Geologic sources and geographic distribution of sand tempers in prehistoric potsherds from the Mariana Islands

Temper sands in prehistoric potsherds of the Mariana Islands include terrigenous detritus derived from Paleogene volcanic bedrock and calcareous grains derived chiefly from modern fringing reefs, but also in part from uplifted Neogene limestones overlying volcanic bedrock. Calcareous sands are nondiagnostic of island of origin, but volcanic sands and the terrigenous component of hybrid sands composed of mixed terrigenous and calcareous grain types can be traced to geologic sources on Saipan and Guam, the only occupied islands where volcanic bedrock is extensively exposed. Quartzose tempers of several types were derived exclusively from dacitic volcanic rocks on Saipan. Nonquartzose tempers of andesitic parentage derive from both Saipan and Guam, but abundance of orthopyroxene as well as clinopyroxene is diagnostic of Saipan andesitic tempers, the presence of olivine is diagnostic of selected tempers from Guam, and placer temper sands rich in heavy ferromagnesian minerals occur only in sherds on Guam. Temper analysis documents widespread ceramic transfer from Saipan to other islands throughout Mariana prehistory, and more restricted ceramic transfer from Guam to nearby Rota, although the origin of some andesitic temper types is petrographically indeterminate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thin section petrography of northern Lesser Antilles ceramics

Thin sections from 44 sherds representing eight prehistoric sites on four islands (Barbuda, Montserrat, Anguilla, St. Martin) in the northern Lesser Antilles (West Indies) were examined using a petrographic microscope. Point counting distinguished three temper associations: (1) exclusively volcanic,(2) volcanic and carbonate, and (3) volcanic, carbonate, and grog. Exclusively volcanic or dominantly volcanic (with low carbonate) temper associations occur in all Saladoid and many post-Saladoid sherds, with plagioclase feld-spar and volcanic rock fragments being most abundant. Thin sections with significant carbonate content or with grog were restricted to post-Saladoid sherds from Barbuda and to a lesser extent Anguilla. the presence of volcanic grains in sherds from the limestone islands of Barbuda and Anguilla indicates that volcanic islands in the region served as sources of pottery (or volcanic temper) for these two islands.     

西藏拉萨地块东部尼木—加查地区林子宗群火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

拉萨地块广泛分布中—新生代岩浆活动,研究其对于认识新特提斯洋的演化和理解整个青藏高原的形成过程有着重要意义。对拉萨地块东部尼木—加查地区比马组火山岩进行了年代学与元素地球化学研究,结果显示该比马组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为55.2~57.6 Ma,明显晚于已发表的比马组火山岩年龄177~195 Ma,而与林子宗群火山岩年龄(30.4~70.0 Ma)相符。因此,该地区原来认为的比马组火山岩可能需要重新厘定为林子宗群年波组火山岩。研究区火山岩主体为玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩和英安岩,属中、高钾钙碱性系列。地球化学特征显示火山岩整体上富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U等,Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti等高场强元素则表现明显的负异常,具有典型的岛弧火山岩特征。稀土元素配分模式主要表现为轻稀土元素右倾型,Eu表现出无异常到中等的负异常。此外,研究区年波组火山岩年龄晚于拉萨地块中西部年波组形成时代,结合前人的研究成果,可能指示印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞具有西早东晚的特点。     

南秦岭武当山群变质酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学

对武当山群3个变质酸性火山岩样品的锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,武当山群变质酸性火山岩形成年龄为675.2±3.1 Ma,说明武当山群存在新元古代南华纪的地层组成.武当山群变质变形复杂,具多期岩浆活动,可能由不同时代火山岩和少量沉积岩组成,部分变质火山岩具有与耀岭河群火山岩和侵入到武当山群中的基性侵入岩相似的形成年龄,指示了武当山群变质酸性火山岩可能与基性侵入岩群和耀岭河群火山岩存在成因联系.基于现有同位素定年数据,武当山群火山岩数据具有年龄跨度大(太古宙至中生代)的显著特征,但总的趋势是新近取得的年龄数据多数比早期获得的数据要年轻.     

