遥感影像预分类精度对地物面积空间抽样估算的敏感性分析

传统的地物面积测量受精度和效率制约,为此引入了结合遥感影像的空间分层抽样方法.首先以遥感影像的预分类结果作为模拟地物的真实分布,在地物外沿等概率随机添加不同比例的错分像元,从而获得准真实地物区的摸拟预分类结果,并依此设定各层等比例取样的样本人层标志,指导地物样本的选取,然后以抽中样本地物的准真实值之和按比例推算出总量.通过比较分析各水平含量的地物类别、不同预分类精度、层内随机和系统抽样下的多次总量估计精度及其稳定性变化情况,结果表明:该方法不需要背景数据库等先验知识,在预分类达到一定精度之上时,依分类区域设立层标志的分层抽样方法所获得的总量估计精度及标准差均好于无分类支持的随机和系统抽样;当预分类精度达到50%以上时,具有较高的成本效率比,其中在60%时,各类地物在0.5%抽样率、95%的置信度下可以保证估计量精度在92%以上.     

基于深度学习的遥感影像地物目标检测和轮廓提取一体化模型

随着遥感影像的分辨率不断提升,基于可见光遥感影像地物目标检测和轮廓提取的研究越来越受到关注。基于深度学习的方法提出一个利用遥感影像进行地物目标检测和轮廓提取的一体化模型,旨在解决遥感影像地物目标检测和轮廓提取中繁复的手工标注和传统算法效果不佳的难题。以船舶为研究对象,在HRSC2016遥感数据集上进行验证,单类目标检测精度可以达到79.50%,4类目标检测精度为63.45%,轮廓提取精度可以达到97.40%。结果证明,提出的模型可以实现基于遥感影像的自动化、智能化的船舶目标轮廓提取。     

基于区域特征的高分辨率遥感影像变化检测研究

传统像素级变化检测往往忽略邻近有意义的整片区域的空间、纹理、结构等信息,对高分辨率遥感影像具有很大的局限性。本文利用面向对象的思想,提出了一种基于区域特征的特定目标变化检测方法。该方法的技术流程包括:数据预处理;同质区域获取;区域特征选择;同名区域搜索;区域特征比较;变化检测精度评价及变化显示。利用提出的方法对伊朗2003年地震前后的巴姆古城标志性建筑进行检测,总体精度达到89.73%。     

CNN影像输入尺寸和分辨率对川西针叶林植被分类精度的影响

川西亚高山针叶林位于中国西南地区,受多云、多雨、多雾的影响,难以通过卫星影像进行植被分类的研究。为了解决这一难题,本研究选取川西亚高山针叶林的典型区域王朗自然保护区作为研究区,使用多旋翼无人机获取研究区域北部高分辨率RGB影像,结合卷积神经网络进行植被分类;为进一步挖掘卷积神经网络在无人机遥感影像上的潜力,选择语义分割方法 （U-Net）进行分类,并根据不同分辨率的无人机影像和不同尺寸下的样本集构建植被分类模型,建立森林指纹库。结果表明：（1）结合无人机可见光影像和CNN模型进行分类能够获得高精度分类结果。在空间分辨率为5 cm,尺寸为256×256像素的情况下达到最优,总体精度为93.21%,Kappa系数为0.90;(2)选择合适的尺寸大小能够提高模型的分类精度。在5 cm的空间分辨率下,尺寸为128×128像素的模型总体精度为82.30%,Kappa系数为0.76;尺寸为256×256像素的模型总体精度为93.21%,Kappa系数为0.90;(3)超高空间分辨率的升高对模型精度的提升是有限的。当空间分辨率从10 cm升到5 cm时,模型的总体精度提高了0.02,Kappa系数提...     

基于数字实验场的国产测绘卫星影像定位精度评估及优化

提出了一种基于数字实验场的国产测绘卫星影像定位精度评估及优化方法。该方法利用超高分辨率遥感卫星影像及其测绘产品,在境外等无地面控制区域建立可满足国产测绘卫星全球定位评估验证需求的数字化实验场;以实验场控制基准为基础,通过构建国产测绘卫星影像的几何定位模型和精度优化模型,实现国产测绘卫星影像的定位精度评估及优化。利用天绘一号、资源三号卫星影像数据进行了实验和分析,结果表明:该方法能够在无地面控制区域对国产测绘卫星影像定位精度进行有效评估;并通过对系统误差进行补偿,显著提升影像定位精度。     

