海底黑烟囱的识别研究及其科学意义

现代海底黑烟囱广泛出现于大洋中脊、弧后盆地、浅海及大陆裂谷等环境,形成巨大规模的块状硫化物,并且在黑烟囱周围发现了化学自养细菌。海底硫化物黑烟囱具有明显的柱状-锥状构造形态,常保留通道构造,矿物同心圈状分带明显。黑烟囱的形成涉及热液流体与海水相互作用,外壁快速沉淀及通道内部硫化物结晶等过程。深部岩浆热源、热液沿裂隙集中流动和持续喷发,有利于形成大规模黑烟囱构造。海底硫化物丘体的钻探及其与地史时期块状硫化物的对比研究表明,它们具有相似的内部构造和矿床分带特征。黑烟囱的生长、垮塌以及丘体内部角砾化、交代、重结晶作用,有助于大规模矿床的形成。最后,在块状硫化物中寻找黑烟囱残片的研究,对于探讨成矿过程与早期生命活动具有重要意义。     

华北中元古代硫化物黑烟囟发现的初步报道

海底黑烟囟为当代海洋地质调查的重要发现，对于揭示地史时期块状硫化物的成矿过程中以及生命起源具有重要意义。本文初步报道在冀东中元古代块状硫化物矿床中首次发现保存完好的黑烟囟构造，它们保留了成矿流体运移的通道构造，围绕通道构造还显示良好的矿物分带现象。完全可以与现代海底黑烟囟对比，黑烟囟的发现证明了该区硫化物矿床的形成与海底喷流过程密切相关。     

海底硫化物黑烟囱典型结构构造及其成因意义

在已发现的现代海底黑烟囱中基本都发育分带性构造、通道构造、胶状构造、多孔和填充构造、交代构造、枝状构造等,这些构造为硫化物烟囱的典型构造,它们记录了硫化物烟囱的形成过程和每个阶段的特征,是鉴别硫化物烟囱构造的重要特征。不同类型烟囱的形成除了与其围岩相关外,也与烟囱演化的成熟度相关。弥散式喷射作用(diffuser)是与烟囱构造相似的常在丘体中发育的另一重要构造,与烟囱构造不同的是弥散式喷射缺乏象烟囱那样的轴向中央通道,热液与海水的混合有严格的范围。烟囱与弥散式喷射作用是丘体上部形成的主要机制。在现代陆上保存的地史时期的块状硫化物矿床中,陆续找到了遗留下来的烟囱构造或烟囱残片(如乌拉尔、皮尔巴拉、爱尔兰、高板河等),为块状硫化物矿床的黑烟囱形成机制提供了直接的证据。     

大西洋中脊26°S热液区硫化物中的似微生物构造

<正>现代海底黑烟囱及其生物群落的发现,是人类20世纪以来最伟大的发现之一。随着对黑烟囱及块状硫化物的矿物学研究,在很多热液区的金属硫化物中均发现有生物遗迹,如在大西洋中脊的TAG热液区(Rona et al.,1993)、Broken Spur热液区(Butler et al.,1998)、Menez Gwen热液区     

内蒙古狼山造山带构造演化与成矿响应

狼山造山带位于华北地台北缘西段,它经历了新太古代和古元古代结晶基底形成与变形、中元古代被动陆缘裂陷槽裂解→沉积→闭合、新元古代晚期开始的活动陆缘、海西期→中生代以来的挤压造山并伴有大量中酸性岩浆侵入的漫长构造演化与发展过程。该造山带有丰富的锌、铅、铜、铁、金等矿产资源,矿床(化)类型、矿床规模与时空分布规律都与其成矿地质背景、构造演化有密切的耦合关系,在不同构造演化阶段有不同的矿床形成:在新太古代主要形成了海底火山环境热水沉积条带状铁矿、在中元古代主要形成了与被动陆缘裂解过程相关的海底啧流.沉积铅锌铜铁硫化物矿床、而在海西期—中生代以来挤压造山过程中的岩浆热液活动,既形成了中小型的斑岩型铜金矿床、又对中元古代等先成的喷流-沉积矿床产生了明显的改造和叠加成矿作用。东升庙、炭窑口和霍各乞矿床的部分铜矿是造山过程中叠加成矿的结果。     

在特罗多斯蛇绿岩内和在大西洋中脊上的富金海底铁帽

塞浦路斯特罗多斯晚白垩世蛇绿岩体中的块状硫化物矿床具有现代海洋扩张中央著名的硫化物矿床，沿特罗多斯杂岩体北部边缘分布的几个硫化物矿床与古海底扩张有关的构造地堑有空间上的关系，尽管矿床的构造背景类以于超俯冲带而不是洋中脊，塞浦路斯块状硫化物矿床的总成分和矿化类型相当于现代洋中脊正在形成的“黑烟卤”矿床。此矿床以含大量的黄铁矿为特征，此外，还有黄铜矿，少量的闪锌矿和白铁矿，磁黄铁矿，该类矿床的黄金产理     