松辽盆地庆深气田储层火山岩锆石地质年代学研究

庆深气田储层火山岩由多期火山喷发叠置形成,分布于白垩系下统营城组,以酸性喷发岩为主。火山岩离子探针(SHRIMP)U-Pb锆石年龄测定结果表明,储层火山岩年龄集中在111~115Ma,介于早白垩世晚期阿普第阶(Aptian)和阿尔布阶(Albian)分界线附近。兴城与升平两个天然气产区储层火山岩测年结果对比表明,它们是同一时代火山作用产物,并非以前所认为的兴城地区火山岩属营城组一段,升平地区火山岩属营城组三段。该成果对于松辽盆地火山岩气藏的勘探开发具有重要的实际意义。     

Petrography and geologic provenance of sand tempers in prehistoric potsherds from Fiji and Vanuatu,South Pacific

Indigenous sand tempers in prehistoric potsherds from Fiji, Vanuatu, and neighboring islands of the eastern Solomon outliers and northern Melanesian borderland have diverse compositions reflecting the varied geology of different islands in patterns controlled by regional geotectonic relations. Mineralogical compositions of noncalcareous temper sands reflect the nature of the bedrock sources on different islands. Temper analysis indicates that the ceramic assemblages recovered from most archaeological sites within the region were made locally or nearby, but also documents interisland ceramic transfer in widely varying volumes over distances as much as several hundred kilometers. Contrasts in island geology allow exotic wares to be identified without ambiguity but to varying degrees of specificity in terms of islands of origin. Rare sherds of New Caledonian wares have been collected in prehistoric context from several islands in Vanuatu, but there is as yet no temper evidence for prehistoric ceramic transfer between Vanuatu and Fiji. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt: Age of its northern part according to new Ar-Ar and U-Pb geochronological data

Current geochronological data on the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt (OCVB) and relevant problems are discussed. The belt evolution is suggested to be modeled based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and U-Pb dates more useful in several aspects than common K-Ar or Rb-Sr dates and methods of paleobotanical correlation. Based on new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and U-Pb dates obtained for volcanic rocks in the OCVB northern part, the younger (Coniacian) age is established for lower stratigraphic units in the Central Chukotka segment of the belt, and the eastward migration of volcanic activity is shown for terminal stages of this structure evolution.     

云南省龙脖河铜矿区火山岩地质及岩石化学特征研究

龙脖河铜矿床的成矿与该区火山岩关系密切，加强对其进行岩石化学的研究，对在本区和区域上同类矿床的勘查找矿和成因研究具有重要的指导意义。在大量野外调查和室内综合分析基础上，研究了龙脖河铜矿区典型火山岩及其组构特征、副矿物特征、蚀变特点和岩石化学特征，认为龙脖河铜矿区火山岩是一套富钠质的碱性玄武岩系列岩石，与大红山群变钠质火山岩岩石组合十分相似。     

K-Ar isotopic geochronology of Lianhuashan tungsten mining district,Guangdong Province

Reported in this paper are K-Ar ages of volcanic rocks, biotite-granite and greisen from the Lianhuashan tungsten mine in Guangdong Province. The isotopic dilution method was adopted in this work. Whole-rock isochron ages of the volcanic rocks are in the range 120.4±12.1 m.y. The petrogenetic age of biotite-granite and the minero genetic age of tungsten ore are close to those of the volcanic rocks. The apparent ages of various types of rock in the mining district generally bias towards younger values, which may be attributed to the effects of late thermal events which took place in the circum-Pacific metallogenetic belt.     