一种面向对象分类的企鹅种群无人机影像识别方法

企鹅是南极的代表性生物,监测企鹅的数量及分布对研究南极环境变化有重大意义。以往研究大多基于中高分辨率影像进行企鹅识别,识别精度难以进一步提高,且已有的企鹅种群的时间序列分析都是基于间接识别方法,因此亟需发展基于高分辨率遥感影像的企鹅数量精确识别研究。首先,选取东南极企鹅岛作为研究对象,中国南极科学考察队利用遥感无人机分别于2017-01、2018-01和2019-12对该区域进行航拍观测,获得了厘米级的高分辨率影像。然后,基于面向对象分类法,分别提取了3幅影像的企鹅阴影像元,计算得到企鹅数量,并标记了企鹅栖息地,总体精度达到91%。实验结果表明,企鹅种群动态变化,栖息地分布较固定,但数量出现波动,3幅影像中分别为1 068对、1 003对和1 081对。     

基于总体抽样设计的子总体作物面积遥感测量

讨论了在普遍适用的遥感与PPS抽样相结合的农作物种植面积估算方法中,基于总体抽样设计下的子总体参数的估计。该方法省去了针对子总体所需要的新的抽样体系设计及外业调查等繁重工作,分析了子总体估计量的性质。以北疆主要棉花产区沙湾县、玛纳斯县、呼图壁县为总研究区进行抽样体系设计,以沙湾县为子总体,以棉花种植面积为研究对象进行了试验。结果显示,该方法在基于总体抽样设计的条件下不仅能够有效提取农作物种植面积,而且简便易操作,反推精度达到92.5%,变异系数为0.025 27。     

GIS属性数据精度的缺陷率度量统计模型

随着GIS数据采集规模的扩大和更新速度的提高，对GIS属性数据质量的检查、度量和控制变得越来越重要。基于抽样检验在测量数据精度分析中的思想，提出基抽样的缺陷率方法对GIS属性数据的精度进行度量。同时根据大多数GIS数据分层存储的特点，进一步提出采用分层抽样检验属性数据缺陷的方法，并给出基于分层抽样的属性数据精度的缺陷率模型和应用实例。     

基于数字正射影像的影像匹配更新及精度探讨

探讨了以已有数字正射影像成果为像片控制基础,与新的航空影像/卫星影像自动配准、匹配、区域网平差,获取像片控制点及纠正点成果,结合已有数字高程模型进行影像纠正,快速生成新的数字正射影像的技术方法,并对无野外控制条件下不同分辨率的影像所能达到的精度进行了验证分析。     

基于多源数据与随机森林方法的城市建成区提取——以郑州市为例

基于夜间灯光数据的阈值分割法在城镇建成区提取研究中被广泛应用,但由于夜间灯光数据分辨率低、灯光溢出和阈值分割法无法顾及区域差异等问题,一定程度上影响了该方法的提取精度。以郑州市为例,以LJ1-01与NPP/VIIRS两种夜间灯光影像为主要数据源,结合Landsat8中分辨率遥感影像、网络城市兴趣点(POI)及路网数据,利用随机森林分类方法对郑州市2018年建成区进行提取,参考土地利用数据,对RF分类法与NTL、VANUI、BANUI、PANUI、RANUI指数等阈值法进行对比实验和精度评价,评估基于多源数据的随机森林分类方法在城市建成区提取中的优势。实验表明,RF比阈值法提取的建成区更接近真实建成区且提取精度更高,具有更好适用性;LJ1-01数据提取的效果和精度总体优于NPP/VIIRS数据;在采用RF分类时,各类特征的重要性在不同夜光数据源中表现差异较大。     

应用时间序列EVI的MERSI多光谱混合像元分解

针对风云3数据的特点,本文将EVI生长曲线引入多光谱混合像元的分解。首先,利用Landsat8 OLI影像,采用支持向量机的分类方法,提取研究区域的耕地信息,利用该信息对风云MERSI数据进行掩膜处理,获得研究区域的耕地影像。接着,利用MERSI时序影像,计算像元EVI值,通过SG滤波,构建农作物(端元)和混合像元的EVI生长曲线。通过实地调查,获取研究区的农作物端元,尤其对主要的农作物玉米,在空间上均匀选取了14个端元。然后,采用传统的方法,将14种玉米端元生长曲线分别与其它端元组合,进行混合像元分解。发现分解的效果差异很大,提取的玉米种植面积从191.90 km2到574.83 km2不等。为提高分解精度,借用光谱匹配(光谱夹角最小)的方法(用生长曲线代替光谱曲线)自适应选择与混合像元EVI曲线最相似的玉米端元作为组合端元,进行混合像元分解。结果得到玉米的种植面积为589.95 km2,比传统方法的最好(相对)精度提高了2%。     

Using CORINE land cover and the point survey LUCAS for area estimation

CORINE land cover 2000 (CLC2000) is a European land cover map produced by photo-interpretation of Landsat ETM+ images. Its direct use for area estimation can be strongly biased and does not generally report single crops. CLC areas need to be calibrated to give acceptable statistical results.LUCAS (land use/cover area frame survey) is a point survey carried out in 2001 and 2003 in the European Union (EU15) on a systematic sample of clusters of points. LUCAS is especially useful for area estimation in geographic units that do not coincide with administrative regions, such as set of coastal areas defined with a 10 km buffer. Some variance estimation issues with systematic sampling of clusters are analysed.The contingency table obtained overlaying CLC and LUCAS gives the fine scale composition of CLC classes. Using CLC for post-stratification of LUCAS is equivalent to the direct calibration estimator when the sampling units are points. Stratification is easier to adapt to a scheme in which the sampling units are the clusters of points used in LUCAS 2001/2003.     