海底烟囱的化学反应机理及对氧气起源的启示

现代海底烟囱按温度和成分可分为黑烟囱、白烟囱和低温喷口3种类型,它们相互伴生并构成了一种天然电解反应系统。黑烟囱与低温喷口是该系统的阴、阳两极,H+带正电而向阴极移动和聚集,导致黑烟囱喷出的热液呈酸性,OH-带负电而向阳极移动和聚集,导致低温喷口的热液呈碱性。在阴极—黑烟囱附近发生的主要反应之一是SO2-4的还原与黄铁矿和闪锌矿等硫化物矿物的结晶反应。在阳极—低温喷口附近,部分OH-消耗在碳酸盐矿物的结晶反应中,部分OH-离子则放电并放出O2。大地电磁场为海底烟囱环境下水的电离和地球上初始氧气的产生提供了条件和动力。初始氧气改变了大气圈、水圈及地壳浅部岩石圈的地质和物理化学环境,促进了生命起源和进化的进程。     

滇东南锡多金属矿床成因商榷

滇东的个旧，白牛厂，都龙等大型多金属块状硫化物矿床，都曾为大多数人认为是典型的岩浆热液矿床。对硫化物矿物的系统研究发一，一些曾被认为是典型的岩浆热液成因的矿体，实际上是一些海底喷流沉积块状硫化物。因为在这些矿体中我们发现了鲕状结构，球状结构，草莓状结构，条带状构造和层纹状构造等。     

海底多金属硫化物矿床的主要特征

海底多金属硫化物由于含有贵金属而具有潜在的经济价值并,受到国际地质学家们的广泛关注。已经发现的矿点和矿床有一百多处,然而规模比较大的不足20处。相对于锰结核,多金属硫化物在海底产出的部位较浅,矿石中含有Cu、Zn、Ag和Au等,具有很高的经济价值。据粗略估计,已发现的大型矿床共含有一百万到五百万吨的块状硫化物。世界海底多金属硫化物矿床主要分布在东太平洋海隆、西太平洋构造活动带、西南太平洋以及大西洋中部的大洋中脊。海底多金属硫化物属于海底热液烟囱物,它是热液活动的产物,其成因机制涉及构造和岩浆活动与热液活动的关系,海水及水深以及沉积物与热液成矿的关系,岩水反应,热液地球化学,生物活动等。     

海底热水矿床勘探开发战略

海底热水矿床是近年来颇为引人注目的海底矿产资源。其中作为目前研究重点的是热水流化物矿床,由于产出构造背景不同,既有与黑矿相类似的,也有与塞浦路斯型块状硫化物相类似的海底热水硫化物矿床,其成分主要有铜、     

The Karelian Craton in the Structure of the Kenorland Supercontinent in the Neoarchean: New Paleomagnetic and Isotope Geochronology Data on Granulites of the Onega Complex

New paleomagnetic and isotope-geochronological data obtained for the Onega granulite complex of Neoarchean age are used to reconstruct the position of the Karelian craton in the structure of the Kenorland supercontinent in the Neoarchean. Geological correlations are made for the Karelian, Kaapvaal, Pilbara, Superior, and Slave cratons. Comparison of independent geological and paleomagnetic data allow us to propose a new configuration of the Kenorland supercontinent in the Neoarchean. The position of the ancient core of the Karelian craton (the Vodlozero terrane), located in the Northwestern margin of the supercontinent, is reconstructed based on the earlier paleomagnetic data for the Neoarchean Panozero sanukitoid massif and new data for granulites of the Onega complex.     

Geochemical and isotopic signatures of nonsubduction mechanisms of formation of the Neoarchean continental lithosphere of the Fennoscandian shield

This study presents new data on the geochemical and Sm-Nd isotope compositions, as well as the U-Pb age and geodynamic nature, of the Neoarchean basalt-andesite-dacite (BAD) association from the Kolmozero-Voron’ya greenstone belt. As it was first demonstrated by the example of the Neoarchean greenstone belt, the formation of BAD associations within a single Neoarchean greenstone structure may be explained by the long-lasting evolution of separate mantle or crustal sources not related to subduction processes.     

