日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术现状与发展趋势

既有钢筋混凝土结构的丰富而可靠的抗震加固技术是提升我国建筑物抗震性能,实现社会可持续发展的重要保障.在长期工程实践的积累中,日本建筑界逐渐发展出一套行之有效的抗震性能评估、加固设计体系和多种多样的抗震加固技术,值得我国借鉴.文章在简要回顾日本抗震加固设计方法之后,介绍了日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固的传统方法,总结了近年来在传统加固方法基础上所做的改良,并在此基础上,从外附子结构、消能减震化和自复位技术等3个方面归纳了日本新一代钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术的发展趋势.     

填充墙RC框架结构加固方法的研究现状及展望

综述了用于提高填充墙钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构抗震性能和改善结构损伤模式的几类加固措施,从工艺、加固效果和破坏形式3个角度进行了分析.在建筑结构设计过程中,填充墙通常被视为一种典型的脆性非均质非结构构件,忽视了填充墙与RC框架之间的相互作用.地震调查报告表明,在结构遭受地震作用时,填充墙通常先于钢筋混凝土框架发生破坏,...     

框架填充墙结构被动控制抗震加固分析

针对不满足抗震性态目标的一栋四层钢筋混凝土框架填充墙结构,基于框架和填充墙的抗震性态目标,采用附加阻尼器的被动控制方法进行抗震加固分析研究。首先,提出两种被动控制加固方案:1.在一层所有填充墙平面内方向上并联阻尼器进行抗震加固;2.在一层和二层所有填充墙平面内方向上并联阻尼器进行抗震加固;其次,基于Open Sees有限元软件,建立上述两种被动控制加固方案的有限元模型,选取El Centro、Parkfield和San Fenando三条地震动进行罕遇地震作用下的地震反应分析;最后,依据使用功能为钢筋混凝土框架填充墙结构抗震性态目标的量化指标,即综合考虑层间位移角限值和填充墙破坏情况,判定四层钢筋混凝土框架填充墙结构采用加固方案二可满足抗震性态目标的要求。     

基于分灾模式的钢筋混凝土梁抗弯加固性能评估方法

针对当前钢筋混凝土梁抗弯加固性能评估法未考虑不同建筑结构的抗灾差异,所求得的各项承载力参数不够客观,从而造成评估结果与实际检测结果差异大,评估精度低的问题,提出基于分灾模式的钢筋混凝土梁抗弯加固性能评估方法。计算梁底初始拉应变、梁正截面极限抗弯承载力和钢筋混凝土梁正截面荷载挠度,然后设计分灾模式的钢筋混凝土梁抗弯加固,通过分析载荷与压应变、载荷与挠度以及剪力与位移变化,得到钢筋混凝土梁抗弯加固后各项承载力参数,输入各项梁承载力参数到ANSYS通用程序,利用该程序结合钢筋混凝土梁抗弯加固性能进行评估。通过进行仿真实验,结果表明加入分灾元件的钢筋混凝土梁抗弯加固性能有明显提高。将本文方法评估结果与实验实际评估结果对比可知,提出的评估方法与实际检测结果基本一致,评估精度准确性较高。     

钢丝绳与碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的抗剪性能

目前,我国的交通运输和建筑工程事业发展迅速,对既有钢筋混凝土梁的抗剪性能加固是旧桥加固与改造、既有建筑结构维修领域的重要研究课题,对改善在役结构的受力性能和减少安全事故具有重要意义。近年来,采用纤维增强高分子复合材料(FRP)对既有结构的加固,成为研究的热点,其加固方式主要有粘贴与锚固方式。与被动加固方式不同,钢丝绳加固技术是一种新的体外预应力加固方法,是利用钢丝绳主动施加预应力,对结构实施主动的加固。基于钢丝绳与碳纤维布加固两种方式,研究了影响两种加固方式的主要因素,对比了钢筋混凝土梁的抗剪加固效果,分别分析了钢丝绳的布置间距和布置方式,以及碳纤维布的层数和粘贴方式对抗剪加固效果的影响规律,并提出相应的工程建议。     

钢筋混凝土框架结构地震损伤的识别与试验分析

通过单层及多层钢筋混凝土框架模型的地震损伤模拟试验，揭示了钢筋混凝土结构地震损伤与动力特性变化的关系；概据损伤力学方法，建立了利用可识别参数的地震损伤模型；提出了结构损伤状态参数的识别方法和以上此为基础估计结构地震损伤的方法，从而为钢筋混凝土框架结构的震后损伤识别和修得加固提供了理论依据。     