线性降维映射方法识别火山岩岩性

随着世界对油气资源的需求不断增加,火山岩油气藏的勘探和开发逐步成为油气储量、产量的新的增长点。火山岩岩性研究是火山岩油气储层研究的基础。常规的识别岩性方法不是很有效,作者曾用主成份分析方法来识别火山岩岩性,取得了一些效果,能够把基性岩,中性岩和酸性岩三大类岩石区分开来。但当岩性中也包括结构时,识别的效果就不是很理想,很难将流纹岩和流纹质凝灰岩区分开来。对岩石薄片鉴定,全岩分析以及综合测井曲线得到的火山岩岩样应用线性降维映射方法来识别,取得了很好的效果,它能将常规主成份分析方法很难区分的流纹岩和流纹质凝灰岩区分开来。     

辽西早白垩世火山岩喷发期次及同位素年代学研究

辽西彰武—黑山地区位于阜新—义县盆地以东,除第四系表土大面积覆盖外,露头区内最常见的就是火山岩系。而火山岩层位、喷发期次和时代的确定对辽西化石层、找煤、构造及沉积演化的研究都有着重要意义。本次工作是在系统收集了辽西地区中生代火山岩年龄的基础上,对阜新—义县盆地和彰武—黑山地区采集的11件火山岩样品进行了SHRIMP U-Pb同位素分析;系统收集了辽西地区中生代火山岩年龄,结合新测得的数据提出辽西地区的白垩世的火山活动分五次,活动时间分别为132±1Ma、126±1Ma、122±2Ma、115±2Ma和100±5Ma。基于统计学结果认为引起辽西地区乃至东北地区地壳减薄的起止年龄为132±1Ma至115±2Ma。     

K—Ar Geochronology and Evolution of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in Eastrn China

Cenozoic volcanic rocks widespread in eastern China constitute an important part of the circum-Pacific volcanic belt.This paper presents more than 150K-Ar dates and a great deal of petrochemical analysis data from the Cenozoic volcanic rocks distributed in Tengchong,China‘s southeast coast,Shandong,Hebei,Nei Monggol and Northeast China.An integrated study shows that ubiquitous but uneven volcanic activities prevailed from the Eogene to the Holocene,characterized as being multi-eqisodic and multicycled.For example,in the Paleocene(67-58Ma),Eocene(57-37.5Ma),Miocene(22-18,16-19Ma),Pliocene(8-3Ma),and Early Pleistocene-Middle Pleistocene(1.2-0.5Ma) there were upsurges of volcanism,while in the Oligocene there was a repose period.In space,the older Eogene volcanic rocks are distributed within the region or in the central part of the NE-NNE-striking fault depression,while the younger Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks are distributed in the eastern and western parts.Petrologically,they belong essentially to tholeiite-series and alkali-series basalts,with alkalinity in the rocks increasing from old to youg.The above regularities are controlled by both global plate movement and regional inherent tectonic pattern.     

银根-额济纳旗盆地苏红图坳陷H井锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年及其地质意义

苏红图坳陷位于银根-额济纳旗盆地的北部,该区勘探程度较低,地层格架尚不明确,特别是对于深部火山岩所在地层年代存在很大争议。研究区火山岩发育,火山活动对油气成藏影响较大,但火山活动期次尚不明确。通过对研究区一口钻井系统取样,样品涵盖浅部的沉积岩和深部的火山岩,开展样品的锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以期为以上问题的解决提供证据。结果表明:①无论是碎屑锆石还是火山岩锆石,除了少数古老年龄的锆石属于变质成因,其余年轻的锆石均属于岩浆成因锆石。每个样品均有3组年龄,且不同样品的锆石年龄组有所重叠。②深部火山岩的形成年代为早白垩世,该年龄对火山岩所在的深部地层年代具有很好的约束作用。③年轻的岩浆成因锆石年龄可划分为4组,分别是132.6±0.7 Ma、237.9±3.2 Ma、（255.4±6.2~263.7±2.2）Ma和（314.1±2.3~328.5）Ma,代表了研究区晚古生代以来的4期火山活动,对应的年代分别为早白垩世、中三叠世、晚二叠世和早石炭世,其中以晚二叠世火山活动最为广泛和强烈。本次研究成果为研究区地层划分、火山岩预测等提供了有力的依据。     