Constraints on the source of Cu in a submarine magmatic-hydrothermal system,Brothers volcano,Kermadec island arc

Most magmatic-hydrothermal Cu deposits are genetically linked to arc magmas. However, most continental or oceanic arc magmas are barren, and hence new methods have to be developed to distinguish between barren and mineralised arc systems. Source composition, melting conditions, the timing of S saturation and an initial chalcophile element-enrichment represent important parameters that control the potential of a subduction setting to host an economically valuable deposit. Brothers volcano in the Kermadec island arc is one of the best-studied examples of arc-related submarine magmatic-hydrothermal activity. This study, for the first time, compares the chemical and mineralogical composition of the Brothers seafloor massive sulphides and the associated dacitic to rhyolitic lavas that host the hydrothermal system. Incompatible trace element ratios, such as La/Sm and Ce/Pb, indicate that the basaltic melts from L’Esperance volcano may represent a parental analogue to the more evolved Brothers lavas. Copper-rich magmatic sulphides (Cu?>?2 wt%) identified in fresh volcanic glass and phenocryst phases, such as clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide suggest that the surrounding lavas that host the Brothers hydrothermal system represent a potential Cu source for the sulphide ores at the seafloor. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that the Brothers melts reached volatile saturation during their evolution. Melt inclusion data and the occurrence of sulphides along vesicle margins indicate that an exsolving volatile phase extracted Cu from the silicate melt and probably contributed it to the overlying hydrothermal system. Hence, the formation of the Cu-rich seafloor massive sulphides (up to 35.6 wt%) is probably due to the contribution of Cu from a bimodal source including wall rock leaching and magmatic degassing, in a mineralisation style that is hybrid between Cyprus-type volcanic-hosted massive sulphide and subaerial epithermal–porphyry deposits.     

Organic Composition of Sulphide Ores in the Okinawa Trough and Its Implications

A preliminary organic geochemical study shows that the sulphide ores from the hydrothermal deposit of the Okinawa Trough are generally low in the total organic carbon and extremely low in the soluble organic matter. In the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction, the n-alkanes range from C15 to C35, with usual maxima in the middle n-C20 region and strong odd-carbon number predominance when n > C25 (CPI = 1.2). The dominant analog in the aromatic fraction is phenanthrene, a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, which provides evidence for hydrothermal activity. The organic matter derived mainly from marine planktonic and terrigenous vascular plants is entrapped in a high-temperature regime such as an active chimney and cooled quickly in the sulphide ores on the seafloor. Organic matter and sulphides are definitely products of a high-temperature alteration. The biomarker compounds indicate that the ores are formed under low Eh and pH conditions-a reducing to anoxic environment, which is favourable for sulphates to be     

Geology of massive sulphide deposits in the Spanish-Portuguese Pyrite Belt

The Spanish-Portuguese Pyrite Belt covers a large area in the SW part of the Iberian Peninsula from Seville to the westcoast of Portugal. Total reserves of aprox. 1.000 million tons of massive sulphide ores have an average content of 46% S, 42% Fe, and 2–4% Cu+Pb+Zn. The stratiform sulphide deposits and accompanying manganese mineralizations are of synsedimentary-exhalative origin. They occur in a Lower Carboniferous, geosynclinal, volcanic-sedimentary rock sequence, strongly folded during the Hercynian Orogeny. A brief outline of the regional geology of this ore province is given, and the geology of three mining districts is described: Lousal (Portugal), La Zarza and Tharsis (Huelva Province, Spain). A close relationship between sulphide and manganese ores with the submarine, acid alkaline volcanism is emphasized. Solfataric activity is responsible for the formation of sulphides in the final stages of volcanic extrusions. The ore concentration in big deposits (ore-lenses with up to 100 million tons of massive sulphides) has been due to inflows of sulphide muds and/or detrital sulphides into newly formed depressions of a contineously changing seafloor topography due to volcano tectonic movements.     

Oceanic lithosphere and ophiolites: Birth,life and final resting place of related ore deposits

In this contribution an overview of oceanic lithosphere, associated ore deposits (sulphides, Fe and Mn oxides, chromitites) and their final destination in ophiolitic rocks are presented. This is followed by a discussion on massive sulphide mineralisation formed at mid-ocean ridges (MOR) and/or supra-subduction zones (SSZ). The geological characteristics and the genesis of the Cu-rich massive sulphide deposits of Cyprus and of the Oman ophiolite are discussed based on an extensive review of the published literature. This is followed by a synopsis of the ophiolitic terranes and associated mineral system in the Urals. We also present an overview of the ophiolitic belts and sutures of the Tethyan orogens, focussing on the podiform chromite deposits that they typically host, with a special focus on the ophiolitic chromitites of Turkey. A final section deals with possible ophiolites of Proterozoic and Archaean ages and, where applicable, associated chromitites. In the concluding remarks a brief note is made of some specific ancient seafloor hydrothermal constructs that have been interpreted as black chimneys in volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits now hosted in ophiolitic sequences.     

