Quantitative phosphorus measurement: A field test procedure for archaeological site analysis at Piedras Negras,Guatemala

Currently there is a wide interest in the use of chemical analyses for the evaluation of anthropogenically altered soils and other archaeological deposits. Because soil phosphorus levels increase in areas of human habitation, and leave a permanent signature that can only be removed by erosion of the soil itself, phosphorus mapping has become a popular field procedure to indicate areas of habitation where overt evidence of ancient occupance is absent. We have developed a methodology to obtain accurate acid‐extractable phosphorus concentrations (mg/kg) in calcareous soils under the primitive field conditions of Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Predicated on Mehlich‐II acid extractant and colorimetric methods, this procedure processed 36 samples per hour at very low cost per sample. Based on eight replicate measurements of a group of samples, the coefficient of variation of the procedure was 8.3%. Subsequent analysis of 35 soil samples in a controlled laboratory revealed a moderate correlation of 0.44 between the Mehlich‐extractable phosphorus and total phosphorus. The correlation was 0.91 between the Mehlich procedure and Olsen bicarbonate extractable phosphorus, indicating that Mehlich‐based results are similar to those obtainable using a traditional extractable phosphorus method on soils of neutral to alkaline pH. There was a moderate correlation between Mehlich P and ring‐test rating (r = 0.42). The wider dynamic range of the Mehlich extraction, coupled with the use of a battery‐operated colorimeter, facilitated the finding of a refuse midden within an area of phosphate enriched soils. Further tests indicated that phosphorus concentrations measured in the field deviated by only 7% from those made under controlled laboratory conditions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Characteristics and distributions of humic acids in two soil profiles of the southwest China Karst area

Characteristics and distributions of humic acid (HA) and soil organic matter (SOM) in a yellow soil profile and a limestone soil profile of the southwest China Karst area were systematically investigated to reveal their evolutions in different soils of the study area. The results showed that characteristics and distribution of SOM along the two soil profiles were notably different. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents of soil samples decreased just slightly along the limestone soil profile but sharply along the yellow soil profile. TOCs of the limestone soils were significantly higher than those of the corresponding yellow soils, and C/N ratios of SOMs showed a similar variation trend to that of TOCs, indicating that SOM can be better conserved in the limestone soil than in the yellow soil. The soil humic acids were exhaustively extracted and further fractionated according to their apparent molecular weights using ultrafiltration techniques to explore underlying conservation mechanisms. The result showed that C/N ratios of HAs from different limestone soil layers were relatively stable and that large molecular HA fractions predominated the bulk HA of the top soil, indicating that HA in the limestone profile was protected while bio and chemical degradations were retarded. Combined with organic elements contents and mineral contents of two soils, we concluded that high calcium contents in limestone soils may play a key role in SOM conservation by forming complexation compounds with HAs or/and enclosing SOMs with hypergene CaCO₃ precipitation.     

Using in‐field phosphate testing to rapidly identify middens at Piedras Negras,Guatemala

Recent studies have promoted using soil phosphate analysis to detect ancient Maya sites by delimiting areas of occupation based on decomposed organic matter. Refuse associated with human activity increases organic matter around areas of ancient human habitation. Theoretically, the highest concentration of organic matter—detectable by phosphate analysis—should be directly associated with areas of refuse disposal. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the potential of phosphate analysis to detect residential middens in Piedras Negras, Guatemala. This paper presents the results of a sensitive, in‐field phosphate analysis method applied as a midden prospection tool in residential areas. Phosphate concentration is correlated with artifact data obtained from a total of 37 test pits excavated in areas of varying phosphate concentration in three residential sites. A positive correlation between phosphate concentration and ceramic density indicates the potential of this method in defining and orienting excavations of residential areas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Impact of land use covers upon karst processes in a typical Fengcong depression system of Nongla, Guangxi, China