火山岩盖层类型及封气能力——以松辽盆地徐家围子断陷为例

利用钻井、测井和分析测试资料,对徐家围子断陷火山岩盖层类型、识别标志、分布、封闭能力和对天然气成藏与分布的控制作用进行了研究,认为徐家围子断陷火山岩盖层分为火山碎屑岩和火山熔岩盖层2种。火山碎屑岩盖层主要是凝灰岩和火山角砾岩,具有井径扩容、电阻率小和高声波时差特征;火山熔岩盖层主要为流纹岩、凝灰岩和安山岩,具有井径不扩容、电阻率中等和低声波时差特征。利用高声波时差和声波时差值小于56 μs/ft可以分别识别火山碎屑岩盖层和火山熔岩盖层。火山碎屑岩盖层区域分布在断陷南部下白垩统营城组一段火山岩体的顶部,火山熔岩盖层局部分布在营一段和营三段火山岩体内部。火山碎屑岩盖层较火山熔岩盖层具有更强的封气能力,火山碎屑岩盖层控制着徐家围子断陷火山岩中天然气的区域聚集与分布,火山熔岩盖层仅控制着天然气在火山岩体中的局部聚集与分布。     

东昆仑诺木洪地区白沙河岩组岩石学、地球化学及年代学特征

金水口岩群上部的白沙河岩组作为东昆仑的基底变质岩系之一,对研究东昆仑造山带的形成与演化具有重要的地质意义.选择青海省诺木洪地区出露的白沙河岩组作为研究对象,对其开展野外地质调查、岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学等相关研究.通过调查将该地区白沙河岩组划分为上中下3个岩性段,从中识别出矽线石、石榴子石、单斜辉石、白云石等特征变质矿物组合,表明该岩组经历了高角闪岩相-低麻粒岩相变质作用.对识别出的泥质变质岩利用石榴子石-黑云母温度计和石榴子石-黑云母-斜长石-石英压力计所恢复的视峰期变质温度为660~683℃,压力为3.9~4.2 kbar;对基性变质岩使用角闪石-斜长石温度计与角闪石-斜长石-石英压力计,恢复其变质温度为723~772℃,压力为3.4~4.9 kbar.对其中的长英质副变质岩进行碎屑锆石年代学研究,频数峰值集中在1 300 Ma,其原岩沉积年龄应晚于中元古代.白沙河岩组中变质基性岩原岩为形成于板内伸展环境的拉斑玄武岩;长英质变质岩原岩为泥质-砂质陆缘碎屑岩.白沙河岩组原岩建造为陆缘碎屑岩夹基性火山岩系列,上部为碳酸盐岩沉积,其可能形成于由伸展向挤压转换的构造条件下的大陆裂谷晚期.      

Change of Conditions of the Formation of the Karelian Province of the Baltic Shield Continental Crust during Transition from Meso- to Neoarchean: Geochemical Study Results

The compositions of the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) assemblage and volcanic rocks of the Archaean greenstone belts from different domains of the Karelian province of the Baltic Shield are compared. Neoarchean medium felsic volcanic rocks and TTG of the Central Karelian domain drastically differ from analogous Mesoarchean rocks of the neighboring Vodlozero and West Karelian domains in higher Rb, Sr, P, La, and Ce contents and, correspondingly, values of Sr/Y, La/Yb, and La/Sm, and also in a different REE content distribution owing to different rock sources of these domains. This fact is confirmed by differences in the composition and the nature of the REE distribution in the basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks making up the greenstone belts of these domains. It is established that the average compositions of Mesoarchean TTG rocks and volcanic rocks of the Karelian province differ markedly from those of plagiogranitoids and volcanic rocks of the recent geotectonic environments in high Mg (mg#) and Sr contents. Neoarchean volcanic rocks of Karelia differ from recent island-arc volcanic rocks, but are similar in composition to recent volcanic rocks of the continental arcs. On the basis of the cumulative evidence, the Karelian province of the Baltic Shield was subject to dramatic changes in the crust formation conditions at the beginning of the Neoarchean at the turn of about 2.75–2.78 Ga. These changes led to formation of volcano-sedimentary and plutonic rock complexes, different in composition from Mesoarchean rocks, and specific complexes of intrusive sanukitoids and granites. Changes and variations in the rock composition were related to the mixing of plume sources with continental crust and/or lithospheric mantle material, likely as a result of the combined effect of plumes and plate tectonics. This process resulted in formation of a younger large fragment of the Archean crust such as the Central Karelian domain which factually connected more ancient fragments of the crust and likely contributed to development of the Neoarchean Kenorland Supercontinent.     