辽西建平杂岩中新太古代变质基性岩的地球化学、年代学及其地质意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,对辽西建平杂岩中斜长角闪岩和基性麻粒岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学和地球化学研究。结果显示,研究区新太古代末-古元古代初的变质年龄主要集中在2 465~2 453 Ma,结晶年龄为~2 593 Ma。变基性岩原岩多属于拉斑玄武岩系列。两类岩石具有较高的Al₂O₃含量(平均值14.49％)和较高的TiO₂含量(平均值1.15%),与大洋玄武岩特征相似。样品Mg^#变化较大(35~63),可能与岩浆上升过程中遭受地幔物质不同程度的混染有关。Ce/Yb-Ce图解反映了本区岩石样品起源于石榴子石二辉橄榄岩地幔。部分样品的轻、重稀土元素分馏程度相对较强((La/Yb)N=5.67~10.87),同时具明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,与岛弧玄武岩的特征类似。平坦型稀土配分曲线显示正常型洋中脊玄武岩的特征。综合分析认为,本区新太古代末期基性岩浆作用形成于活动大陆边缘弧的构造背景下,并在稍晚的碰撞过程中发生变质作用,进而推断出新太古代末期研究区存在与现代板块类似的构造体制。     

鲁西徂徕山地区新太古代岩浆作用——锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年证据

徂徕山是鲁西新太古代岩石的重要出露区。在野外地质基础上,本文对3个岩石样品进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年研究。英云闪长质片麻岩遭受一定重结晶影响的岩浆锆石年龄为(2711±11)Ma,变质作用时代可能为~2.6 Ga。变质石英闪长岩遭受强烈重结晶影响的岩浆锆石年龄为2.51 Ga,被解释为更接近构造热事件的时代,而岩浆锆石年龄可能在2.53~2.55 Ga之间。二长花岗岩锆石普遍存在强烈铅丢失,根据数据点在谐和线上的分布特征,二长花岗岩的形成时代应为~2.5 Ga。结合地球化学研究和前人工作,确定了徂徕山地区新太古代地质演化历史及新太古代早期古老岩石带(B带)和新太古代晚期新生岩石带(C带)之间的界线。     

Magnetic Susceptibility in Surface Sediments in the Southern South China Sea and Its Implication for Sub-sea Methane Venting

In order to understand the characteristics of magnetic variability and their possible implication for sub-sea methane venting,magnetic susceptibility (MS) of 145 surface sediment samples from the southern South China Sea (SCS) was investigated.Magnetic particles extracted from 20 representative samples were also examined for their mineral,chemical compositions and micromorphology.Results indicate that MS values range between -7.73×10-8 and 45.06x10-8 m3/kg.The high MS zones occur at some hydrecarbon-bearing basins and along main tectonic zones,and low ones are distributed mainly within the river delta or along continental shelves.Iron concretions and manganese concretions are not main contributors for high MS values in sediments,while authigenic iron sulphide minerals are possibly responsible for the MS enhancement.This phenomenon is suspected to be produced by the reducing environment where the high upward venting methane beneath the seafloor reacts with seawater sulfate,resulting in seep precipitation of highly susceptible intermediate mineral pyrrhotite,greigite and paramagnetic pyrite.It suggests that MS variability is possibly one of the geochemical indicators for mapping sub-sea zones of methane venting in the southern SCS.     

Mass occurrence of benthic coccoid cyanobacteria and their role in the production of Neoarchean carbonates of South Africa

The sparse Archean fossil record is based almost entirely on carbonaceous remnants of microorganisms cellularly preserved due to their early post-mortem silicification. Hitherto as an exception, sedimentary carbonate rocks from the Neoarchean Nauga Formation of South Africa contain calcified microbial mats composed of microbiota closely resembling modern benthic colonial cyanobacteria (Chroococcales and Pleurocapsales). Their remains, visible under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) after etching of polished rock samples, comprise capsular envelopes, mucilage sheaths, and groups of cells mineralized by calcium carbonate with an admixture of Al–K–Mg–Fe silicates. The capsular organization of the mucilaginous sheaths surrounding individual cells and cell clusters forming colonies and the mode of mineralization are the characteristic common features of the Neoarchean microbiota described and their modern analogues. The new findings indicate massive production of calcium carbonates by benthic coccoid cyanobacteria in the Neoarchean, and offer a solution to the problem of the origin of Archean carbonate platforms, stromatolites and microbial reefs.