基于两个独立抽样框架的农作物种植面积遥感估算方法

通过分析遥感技术在中国农作物种植面积估算中所遇到的难点 ,针对运行化的农作物遥感估产系统对主要农作物种植面积估算的需求 ,提出在农作物种植结构区划的基础上 ,采用整群抽样和样条采样技术相结合的方法 ,进行农作物种植面积估算。整群抽样技术利用遥感影像估算农作物总种植成数 ,样条采样是一种适合中国农作物种植结构特征的采样技术 ,用于调查不同农作物类别在所有播种作物中的分类成数。在中国现有的耕地数据库基础上 ,根据两次抽样获得的成数 ,计算得到具体某一种农作物类别的种植面积。最后给出了 2 0 0 3年早稻种植面积估算的实例。     

The use of MODIS data to derive acreage estimations for larger fields: A case study in the south-western Rostov region of Russia

Recent developments in remote sensing technology, in particular improved spatial and temporal resolution, open new possibilities for estimating crop acreage over larger areas. Remotely sensed data allow in some cases the estimation of crop acreage statistics independently of sub-national survey statistics, which are sometimes biased and incomplete. This work focuses on the use of MODIS data acquired in 2001/2002 over the Rostov Oblast in Russia, by the Azov Sea. The region is characterised by large agricultural fields of around 75 ha on average. This paper presents a methodology to estimate crop acreage using the MODIS 16-day composite NDVI product. Particular emphasis is placed on a good quality crop mask and a good quality validation dataset. In order to have a second dataset which can be used for cross-checking the MODIS classification a Landsat ETM time series for four different dates in the season of 2002 was acquired and classified. We attempted to distinguish five different crop types and achieved satisfactory and good results for winter crops. Three hundred and sixty fields were identified to be suitable for the training and validation of the MODIS classification using a maximum likelihood classification. A novel method based on a pure pixel field sampling is introduced. This novel method is compared with the traditional hard classification of mixed pixels and was found to be superior.     

Sub-pixel classification of SPOT-VEGETATION time series for the assessment of regional crop areas in Belgium

Global time series of low resolution images are available with high repeat frequency and at low cost, but their analysis is hampered by the presence of mixed pixels and the difficulty in locating detailed spatial features. This study examined the potential of sub-pixel classification for regional crop area estimation using time series of monthly NDVI-composites of the 1 km resolution sensor SPOT-VEGETATION. Belgium was selected as test zone, because of the availability of ample reference data in the form of a vectorial GIS with the boundaries and cover type of the large majority of agricultural fields. Two different methods were investigated: the linear mixture model and neural networks. Both result in area fraction images (AFIs), which contain for each 1 km pixel the estimated area proportions occupied by the different cover types (crops or other land use). Both algorithms were trained with part of the reference data and validated with the remainder. Validation was repeated at three different levels: the 1 km pixel, the municipality and the agro-statistical district. In general, the neural network outperformed the linear mixture model. For the major classes (winter wheat, maize, forest) the obtained acreage estimates showed good agreement with the true values, especially when aggregated to the level of the municipality (R² ≈ 85%) or district (R² ≈ 95%). The method seems attractive for wide-scale, regional area estimation in data-poor countries.     

Identification and mapping of winter wheat by integrating temporal change information and Kullback–Leibler divergence

Crop acreage and its spatial distribution are a base for agriculture related works. Current research combining medium and low spatial resolution images focuses on data fusion and unmixing methods. The purpose of the former is to generate synthetic fine spatial resolution data instead of directly solving the problem. In the latter, high-resolution data is only used to provide endmembers and the result is usually an abundance map rather than the true spatial distribution data. To solve this problem, this paper designs a conceptual model which divides the study area into different types of pixels at a MODIS 250 m scale. Only three types of pixels contain winter wheat, i.e., pure winter wheat pixels (P_A), the mixed pixels comprising winter wheat and other vegetation (M_A) and the mixed pixels comprising winter wheat and other crops (M_B). Different strategies are used in processing them. (1) Within the pure cultivated land pixels, the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence is employed to analyze the similarity between unknown pixels and the pure winter wheat samples on the temporal change characteristics of NDVI. Further P_A is identified. (2) For M_A, a proposed reverse unmixing method is firstly used to extract the temporal change information of cultivated land components, after which winter wheat is identified from the cultivated land components as previously described. (3) For M_B which only appears on the border of P_A, a mask is created by expanding the P_A and temporal difference is utilized to identify winter wheat under the mask. Finally, these three results are integrated at a TM scale with the aid of 25 m resolution land use data. We applied the proposed solution and obtained a good result in the main agricultural area of the Yiluo River Basin. The identified winter wheat planting acreage is 161,050.00 hm². The result is validated based on the five-hundred random validation points. Overall accuracy is 94.80% and Kappa coefficient is 0.85. This demonstrates that the temporal information reflecting crop growth is also an important indicator, and the KL divergence makes it more convenient in identifying winter wheat. This research provided a new perspective for the combination of low and medium spatial resolution remote sensing images. The proposed solution can also be effectively applied in other places and countries for the crop which has a clear temporal change characteristic that is different from others.     