大兴安岭早白垩世火山岩的时空分布特征

为进一步了解大兴安岭早白垩世火山岩与古太平洋构造关系,通过大兴安岭地区1:100万地质编图工作,对大兴安岭中生代火山地层进行了重新厘定.依据岩石组合、古生物、接触关系及区域对比,结合年代学（锆石U-Pb、40Ar/39Ar测年数据、古生物）资料在原晚侏罗世火山岩中解体出大量的早白垩世早期火山岩（145~130 Ma）.通过岩石组合、时空展布分析,探讨了大兴安岭地区145~100 Ma形成的早白垩世火山岩与古太平洋构造的成因关系.研究表明,早白垩世早期火山岩（145~130Ma）和早白垩世晚期火山岩（130~100 Ma）均呈NNE向展布,空间上具有密切的共生关系.火山岩时代总体具有由北西向南东变新趋势,与古太平洋板块早白垩世向东亚大陆下的后退式俯冲作用吻合,记录了早白垩世伊泽奈岐板块向东亚大陆俯冲事件,表明大兴安岭早白垩世火山岩（145~100 Ma）主要形成于伊泽奈岐板块向东亚大陆俯冲背景下.      

Chemical weathering and related controls on surface water chemistry in the Absaroka Mountains,Wyoming

Chemical relationships among surface waters, soils and rocks were investigated in the drainage basin of the North Fork of the Shoshone River in northwestern Wyoming. The area is underlain entirely by andesitic volcanic rocks. Smectite is the only clay mineral forming in soils over much of the area, although minor kaolinite occurs in a few areas of higher-than-average rainfall.Mass-balance calculations relating stream water chemistry to rock alteration indicate that controls on the chemistry of surface waters take place not in the soil zone but in the altered rock zone. The dominant weathering process which controls the water chemistry is slight alteration of large volumes of rock, rather than development of chemical equilibria involving secondary phases in the soil zone. The altered rock is enriched in feldspars and depleted in ferromagnesian minerals compared to fresh rock. The high rate of physical erosion of the area is enough to remove the residue, reexpose the bedrock, and continue the weathering process.     

北祁连山火山成因块状硫化物矿床的金属来源研究

研究了北祁连山造山带火山成因块状硫化物矿床（ＶＭＳ）类型、金属来源与容矿围岩、火山岩类型及其构造环境的关系。结果表明,容矿岩石和地壳性质是控制矿床类型和金属来源的主要因素。多金属黑矿型矿床主要赋存于硅名质陆壳边缘裂陷带双峰火山岩系的酸性火山岩中,成矿元素源于深部长英质岩石,铜型矿床产于洋壳基性火山岩中,成矿元素源于深部镁铁质岩石。中寒武统双峰火山岩所赋存的多金属ＶＭＳ矿床多、规模大,是主要含矿矿岩     

浙东早白垩世火山岩组合的地球化学及其成因研究

浙东早白垩世含中性岩的火山岩组合和双峰式火山岩组合的主量元素和微量元素特征对比研究表明，中性火山岩的地球化学特征明显受到伴生的基性和酸性火山岩的影响。它们的微量元素协变关系证实：中性火山岩是由基性岩浆和酸性岩浆混合形成的。双峰式火山岩具有与含中性岩的火山岩组合相类似的主量元素特征，但两者的微量元素特征相差较大。根据东南沿海在早白垩世时期的构造背景是由挤压向伸展拉张转变，以及各种元素具有不同的扩散速度，提出了浙东早白垩世火山岩组合的形成模式：若基性岩浆和酸性岩浆仅进行了部分微量元素的交换，没有来得及发生主量元素的交换，就在伸展拉张的构造背景下喷出地表，则形成双峰式火山岩组合；若基性岩浆与酸性岩浆在地壳深处共存的时间较长，发生一定程度的主量元素交换，则形成偏基性和偏酸性的中性岩浆，若进一步发生化学成分的交换，则可形成典型的安山质岩浆，喷出地表就形成含中性岩的火山岩组合。