The direction and intensity of karst processes can be deeply affected by soil physical and chemical variations which were resulted from land use. Taking Nongla Fengcong depression area, Mashan County, Guangxi as an example, authors discussed the impact of land use on karst processes based on the data of field limestone tablet. The results showed that the corrosional rates at varied soil depth are quite different. Corrosional rate in woodland and orchard is mostly bigger than 20 mg/a, which is much higher than that in tilled land and shrub. Generally, corrosional rate decreased from orchard, woodland, tilled land, fallow land and shrub successively, in which soil organic matter (OM) and soil pH are two major controlling factors: corrosion process is controlled remarkably by soil OM in woodland and orchard. The higher the organic matter content is and the less the pH value is, the higher the corrosional rate is. Owing to lower organic matter content, the corrosional rate is mainly affected by soil CO₂ in tilled land and shrub.     

Analysis of stratigraphical sequences at Cocina Cave (Spain) using rare earth elements geochemistry

This study investigates the stratigraphical sequence of Cocina Cave (Spain) employing and testing for the first time the capability of rare earth elements as markers of human activities in caves. Located in Dos Aguas (Valencian Community, Spain), Cocina Cave is characterized by the presence of several Holocene archaeological deposits from the final Mesolithic to the present day and is a pivotal site for understanding the socio-ecological dynamics of the last hunter-gatherer inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula and the transition to pastoral and agricultural economies in the Western Mediterranean. However, the identification of strata from particular time-periods in the cave is often difficult due to the homogeneity of layers, the poor archaeological record in some strata and the presence of severe disturbance phenomena. The methodological approach of this study consisted of cross-referencing rare earth elements and other chemical markers with the archaeological stratigraphical interpretation, in an attempt to not only support the identification of the anthropic contribution to the formation of Cocina Cave strata, but also to characterize and confirm different natural and occupational episodes, particularly those associated with hunter-gatherer, early agriculturalist, and shepherd activities. Sediments were collected from different excavation areas and analysed for major elements, trace elements, rare earth elements (REE), soil organic matter (SOM) amounts and pH. Multivariate statistics were employed to group samples according to their elemental profile, and these were then compared to the archaeological temporal interpretation. The obtained results showed that REE amount and fractionation geochemical processes were regulated by carbonates, phosphates and pH. The use of REE as markers was particularly useful as their concentrations and their calculated ratios and anomaly distributions were demonstrated to be highly consistent with the archaeological stratigraphical interpretation.     

松嫩平原不同土地利用类型的黑土有机碳分解及其温度敏感性研究

对松嫩平原旱地、水田和草地3种不同土地利用类型的黑土进行了为期90天的实验室培养.研究发现,土壤呼吸强度表现为在初期达到一个最大值后不断下降,随后趋于稳定.4个不同温度条件下(5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃),各类型土壤的呼吸强度均随温度的升高而同步增强.在相同温度条件下,土壤呼吸强度强弱顺序为:水田黑土＞草地黑土＞旱地...     

桂西北典型岩溶区水稻田成土剖面砷的垂向分布特征及其影响因素

调查分析桂西北典型岩溶矿区及其周边水稻田成土剖面砷含量及相关土壤参数垂向分布特征,研究了岩溶区土壤砷的含量垂向分布及迁移规律,并探讨了岩溶区土壤砷垂向迁移的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区三个典型土壤剖面的主要土壤类型为石灰岩土,化学风化程度较高,土壤砷自然来源主要为土壤母质;土壤剖面砷含量的垂向分布均为表层相对富集、深层相对稳定,而土壤有机碳是制约岩溶区水稻田土壤砷垂向迁移的关键因素;矿区外围的两个土壤剖面砷含量主要富集在10～20 cm层,而在0～10 cm层砷含量相对较低,土壤砷含量平均值分别为5.5 mg·kg-1 和5.0 mg·kg-1 ;而临近矿区的土壤剖面具有土壤砷高背景值的特点,土壤砷含量平均值为46.2 mg·kg-1 ,且砷主要富集在20～40 cm的次表层,而在10~20 cm层砷含量则相对较低,但在0～10 cm层土壤砷含量又显著高于10～20 cm层,这表明外来源对该剖面表层土壤也具有显著影响。      