低速冲击下高强钢绞线网-高性能砂浆加固钢筋混凝土梁试验研究

研究了高强钢绞线网-高性能砂浆加固钢筋混凝土梁的抗低速冲击性能,利用落锤冲击试验法对4根简支钢筋混凝土梁进行对比试验研究,其中1根为普通梁,3根为加固梁,通过分析加固前后梁的破坏形态,结合挠度变化、钢筋的应变以及加速度的时程曲线,对比得到了钢筋混凝土梁加固后的抗冲击性能。研究结果表明：加固后钢筋混凝土梁的抗冲击能力显著提高,钢绞线和砂浆作为外加层,不仅增加了梁的抗弯剪能力和刚度,提高了结构的耗能能力,而且限制了裂缝的发展,使梁的整体性和延性更好;在相同冲击作用下,钢绞线直径的增加能适当提高结构的抗冲击性能。     

钢筋混凝土框架结构震后加固方案优选

目前,绝大多数震损结构的震后加固依靠工程技术人员的主观经验,确定的加固方案难以综合考虑安全性、适用性、经济性、时间性和可行性等诸方面因素;并且加固方案主要针对各损伤构件提出,缺乏对加固后整体结构抗震性能恢复的评估。为解决这一问题,本文以钢筋混凝土框架结构为研究对象,提出了一种基于模糊决策理论和动态权重理论的结构震后加固方案优选方法。该方法中首先给出了适用于该问题的层次分析模型,随后明确给出了方案优选过程中涉及到的各类定性指标取值所针对的物理意义。通过该方法可以综合考虑时间、人员、材料供应、地震现场情况等多重因素影响,对多个加固方案进行比较优选,并有效减少决策时间和人为主观误差。文中最后以一栋实际震损的四层钢筋混凝土框架结构的加固方案优选为例,验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

损伤钢筋混凝土框架抗震加固Pushover分析

基于钢筋混凝土框架模拟地震作用下的试验及有限元分析,对整体损伤钢筋混凝土框架结构采用CFRP布、角钢、钢支撑加固方法进行了推覆(Pushover)分析,对比分析加固前后钢筋混凝土框架结构屈服荷载与位移、极限荷载与位移、延性系数的变化,综合分析损伤程度及加固方法对钢筋混凝土框架加固后抗震性能的影响。结果表明,模型的塑性铰位置与试验结果基本相同;损伤的混凝土框架CFRP布加固与未损伤CFRP布加固框架相比,极限荷载、屈服位移、延性系数和试验结果基本一致;对于已经明显损伤的钢筋混凝土框架,先进行梁柱局部损伤修复加固,再采用人字形角钢进行支撑加固,效果更好。     

碳纤维布增强混凝土框架抗震性能的有限元分析

利用碳纤维布（CFS）对一个9层钢筋混凝土框架的底层柱进行了加固,运用有限元程序对加固前后结构的整体抗震性能进行了动力分析.分析结果表明,利用碳纤维布加固底部框架柱有助于提高框架的整体抗震性能,从而减少框架在地震作用下的最大侧移和各层间位移.     

多层砌体房屋抗震加固方法述评

本文讨论了多层砌体房屋抗震加固的原则,对目前常用的多层砌体房屋的加固方法进行了简要的论述,提出了各种方法的特点和适用范围以及需要注意的问题,并指出了将来可能的发展方向。     

Seismic strengthening of an under‐designed RC structure with FRP

The opportunities provided by the use of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) for the seismic retrofit of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures were assessed on a full‐scale three‐story framed structure. The structure, designed only for gravity loads, was subjected to a bi‐directional pseudo‐dynamic (PsD) test at peak ground acceleration (PGA) equal to 0.20g at the ELSA Laboratory of the Joint Research Centre. The seismic deficiencies exhibited by the structure after the test were confirmed by post‐test assessment of structural seismic capacity performed by nonlinear static pushover analysis implemented on the lumped plasticity model of the structure. In order to allow the structure to withstand 0.30g PGA seismic actions, a retrofit using glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates was designed. The retrofit design was targeted to achieve a more ductile and energy dissipating global performance of the structure by increasing the ductility of columns and preventing brittle failure modes. Design assumptions and criteria along with nonlinear static pushover analysis to assess the overall capacity of the FRP‐retrofitted structure are presented and discussed. After the retrofit execution, a new series of PsD tests at both 0.20g and 0.30g PGA level were carried out. Theoretical predictions are compared with the main experimental outcomes to assess the effectiveness of the proposed retrofit technique and validate the adopted design procedures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self-centering seismic retrofit scheme for reinforced concrete frame structures: SDOF system study

