocarbons have maturities equivalent to vitrinite reflectances of around 0.78%–0.93%. This is consistent with the maturity determination of steranes C₂₉ 20S/(20S + 20R) and C₂₉ ααβ/(ααα + αββ). Crude oils derived from the two distinct oilfields likely both have source rocks deposited in a lacustrine environment based on light hydrocarbon parameters and on higher molecular weight hydrocarbon parameters. The results show that light hydrocarbon data in crude oils can provide important information for understanding the geochemical characteristics of the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oils during geologic evolution.     

松辽盆地滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩生物标志化合物的特征及意义

应用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术,研究了滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征,对烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境、热演化程度等进行了分析.研究表明,林西组烃源岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型为Ⅱ型,处于高成熟-过成熟演化阶段;烃源岩中（C₂₀+C₂₁）/（C₂₃+C₂₄）三环萜烷为0.12~0.86,平均为0.50,C₂₄四环萜烷/C₂₆三环萜烷为0.41~0.72,平均为0.54,具有典型湖相烃源岩特征;Pr/Ph主要介于0.16~0.71之间,平均为0.32,指示沉积环境为强还原-还原环境;伽马蜡烷/C₃₀藿烷为0.09~0.35,平均为0.21,反映烃源岩为半咸水的沉积环境;Pr/nC₁₇与Ph/nC₁₈的关系、C₂₇-C₂₈-C₂₉甾烷的相互关系均反映有机质为高等植物和细菌、藻类等低等水生生物的混合来源;Ts/Tm为0.18~1.03,平均为0.86,C₃₁αβ22S/（22S+22R）比值为0.53~0.62,平均为0.58,均指示烃源岩成熟度较高.综合认为林西组烃源岩形成于半咸水的还原-强还原环境,有机质来源为混合来源,有利于有机质的富集,林西组具有油气勘探前景.     

松辽盆地滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩生物标志化合物的特征及意义

应用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术，研究了滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征，对烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境、热演化程度等进行了分析.研究表明，林西组烃源岩有机质丰度高，有机质类型为Ⅱ型，处于高成熟-过成熟演化阶段；烃源岩中（C₂₀+C₂₁）/（C₂₃+C₂₄）三环萜烷为0.12~0.86，平均为0.50，C₂₄四环萜烷/C₂₆三环萜烷为0.41~0.72，平均为0.54，具有典型湖相烃源岩特征；Pr/Ph主要介于0.16~0.71之间，平均为0.32，指示沉积环境为强还原-还原环境；伽马蜡烷/C₃₀藿烷为0.09~0.35，平均为0.21，反映烃源岩为半咸水的沉积环境；Pr/nC₁₇与Ph/nC₁₈的关系、C₂₇-C₂₈-C₂₉甾烷的相互关系均反映有机质为高等植物和细菌、藻类等低等水生生物的混合来源；Ts/Tm为0.18~1.03，平均为0.86，C₃₁αβ22S/（22S+22R）比值为0.53~0.62，平均为0.58，均指示烃源岩成熟度较高.综合认为林西组烃源岩形成于半咸水的还原-强还原环境，有机质来源为混合来源，有利于有机质的富集，林西组具有油气勘探前景.     

东营凹陷南斜坡沙四下亚段—孔店组原油地球化学特征及成因分类

东营凹陷南斜坡沙四下亚段—孔店组为一套紫红色或红色碎屑岩沉积,本身不具备生烃能力,因此对该层段原油成因的研究具有重要意义。在系统分析17个油砂和5个原油样品的生物标志物组合特征的基础上,将该区原油划分为4种成因类型。Ⅰ类原油分布于平方王地区和博兴洼陷,Pr/Ph0.8,Ph/nC180.6,伽马蜡烷含量极低,4-甲基甾烷、重排甾烷含量相对高,Ts/Tm、藿烷/甾烷值相对高,可能来源于一套淡水湖相环境下形成的、富含粘土矿物的泥岩。Ⅱ类原油分布于纯化—乐安构造带、陈官庄构造带,Pr/Ph0.6,Ph/nC182,伽马蜡烷含量高,4-甲基甾烷、重排甾烷含量低,Ts/Tm和藿烷/甾烷值低,可能与一套盐湖相泥岩或灰质泥岩有成因关系。Ⅲ类原油分布于青城北缓坡构造带,检测出25-降藿烷系列,伽马蜡烷含量介于Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类之间,可能为早期充注的Ⅱ类原油遭受生物降解后和晚期充注的Ⅰ类原油形成的混源油,且以晚期充注为主。Ⅳ类原油分布于王家岗地区孔店组,具有C29甾烷绝对优势和高含量的伽马蜡烷,推断为Ⅱ类原油和一种来源于浅湖—沼泽相的原油形成的混源油。