田间条件下不同农艺措施对烟叶镉吸收及烟叶品质的影响

为研究不同农艺措施对烟叶镉(Cd)富集及生长发育的影响,选取中国南方植烟区两种Cd污染土壤(红泥田、黄泥田)为研究对象,以云烟87为供试品种,通过田间小区试验,研究增施磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、腐殖酸络合钾和生石灰对土壤Cd有效态含量、烟叶Cd含量、土壤肥力指标、烤烟经济性状及常规化学成分的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,增施磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、腐殖酸络合钾和生石灰均能有效减少土壤Cd生物有效性和烟草对Cd的富集,土壤有效态Cd含量降低10.4%~25.5%,烟叶Cd消减率为20.39%~43.47%,不同处理顺序为磷酸二氢钾>腐殖酸络合钾>硫酸锌≈生石灰;施用生石灰可提高土壤pH值0.24~0.51,但会造成土壤肥力下降,影响烤烟生长发育;增施腐殖酸络合钾可提高土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性,提高土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、有效氮含量等肥力指标,显著提高烤后烟叶钾含量,降低烟叶糖含量,使烟叶化学成分更趋于协调。     

浙西典型石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素

为系统研究石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素,在浙江省常山县辉埠石煤矿山周边耕地采集了表层土壤样品144件、农产品甘蔗样20件、土壤垂向剖面土壤样6件、岩石样5件和地表水样3件。通过样品Se、有机质、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg、Cr等元素含量指标测定和统计,探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明:区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.47~1.34 mg/kg之间,平均含量0.87 mg/kg,远高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与辉埠石煤矿的走向一致;硒含量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐下降;89.58%的土壤样品和65%的甘蔗样品达到富硒标准,但存在土壤和农产品Cd等主要重金属元素含量超标的生态风险。土壤硒含量均值在寒武系下统荷塘组最高(1.31 mg/kg),奥陶系中—下统最低(0.64 mg/kg);旱地硒均值略高于水田,但差异不显著(p>0.05);硒含量均值高低变化为粗骨土>石灰岩土>水稻土>红壤。研究认为,土壤硒含量受地质背景、土壤类型和有机质等因素的影响,含石煤层黑色岩系和碳酸盐岩等富硒地层是形成富硒土壤的主要因素,小部分与矿山开采等人类活动有关。     

吉林西部不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳垂向分布和碳密度

土壤碳库在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着关键性的作用。在对吉林西部进行为期6年（2004－2009年）的环境调查基础上,采集了217个土壤剖面,获取了2 170个土壤样品的平均容重、含水率和有机碳含量,分析了不同土地利用类型下土壤有机碳（SOC）的垂向分布特征、原因和机理。结果表明：不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳垂向分布表现出截然不同的特征,大致可分为“下降型”、“上升型”和“不变型”3种。呈下降型的草地、农田、湿地等SOC含量主要富集在0~30 cm耕作层,并随深度增加而快速下降;滩地为上升型,良好的水文条件和相对茂盛的植物为有机质提供了有利条件;不变型包括盐碱地、林地和沙地,SOC含量处于全区最低水平。不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳密度差异很大,从大到小依次为水田、草地、旱田、湿地、退化草地、滩地、林地、沙地、盐碱地,其中水田为（169.25±17.70） t/hm²,盐碱地为 （26.50±10.00） t/hm²。植被生物量和土壤理化性质是影响土壤有机碳含量的主要因素。     