This paper presents the results of a parametric study of self-centering seismic retrofit schemes for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. The self-centering retrofit system features flag-shaped hysteresis and minimal residual deformation. For comparison purpose,an alternate seismic retrofit scheme that uses a bilinear-hysteresis retrofit system such as buckling-restrained braces (BRB) is also considered in this paper. The parametric study was carried out in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system framework since a multi-story building structure may be idealized as an equivalent SDOF system and investigation of the performance of this equivalent SDOF system can provide insight into the seismic response of the multi-story building. A peak-oriented hysteresis model which can consider the strength and stiffness degradation is used to describe the hysteretic behavior of RC structures. The parametric study involves two key parameters -the strength ratio and elastic stiffness ratio between the seismic retrofit system and the original RC frame. An ensemble of 172 earthquake ground motion records scaled to the design basis earthquake in California with a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years was constructed for the simulation-based parametric study. The effectiveness of the two seismic retrofit schemes considered in this study is evaluated in terms of peak displacement ratio,peak acceleration ratio,energy dissipation demand ratio and residual displacement ratio between the SDOF systems with and without retrofit. It is found from this parametric study that RC structures retrofitted with the self-centering retrofit scheme (SCRS) can achieve a seismic performance level comparable to the bilinear-hysteresis retrofit scheme (BHRS) in terms of peak displacement and energy dissipation demand ratio while having negligible residual displacement after earthquake.     

Introspection on improper seismic retrofit of Basilica Santa Maria di Collemaggio after 2009 Italian earthquake

The 2009 L’Aquila, Italy earthquake highlighted the seismic vulnerability of historic masonry building structures due to improper "strengthening" retrofit work that has been done in the last 50 years. Italian seismic standards recommend the use of traditional reinforcement techniques such as replacing the original wooden roof structure with new reinforced concrete (RC) or steel elements, inserting RC tie-beams in the masonry and new RC floors, and using RC jacketing on the shear walls. The L’Aquila earthquake revealed the numerous limitations of these interventions, because they led to increased seismic forces (due to greater additional weight) and to deformation incompatibilities of the incorporated elements with the existing masonry walls. This paper provides a discussion of technical issues pertaining to the seismic retrofit of the Santa Maria di Collemaggio Basilica and in particular, the limitations of the last (2000) retrofit intervention. Considerable damage was caused to the church because of questionable actions and incorrect and improper technical choices.     

Retrofit of reinforced concrete frames with buckling‐restrained braces

Damage to buildings observed in recent earthquakes suggests that many old reinforced concrete structures may be vulnerable to the effects of severe earthquakes. One suitable seismic retrofit solution is the installation of steel braces to increase the strength and ductility of a building. Steel bracings have some compelling advantages such as their comparatively low weight, their suitability for prefabrication, and the possibility of openings for utilities, access, and light. The braces are typically connected to steel frames that are fixed to the concrete structure using post‐installed concrete anchors along the perimeter. However, these framed steel braces are not without some disadvantages such as heavier steel usage and greater difficulties during the installation. Therefore, braces without steel frames appear to be an attractive alternative. In this study, braces were connected to gussets furnished with anchor brackets, which were fixed by means of a few post‐installed concrete anchors. The clear structural system and the increased utilization of the anchors allowed the anchorage to be designed precisely and economically. The use of buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) provides additional benefits in comparison with conventional braces. BRBs improve the energy dissipation efficiency and allow the limitation of the brace force to be taken up by the highly stressed anchorage. Cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of BRBs connected with post‐installed anchors used to retrofit reinforced concrete frames. The tests showed that the proposed design method is feasible and increases strength as well as ductility to an adequate seismic performance level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and numerical behaviour of dissipative devices based on carbon‐wrapped steel tubes for the retrofitting of existing precast RC structures

