黄河冲积扇对中原城市群的地质控制作用

黄河冲积扇是中国中东部山前地区最大的冲积扇,其主体位于河南省。黄河冲积扇的形成发育的地质环境条件,冲积扇的地层岩性结构、水文地质特征,以及与其相邻地貌单元的地质和资源条件共同决定了中原城市群各城市的分布、发展规模、发展方向、产业结构等要素。通过黄河冲积扇的形成演化和本身地质、水文地质条件研究,从地质角度分析和探讨了中原城市群城市可持续发展的有利条件和影响因素,旨在为中原城市群的规划、建设提供地质科学依据。     

滨海城市环境工程地质问题的地域分异规律

滨海城市是我国经济最发达的地区,近年来经济与城市建设均得到迅速发展,城市土地开发力度加大,由此引起的环境工程地质问题也日趋严重,本文分析了我国滨海城市地区区域地质环境和人类工程经济活动的地域差异,研究了滨海城市环境工程地质问题的主要类型,并提出了滨海城市环境工程地质问题的地域分异规律。     

Environmental geology of ancient Greek cities

Man-environment relations in the ancient Greek world, as now, were complex interactions. To understand them, we need to study a range of physical features and man's impact on the setting. The underlying geological reality of this area is karst, which is widely distributed, dominating Greece, the southern half of Turkey, and southern Italy and Sicily, where the Greco-Roman cities that we study were located. Year-round water from karst springs was important because of scarce rainfall, intense evaporation, and infertile soil—none under human control. Examples from the Greek mainland (Corinth), an Aegean island (Rhodes), Turkey (Priene), and Sicily (Syracuse) are selected and described to suggest the way that karst water potential played an important role in site selection and development. A wider look at criteria for urban location and a new classification of urban patterns help to revise conventional understandings of these ancient cities. In conclusion, some modern findings about the interaction between city and setting suggest new research agendas for geologists and engineers, ancient historians and archaeologists, and water policy makers—preferrably working together.     

城市地面沉降与地下水位变化关系的数学模拟

根据滨海平原多个城市多年城市地表沉降及城市地下水位监测资料，系统地分析了地下水位变化与城市地衾沉降的关系，并利用计算机模拟的方法，给出了该类城市地表沉降的数学模型。     

Kenya’s Secondary Cities Growth Strategy at a Crossroads: Which Way Forward?

Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities.     

中国城市空间分布的双侧对称性

借助尺度归并和笛卡儿变换思想考察中国城市的宏观分布规律,发现中国城市在一定的空间和规模尺度上具有双重对称性：以秦岭—淮河为界,南方城市与北方城市呈现双侧对称特征;以呼和浩特—太原—郑州—武汉—广州沿线为轴,东部城市与西部城市形成双侧对称局势。中国城市的宏观对称性与地球公转和自转的方式有关,海陆差异、地表形态和水系构成是影响城市对称格局的重要因素。城市的对称分布属于广义的形态发育问题,对称形成的内在机制可能在于人类空间行为的自组织演化。     

中国城市发展中的地质环境问题

本文在研究我国城市地质环境背景和主要地质环境问题的基础上，运用多层次动态系统方法，提出了协调城市人类工程活动和地质环境的对策。     

现代城市环境工程地质研究的关键与技术与问题探讨

分析了我国城市建设的基本和由此引起的主要环境工程地质问题，研究了现代城市环境工程地质研究的关键技术，并提出了当前我国城市环境工程地质研究亟待解决的关键问题。     

长江下游典型平原城市感潮河网水动力提升分析

通常平原城市河网水动力条件较差,加快水体更新、增强水体的流动性可改善河网水环境质量。以长江下游典型平原城市启东市为例,充分利用河道天然潮动力条件,建立河网水动力学模型,通过数值模拟试验,量化分析优化水系格局、工程布局和调度方式对河网水体流动性的改善程度。结果表明：在最不利潮汐条件下,优化方案可将河网的全历时生态流速达标率由52.3%提升至94.2%,最大瞬时生态流速达标率由42.6%提升至85.0%,区域生态流速持续度达91.8%,同时还可节约67.5%的引调水量;改善水系格局、优化河网控制工程布局及其调度方案可以减少域外引水,同时显著增加河网水流更新速率,降低污染物滞留时间,从而改善水环境。该方法可为提升平原城市感潮河网水环境质量提供新手段。     