岩溶区土壤有机碳和团聚体的关系研究——以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例

研究了重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳和团聚体稳定性的影响,在此基础上引入通径分析方法探讨有机碳与各粒径团聚体之问的关系.研究表明,土地利用方式对土壤有机碳、团聚体稳定性指数和团聚体保存几率影响明显:坡耕地有机碳含量仅为17.544(g/kg),分别比灌丛、橘林地、草地和菜地低61.14%、71.66%、74.43%和100.83%;团聚体稳定性指数依次为草地(2.394)>灌丛(2.383)>橘林地(2.085)>坡耕地(1.953)>菜地(0.865);团聚体稳定性与有机碳含量的相关性与土地利用方式有关,在灌丛和草地中明显正相关,在橘林地和菜地中呈负相关,而在坡耕地中相关性不明显;大粒径团聚体保存几率是决定有机碳含量的主要园子,5～10mm和3～5mm粒级的土壤团聚体对有机碳累积与稳定的决定系数分别为0.61和0.50.      

有机质含量对磷酸镁水泥固化土性质的影响研究

许多重要的软土工程譬如基坑、路基工程在破坏后需要快速修复,磷酸镁水泥的出现很好地满足了这一现代建设的要求,但不同地区软土的有机质含量不同,而有机质的含量对固化土的性质有着重要影响。为了研究磷酸镁水泥加固不同有机质含量软土的加固规律,本文通过向烘干后的软土中添加腐殖酸,人为制备不同有机质含量的土样,并取相同条件下PO水泥加固软土作对比,通过相关力学试验得到以下规律:两种水泥在加固不同含量有机质软土的过程中,加固效果都会随着有机质含量的升高而逐渐降低;磷酸镁水泥在快速修复和凝结方面明显优于PO水泥,但磷酸镁水泥中长期加固有机质软土的效果却不及PO水泥。同时利用SEM试验对得到的规律进行了解释并分析其微结构演化特征。该研究成果独到地分析了有机质含量变化对磷酸镁水泥加固效果的影响,证明了磷酸镁水泥可以应用于软土的抢修工程建设中,对加固软土工程具有指导和借鉴意义。     

巴彦淖尔市临河区狼山镇和新华镇一带富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素北大核心CSCD

内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市临河区狼山镇和新华镇一带发现大面积硒高含量区。为研究该地区富硒土壤的地球化学特征及土壤硒含量的控制因素,采集6250件表层土壤样品,并设计5条土壤垂直剖面进行化学元素测试分析。结果表明,研究区耕地土壤硒含量介于(0.06~0.77)×10^(-6)之间,平均含量为0.32×10^(-6),硒的背景值为0.32×10^(-6),是巴彦淖尔市表层土壤背景值(0.20×10^(-6))和中国土壤背景值(0.20×10^(-6))的1.6倍,且研究区耕地土壤中达到富Se水平(0.4×10^(-6)以上)的样品数为1072个,占全部采样点位的17.2%,表明研究区耕地土壤中硒含量相对较高。研究区土壤中硒和营养元素及重金属元素存在正相关关系,与土壤pH存在一定的负相关关系;硒在土壤垂直方向上分布总体上表现出表聚性特征,随剖面深度增加,硒含量逐渐降低。表层土壤中硒含量主要受土壤有机质含量影响,土壤垂直方向上硒含量主要受有机质与粘土矿物影响。     

天津某深基坑工程施工监测及数值模拟分析

本文介绍了天津铜锣湾广场深基坑工程开挖实例。通过对开挖过程中的支护结构内力、坑周土体水平位移等的现场监测和数值模拟分析,讨论了基坑开挖过程中支护结构受力的特点及其对周围环境的影响,得到了基坑周边土体水平位移的变化规律,为考虑施工因素的支护结构设计提供了依据。     