The 2012 Emilia earthquake (in Northern Italy) caused extensive damage to existing prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. These buildings were found being extremely vulnerable because, being designed for vertical loads only, they featured friction‐based connections between structural elements, most commonly between beams and columns. Given the large diffusion of these structures, their seismic retrofit is critical. Various techniques have been proposed in the literature, in most of which friction‐based connections are removed by inserting mechanical connectors that will make beam‐column connections hinged. These approaches lead to a significant increase of the base shear and therefore require strengthening of columns. The paper presents dissipative devices based on carbon‐wrapped steel tubes to be used as an alternative low‐damage solution for the retrofit of beam‐column connections. The first part of the paper presents results of experimental tests on the devices and discusses their dissipative behaviour. The succeeding parts of the paper present numerical analyses on simple structures reinforced with the proposed device. The results of the numerical study show how the introduction of the dissipative devices produces a significant reduction of forces transmitted to the structure, by comparing the seismic response of simple frame structures equipped with dissipative devices with the response of equivalent elastic systems.     

Shaking table test and numerical simulation of an RC frame‐core tube structure for earthquake‐induced collapse

The reinforced concrete frame‐core tube structure is a common form of high‐rise building; however, certain vertical components of these structures are prone to be damaged by earthquakes, debris flow, or other accidents, leaving no time for repair or retrofit. This study is motivated by a practical problem—that is, the seismic vulnerability and collapse resistant capability under future earthquakes when a vertical member has failed. A reduced scale model (1:15 scale) of a typical reinforced concrete frame‐core tube with a corner column removed from the first floor is designed, fabricated, and tested. The corner column is replaced by a jack, and the failure behavior is simulated by manually unloading the jack. The model is then excited by a variety of seismic ground motions on the shaking table. Experimental results concerning the seismic responses and actual process of collapse are presented herein. Finally, the earthquake‐induced collapse process is simulated numerically using the software program ANSYS/LS‐DYNA. Validation and calibration of the model are carried out by comparison with the experimental results. Furthermore, based on both experimental investigations and numerical simulations, the collapse mechanism is discussed, and some suggestions on collapse design are put forward. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancing resilience of highway bridges through seismic retrofit

The present study evaluates seismic resilience of highway bridges that are important components of highway transportation systems. To mitigate losses incurred from bridge damage during seismic events, bridge retrofit strategies are selected such that the retrofit not only enhances bridge seismic performance but also improves resilience of the system consisting of these bridges. To obtain results specific to a bridge, a reinforced concrete bridge in the Los Angeles region is analyzed. This bridge was severely damaged during the Northridge earthquake because of shear failure of one bridge pier. Seismic vulnerability model of the bridge is developed through finite element analysis under a suite of time histories that represent regional seismic hazard. Obtained bridge vulnerability model is combined with appropriate loss and recovery models to calculate seismic resilience of the bridge. Impact of retrofit on seismic resilience is observed by applying suitable retrofit strategy to the bridge assuming its undamaged condition prior to the Northridge event. Difference in resilience observed before and after bridge retrofit signified the effectiveness of seismic retrofit. The applied retrofit technique is also found to be cost‐effective through a cost‐benefit analysis. First order second moment reliability analysis is performed, and a tornado diagram is developed to identify major uncertain input parameters to which seismic resilience is most sensitive. Statistical analysis of resilience obtained through random sampling of major uncertain input parameters revealed that the uncertain nature of seismic resilience can be characterized with a normal distribution, the standard deviation of which represents the uncertainty in seismic resilience. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development and modeling of a frictional wall damper and its applications in reinforced concrete frame structures

A wall‐type friction damper is newly proposed in this paper to improve the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures under earthquake loads. Traditionally, the damper was generally invented as a brace‐type member. However, it has been seen to cause problems in the RC frame structures in that concrete is apt to be damaged in the connection regions of the RC member and the brace‐type damper under earthquake loads. The proposed wall‐type damper has an advantage in the retrofit of RC structures. The system consists of a Teflon® slider and a RC wall. The damper is also designed to control normal pressures acting on a frictional slider. The numerical applications show that the proposed damper can be effective in mitigating the seismic responses of RC frame structures and reducing the damage to RC structural members. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土矩形贮液结构的液-固耦合动力分析

由于液体的影响,贮液结构在地震作用下的动力响应与一般结构不同.本文采用通用有限元软件ADINA,考虑混凝土材料中钢筋的作用,探讨贮存液体表面重力波、壁板刚度、结构尺寸对系统液固耦合动力响应的影响,以及单向、双向和三向地震耦联作用下的液固耦合动力响应.结果为钢筋混凝土矩形贮液结构的液固耦舍研究提供了理论依据.