西南典型城市环境地质问题与城市规划

西南地区的昆明、重庆和成都分属高原湖畔城市、沿江山区城市和平原城市,地质环境各异。20世纪80年代以来,伴随城市的发展,均不同程度地出现了与城市可持续发展密切相关的环境地质问题。昆明面临的是地面沉降和软弱地基问题,频繁的崩塌和滑坡地质灾害制约了重庆的发展与扩展,而位于川西平原地下水库上的成都的高速发展已使岷江巨型冲洪积扇地下水系统的完整性及径流交替能力受到严重破坏。环境地质问题应成为城市规划首先考虑的最基本因素,制定合理的规划方案及针对性条款是遏制地质环境恶化的有效途径。     

内陆河流域城镇发展的历史过程与机制——以黑河流域为例

城市的起源与形成是一个极其复杂而漫长的过程,是诸文明要素积累凝聚、从量变到质变的过程.黑河流域的城市大致经历了五个发展阶段:秦汉以前的城市萌芽,两汉时期的奠基期,十六国时期、隋唐时期的第二高峰期,宋以后的衰落期,直到明清以后城市再度复苏.在这一变化过程中,移民屯垦、兴修水利、农牧业的消长与进退、人口迁移与聚集、地缘政治和自然环境的变化是城镇发育与成长的主要驱动力.其中,又蕴含了两个相互交错的正负效应:汉民族的西扩—统一的国家—稳定的地缘政治关系—移民屯垦—兴修水利—农业繁荣—气候暖湿—城镇发展;少数民族东进—地方割据—复杂动荡的地缘政治环境—牧业扩张—气候干冷—沙漠化扩大—城镇衰退.其实质是在特定的地理环境和民族分布格局下,对优势生存空间的争夺.     

基于遥感和GIS的新疆绿洲城市扩展时空动态变化分析

以新疆16座城市为研究对象, 运用多时相卫星遥感资料, 利用遥感和GIS技术提取城市的空间特征信息, 并通过城市扩展强度、扩展速率以及城市空间形态紧凑度和分形维数等指标定量分析了1990-2010年以来新疆城市扩展时空动态变化的过程和特征. 结果表明: 新疆城市的空间分布由其独特的自然环境和绿洲经济所决定, 许多城市的发展依托于绿洲, 城镇的形成具有"亲水性"的特点, 由于新疆地域辽阔, 交通干线附近往往形成城镇相对集中的城市带或城市群. 南北疆城市之间在扩展速度及强度上存在较明显的差异, 位于北疆天山北坡经济带上的城市大多属于扩展速度相对较快、扩展强度相对较大的扩张类型, 而南疆城市的扩展速度则相对较慢、扩展强度也相对较小.通过对城市紧凑度和分维数变化的分析发现, 新疆城市平均紧凑度呈下降趋势, 而分形维数呈增长的趋势, 说明整体上新疆城市空间结构有趋于松散化的趋势, 城市的空间结构不够合理, 有待改善.     

A tale of Asia’s world ports: The spatial evolution in global hub port cities

Globalization and transport revolutions, logistics integration, and the consequent expansion of port area and hinterland in the maritime industry have redefined the functional role of ports in supply chains and have generated a new pattern of freight distribution. This phenomenon again requires a new approach towards port development and related urban planning. Such changes have inevitably influenced the spatial structure of hub port cities. As existing models on spatial and functional evolution of ports and cities are mainly derived from European and American cases, this paper attempts to introduce evidence from an Asian perspective, focusing on the particular case of global hub port cities such as Hong Kong and Singapore.     

沿海城市竞争力评价及资源环境约束分析

在借鉴国内外研究的基础上,建立了城市竞争力评价指标体系。通过熵值法和均方差决策法确定各指标权重,对我国14个沿海开放城市竞争力进行了评价。分析发现,各城市综合竞争力具有内部差异大、极化现象突出等特点。从城市竞争力要素层得分及其状况来看,各城市之间差异显著,而生态环境竞争力普遍偏低。从空间角度看,各城市竞争力水平大致形成了以中部上海为核心,南部广州、北部天津为两翼,连接各城市构成了一条倒"V"字型向东突出的城市竞争力发展格局。根据评价结果由高到低可将14个城市分为强竞争力、较强竞争力、一般竞争力、弱竞争力四大类。     

滨海城市环境工程地质问题发育特点分析

本文分析了我国滨海城市环境工程地质问题的主要类型,研究了环境工程地质问题的发育特点。     

In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition

Over the past 100 years, ethnic minorities and the poor have become increasingly concentrated and isolated in low-income urban neighborhoods. While the demographic changes in cities are well documented, the parallel history of urban retailing is less well known. Little research has been done on changes in urban food retailing, particularly as they concern the urban poor. As the residential character of urban neighborhoods changed during the 20th century, so did the amenities available in those neighborhoods. The low point for urban retailing was in the 1980s, when cities experienced a net loss of supermarkets even as, nationally, store openings exceeded closings. The trend toward fewer, bigger stores located outside cities has continued to the present. Some critics have referred to this disinclination of large chains to locate in cities as `supermarket redlining'. Changes in food availability are a key element in the changing social conditions of the urban poor and, as good nutrition is critical for good health, a contributing factor in the decline of urban health. This paper will examine changes in urban retail food availability, the impact these changes have had on the health status of the urban poor, strategies utilized by the urban poor to address inadequate access to quality food sources, and the role of supermarkets in distressed communities.     