The transformation and mobility of charcoal in a fire-impacted watershed

The incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has resulted in the global-scale distribution and accumulation of black carbon (BC) in the environment. Recently, the molecular identity of BC in the dissolved phase has been distinguished from that of natural organic matter. However, many of the processes that control BC cycling remain unidentified. We investigate changes in soil charcoal particle morphology and chemical composition using surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, chemical oxidation, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of soil charcoals differing in age by 100 years shows that aged charcoal has lower specific surface areas, higher BC/OC ratios, direct associations with soil minerals and microbial biomass, and a greater abundance of non-aromatic carbon. The water-soluble portion of soil charcoal and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the watershed were also characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Aqueous charcoal extracts are comprised mostly of condensed aromatic ring structures (CARS) which are also present in soil pore, river, and ground water samples. We present indirect evidence and a chemical rationale for a microbial BC dissolution mechanism. Furthermore, the speciation of CARS in the soil solution versus river and ground water provides molecular evidence of reactivity in the dissolved phase. The dissolution and export of soil BC are presently unmeasured fluxes with important implications for the global carbon cycle.     

Soil Organic Carbon Storage Changes in Coastal Wetlands of the Liaohe Delta,China, Based on Landscape Patterns

Growing wetland loss along a coastal area in China was examined through shoreline recession and land use changes. Carbon storage or sequestration in coastal wetland soils was based on vertical marsh accretion and aerial change data. Marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon through vertical accretion; however, large amounts of carbon previously sequestered in the soil profile are lost through rapid land use changes and shoreline recessions. The Liaohe Delta (LHD) was divided into nine landscape types based on Landsat TM digital images from 1991 to 2011. The distributed areas and transfer matrices of each landscape type were calculated. Combined with the organic carbon content and bulk density of 202 soil surface samples from field investigations in 2012, the soil organic carbon pools and stocks were estimated. Results showed that the soil organic carbon pools varied from 0.58 to 9.75 kg m^?2, and organic carbon storage in the upper 20 cm of soil was 1935.92 × 10⁴ and 1863.87 × 10⁴ t in 1991 and 2011, respectively. We attributed these large losses of carbon to rapid land use changes. The construction of levees along the shoreline has triggered large instantaneous losses of previously sequestered carbon through the destruction of 278.06 km² of tidal flats. Our results reveal that the LHD wetlands might not serve as a desired sink of carbon if maladministration practices are applied. These results can provide scientific guidance for decision makers in determining an effective way to maintain the soil carbon pool in the wetlands of the LHD.     

Variation characteristics of CO2 in a newly-excavated soil profile,Chinese Loess Plateau: Excavation-induced ancient soil organic carbon decomposition

Soils of the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP)contain substantial amounts of soil inorganic carbon(SIC),as well as recent and ancient soil organic carbon(SOC).With the advent of the Anthropocene,human perturbation,including excavation,has increased soil CO₂ emission from the huge loess carbon pool.This study aims to determine the potential of loess CO₂ emission induced by excavation.Soil CO₂ were continuously monitored for seven years on a newly-excavated profile in the central CLP and the stable C isotope compositions of soil CO₂ and SOC were used to identify their sources.The results showed that the soil CO₂ concentrations ranged from 830μL·L^-1 to 11190μL·L^-1 with an annually reducing trend after excavation,indicating that the human excavation can induce CO₂ production in loess profile.Theδ¹³ C of CO₂ ranged from–21.27‰to–19.22‰(mean:–20.11‰),with positive deviation from top to bottom.The range of δ¹³CSOC was–24.0‰to–21.1‰with an average of–23.1‰.Theδ¹³ C-CO₂ in this study has a positive relationship with the reversed CO₂ concentration,and it is calculated that 80.22%of the soil CO₂ in this profile is from the microbial decomposition of SOC and 19.78%from the degasification during carbonate precipitation.We conclude that the human excavation can significantly enhance the decomposition of the ancient OC in loess during the first two years after perturbation,producing and releasing soil CO₂ to atmosphere.     