A quantitative performance comparison of paddy rice acreage estimation using stratified sampling strategies with different stratification indicators

Various indicators derived from thematic maps have been widely used to determine the strata needed to perform stratified sampling. However, these indicators typically do not quantify the spatial errors in the crop thematic maps that are needed to reduce the uncertainty. To address this lack of error information, this paper introduces a hybrid entropy indicator (HEI). Two conventional indicators, the acreage indicator (AI) and the fragmentation indicator (FI), were also evaluated to compare the results of the three indicators in a homogeneous agricultural area (Pinghu, PH) and a heterogeneous agricultural area (Zhuji, ZJ). The results show that HEI performs the best in heterogeneous areas with the lowest coefficient of variation (CV) (as low as 1.59%) and also has the highest estimation accuracy with the lowest standard deviation of estimation. For both areas, the performances of HEI and AI are very similar, and better than FI. These results highlight that the HEI should be considered as an effective indicator and used in place of AI and FI to help improve sampling efficiency of crop acreage estimation, while FI is not recommended. Furthermore, the positive performance achieved using HEI indicates the potential for incorporating thematic map uncertainty information to improve sampling efficiency.     

中国农情遥感速报系统

介绍了中国农情遥感速报系统的建设情况 ,系统内容包括农作物长势监测、农作物种植面积监测、农作物单产预测与粮食产量估算、作物时空结构监测和粮食供需平衡预警等。简要介绍了 1998年以来中国农情遥感速报系统在监测内容与监测范围、监测频率、技术发展以及质量控制与过程检验体系建立等方面的进展 ,并就中国农情遥感速报系统的发展方向提出了展望。     

Efficient collection of training data for sub-pixel land cover classification using neural networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a popular class of techniques for performing soft classifications of satellite images. They have successfully been applied for estimating crop areas through sub-pixel classification of medium to low resolution images. Before a network can be used for classification and estimation, however, it has to be trained. The collection of the reference area fractions needed to train an ANN is often both time-consuming and expensive. This study focuses on strategies for decreasing the efforts needed to collect the necessary reference data, without compromising the accuracy of the resulting area estimates. Two aspects were studied: the spatial sampling scheme (i) and the possibility for reusing trained networks in multiple consecutive seasons (ii). Belgium was chosen as the study area because of the vast amount of reference data available. Time series of monthly NDVI composites for both SPOT-VGT and MODIS were used as the network inputs. The results showed that accurate regional crop area estimation (R² > 80%) is possible using only 1% of the entire area for network training, provided that the training samples used are representative for the land use variability present in the study area. Limiting the training samples to a specific subset of the population, either geographically or thematically, significantly decreased the accuracy of the estimates. The results also indicate that the use of ANNs trained with data from one season to estimate area fractions in another season is not to be recommended. The interannual variability observed in the endmembers’ spectral signatures underlines the importance of using up-to-date training samples. It can thus be concluded that the representativeness of the training samples, both regarding the spatial and the temporal aspects, is an important issue in crop area estimation using ANNs that should not easily be ignored.     

Monitoring US agriculture: the US Department of Agriculture,National Agricultural Statistics Service,Cropland Data Layer Program

The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) produces the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) product, which is a raster-formatted, geo-referenced, crop-specific, land cover map. CDL program inputs include medium resolution satellite imagery, USDA collected ground truth and other ancillary data, such as the National Land Cover Data set. A decision tree-supervised classification method is used to generate the freely available state-level crop cover classifications and provide crop acreage estimates based upon the CDL and NASS June Agricultural Survey ground truth to the NASS Agricultural Statistics Board. This paper provides an overview of the NASS CDL program. It describes various input data, processing procedures, classification and validation, accuracy assessment, CDL product specifications, dissemination venues and the crop acreage estimation methodology. In general, total crop mapping accuracies for the 2009 CDLs ranged from 85% to 95% for the major crop categories.