Geoindicators for tropical urbanization

The urban population of the developing countries, which are almost entirely within the tropics and subtropics, increased from 286 to 1,515 million between 1950 and 1990. This figure is expected to reach 4 billion by 2025. Certain major cities (Mexico City, Bombay, São Paulo, etc.) are expected to grow to extremely large sizes. The major physical changes that occur with urbanization can be summarized as changes in hydrology, geomorphology, climate, vegetation, and air and water quality. The intensity and rapidity of such changes require a careful, but urgent assessment of the environmental modification. The tropical environment tends to magnify the environmental impact of urbanization. Geoindicators can be used for the measurement of a number of changes of this nature. This paper presents a selection of geoindicators that could be used to measure such impacts. The geoindicators have been selected according to (1) their effectiveness in measuring environmental impacts and (2) the type of data that is required for their use. Shortage of quantitative information is a common problem for tropical cities. In addition, certain types of geoindicators need to be highlighted for cities in specific types of location such as deltas or coastal plains, steep slopes, or in proximity to convergent or transverse plate margins. The projection, that in another 50 years about half of the population of tropical countries will be urban, adds urgency to this venture.     

The binational cities of Dover and Calais and their region

This paper analyses the question of cities that are localised at each part of an international border. We take as an example the two cities of Dover and Calais and look at if they can be considered as binational cities, because they have been recently connected by a tunnel, the ‘fixed link’, and because since 1993, the inner state borders of the European Union have disappeared. It determines firstly if these two towns have been brought closer by the construction of the Channel tunnel and if specific ties are linking these two towns. The article scrutinizes actions taken under INTERREG funds under the general framework of the creation of the ‘Transmanche Region’ and its extension towards a Euroregion to sort out these two cities joint involvement. Finally, it checks if this new area could lead to cross-border activity either for work or tourism and leisure purposes that could conduct the cities of Dover and Calais toward a new type of relationship, premises of a binational city. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The changing distribution of incomes in Dutch cities: myth and reality

Segregation is a central concept in the debate on urban issues, both in scientific literature and in society in general. The process of globalisation is particularly expected to increase polarisation and segregation in cities, resulting in the emergence of ‘ghettos’ or – as they are called in the Netherlands – ‘income neighbourhoods’. This paper tries to judge the situation in Dutch cities by studying changes over time; by looking at segregation within cities as well as between cities and the wider metropolitan area; and by comparing socio-economic differences with socio-cultural and socio-demographic characteristics. The analysis shows that the empirical facts are quite different from the ongoing debate. It establishes that socio-economic segregation is more moderate than segregation with respect to the other two dimensions. Contrary to suggestions from the vernacular debate, segregation within cities is scarcely increasing, but between cities and the surrounding area it is rising with respect to all three dimensions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Potential suitability for urban planning and industry development using natural hazard maps and geological–geomorphological parameters

During the planning of an urban environment, usually only economic and social parameters are taken into account. As a result, urban areas are susceptible to natural disasters, which cause extensive damages in them, because the cities or towns have been repeatedly located in vulnerable areas. In this study, for the protection of human environment, is proposed a unique approach of urban planning and sustainable development. The study area is Trikala Prefecture (Western Thessaly, Central Greece). An integrated evaluation of the suitable areas for urban growth and light industry development is proposed by using mainly natural hazards as well as geological–geomorphological–geographical characteristics of the study area. The used parameters were correlated by using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method and incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) in order to produce the corresponding suitability maps. The study area is classified in five categories of very high, high, moderate, low, and very low suitability for urban growth and industrial development. Moreover, the spatio-temporal changes of the urban limits are studied since 1885 for the three major towns (Trikala, Kalambaka and Pyli) of the study area. These changes sketch out the urban growth trend. The comparison between the urban growth trend with the potential suitability for urban growth and industrial development of these towns lead to discrepancies. These can be attributed mainly to the fact that in the majority of cases, only geographical, social, and economical factors were used for urban development, whereas in our study, natural hazards, geomorphological, and geographical parameters were quantified and taken into account.