福建省龙海市表层土壤硒含量及影响因素研究

在龙海市土壤地球化学调查数据基础上,开展土壤硒含量特征、影响因素分析等项研究工作,可为研究区富硒土地资源开发提供依据。本文通过采用原子荧光光谱法(AFS)对福建省龙海市表层土壤4394件样品硒全量进行了分析测试,结果表明:龙海市表层土壤的硒含量为0.031~2.361 mg/kg,平均值为0.354mg/kg,足硒、富硒土壤面积占全地区面积的88.69%。同时发现,成土母质、土地利用方式、土壤pH、有机质含量以及海拔高度是影响龙海市土壤硒含量的重要因素。火山凝灰岩区、花岗岩区成土母质发育的土壤硒含量较高;在不同土地利用方式中,林地土壤的硒含量最高,园地、耕地土壤的硒含量适中;土壤硒含量与有机质含量、海拔高度呈正相关,与pH呈负相关,说明在酸性、富含有机质的土壤环境中硒元素易于富集,尤其是高海拔的山地丘陵区土壤中硒的富集作用更加明显。本研究成果对龙海市土地的合理规划利用、富硒产业的科学发展具有重要价值。     

Calculating field weathering rates using a mechanistic geochemical model PROFILE

A new model for base cation release due to chemical weathering of soil minerals has been developed based on transition state theory, and included in the integrated soil chemistry model PROFILE. The data required for model application can be operationally determined on soil samples, making the model generally applicable and independent of any type of calibration. The model considers the contribution to the weathering rate from 12 groups of the most common primary and secondary minerals of soils, reacting in separate reactions with H⁺-ion, H₂O, CO₂ and organic acids expressed as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The weathering rate sub-model couples the effects of dissolved Al and base cations on the reaction mechanisms. The model takes into account changes in soil temperature, different chemical conditions, the effect of vegetation interactions with the soil and N transformations. The kinetic coefficients and reaction orders are based on a complete re-evaluation of weathering data available in the literature, and additional kinetic data determined by the authors.Data from 23 different independent determinations of the field weathering rate from 15 sites in Scandinavia, Central Europe and North America were compiled and used to verify the model. The model is capable of estimating the release rate of base cations due to chemical weathering from information on soil mineralogy, texture and geochemical properties of the order of ±20% of the rate determined by independent methods. The results indicate that small amounts of dark minerals like epidote and hornblende, and the plagioclase content, largely determine the field weathering rate.     

夏季黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤CO2分布特征及影响因素

为了解不同土地利用方式对土壤剖面CO2含量的影响,分析了吕梁山西侧黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型（果树林地、大田作物地、荒地）土壤理化性质和不同深度的CO2分布特征及其影响因素。其结果表明:果树林地、大田作物地和荒地三种不同土地利用方式全磷、全钾含量差别不大,大田作物地土壤有机碳含量（2.95±1.19 g·kg-1）>荒地（2.63±1.36 g·kg-1）>果树林地（2.38±0.78 g·kg-1）,而大田作物地土壤无机碳含量（14.36±5.17 g·kg-1）>果树林地（14.16±1.32 g·kg-1）>荒地（12.40±4.04 g·kg-1）;同样,土壤全氮含量在大田作物地中含量最高,在其他两种土地利用方式中全氮含量大致相同。不同土地利用方式对土壤剖面CO2体积分数的影响较大,果树林地0～20 cm深度土壤CO2含量高于大田作物地和荒地,其原因:一方面为果树林地地表调落物较多,表层有机碳积累较多,在微生物分解作用下,形成了大量的CO2,另一方面,果树林地人为扰动小,而大田作物地人为扰动较大,土壤 CO2浓度更大程度上取决于农田的耕作管理措施和种植作物的品种。三种土地利用方式在土壤 80 cm 处土壤CO2含量均突然下降,其原因可能为雨水下渗吸收了土壤CO2 后与下部碳酸盐矿物发生作用,即碳酸盐矿物的溶蚀过程消耗吸收土壤CO2。土壤温、湿度也影响了土壤CO2的产生,但相关性均不显著,其原因为研究区土壤呼吸对温度响应高度依赖于土壤含水量,土壤CO2的产生速率更多受水热因子耦合作用的影响。