内蒙古自治区额济纳旗红石山南锑金矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

红石山南锑、金矿位于阿木乌苏—鹰嘴红山金、锑、铁、钨Ⅳ级成矿带中段南部,赋存于长城系古硐井岩群近东西向脆韧性断裂（韧性剪切带）之中,按锑、金矿（化）带的相对位置划分为东部锑、金矿（化）带和西部金矿（化）带。东部锑、金矿（化）带圈定三个锑矿（化）体,西矿段金矿化带发育两条规模较大的含金构造蚀变带,带内金矿以构造蚀变岩型和韧性剪切带型为主,次为石英脉型。金矿（化）体呈斜列式排列,与主构造线方向一致。通过对红石山南锑、金矿地质特征、矿（化）体特征及化探异常特征的综合分析研究,总结了控矿因素和找矿标志。在综合研究区域成矿规律的基础上,运用＂类比＂原理,指出研究区Au、Sb矿具有较好的找矿潜力。     

甘肃北祁连西段金矿成矿地质条件及分布规律

区内金矿床划分为两个矿带：阿尔金断裂金矿化带和北祁连北缘金矿化带。又细分为５个亚带和３种矿化类型：鹰嘴山亚带——与超基性岩有关的蚀变岩型金矿；牛毛泉—寒山亚带——与中酸性火山岩破碎蚀变有关的金矿；雄子沟—河大坂亚带——热液充填的石英脉型金矿及金湾子—大风沟金矿亚带；石油河金铜矿亚带——断裂蚀变带和热液交代型为主的金矿。矿化类型：蚀变岩型、石英脉型、热液交代型     

甘肃北祁连西段金矿成矿地质条件及分布规律

区内金矿床划分为两个矿带：阿尔金断裂金矿化带和北祁连北缘金矿化带。又细分为５个亚带和３种矿化类型：鹰嘴山亚带——与超基性岩有关的蚀变岩型金矿;牛毛泉—寒山亚带——与中酸性火山岩破碎蚀变有关的金矿;雄子沟—河大坂亚带——热液充填的石英脉型金矿及金湾子—大风沟金矿亚带;石油河金铜矿亚带——断裂蚀变带和热液交代型为主的金矿。矿化类型：蚀变岩型、石英脉型、热液交代型     

甘肃北祁连西段金段金矿成矿地质条件及分布规律

区内金矿床发为两个矿带：阿尔金断裂金矿化带和北祁连北缘金矿化带。又细分为５个亚带和３咎矿化类型：鹰嘴山亚带－－与超基性岩有关的蚀变岩型金矿;牛毛泉－－寒山亚带－－与中酸性火山岩破碎蚀变有关的金矿;雄子沟－－河大坂亚带－－热液充填的石英脉型金矿及金湾子－－大风沟金矿亚带;石油河金铜矿亚带－－断鲜明蚀变带和热液交代型为主的金矿、矿化类型;蚀变岩型、石英脉型、热液交代型。     

夹皮沟剪切带与金矿床形成演化关系的模拟实验

夹皮沟金矿床，位于华北地台北缘东段，与剪切带形成，演化密切相关。剪切带发育在长英质片麻岩石中。金矿化主要发育在脆－韧性剪切作用阶段：早期形成了糜棱岩型金矿化；晚期则形成了黄铁矿－石英脉型金矿化（矿床）。不同地球化学图解以及模拟实验表明，两种金矿化（或矿床）是同一剪切带，不同发育阶段的表现形式。金矿化（矿床）是受剪切带中的剪应力、剪切带中循环流体与被剪岩石相互作用而形成的物理－化学场所控制。     

与韧性剪切带有关的不同金矿化类型地质地球化学特征对比研究

与韧性剪切带有关的金矿化类型主要有蚀变糜棱岩型、构造蚀变岩型和石英脉型。不同金矿化类型具有不同的控矿构造类型,蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化受韧性变形带控制,构造蚀变岩型金矿化受脆性碎裂岩控制,石英脉型金矿化则受浅部裂 隙带控制;未矿化糜 棱岩变形越强,金元素含量就越低,超糜棱岩明显低于粗糜 棱岩,但强烈变形的糜 棱岩容易叠加后期的矿化蚀变;在时空关系上,同一厉矿期内石英脉型金矿化稍晚于构造蚀变岩型和蚀变糜棱     

老挝班康姆铜金矿红土型金矿地质特征及找矿方向

老挝班康姆金矿床存在两类金矿化,即产于安山岩与大理岩接触带处并受断裂带控制的低温热液硫化物原生金矿化和产于原生金矿化附近的残坡积红土型金矿化。红土型金矿化主要呈带状或似层状产出于第四系红土层中。研究认为,本区红土型金矿化主要为原生金矿受物理风化作用而形成的残坡积再生改造型金矿,成矿过程主要受原生金矿化及红土化作用控制,并结合地质、化探特征在本区圈出7处找矿靶区。     

焦家金矿田构造蚀变岩填图及其地球化学特征分析

以蚀变岩作为重要填图图例,首次完成了焦家金矿田构造岩相成矿图(1∶5万)。通过区域填图结合大量的巷道剖面实测,厘定了硅化蚀变带、黄铁绢英岩化蚀变带、强钾化蚀变带和弱钾化蚀变带的分带特征。对两类金矿蚀变带的地球化学特征分析发现,绢英岩化蚀变阶段是矿化元素富集的主要阶段。通过岩石矿物计算方法建立了蚀变带主要成岩矿物的交代剖面,结果显示蚀变岩型金矿主要发生硅化和钾长石化,而石英脉型金矿的形成主要伴随硅化和去钙化作用。     

河北省青龙县半壁山金矿成矿地质特征及区域成矿远景初步评价

半壁山金矿产于冀东双山子太古宙绿岩带的古韧性剪切带中,围岩是含砾黑云变粒岩、黑云变粒岩等。金矿有两期不同的矿化蚀变类型;Ａ型－韧性剪切带中的石英脉型,Ｂ型－糜棱岩化带控制的硅化钾化蚀变岩型。上述矿化蚀变类型具有明显的特殊性。     

中国胶东焦家式金矿类型及其成矿理论

胶东焦家式金矿是中国最重要的金矿类型,是受构造控制的热液型金矿,可分为破碎带蚀变岩型、含金石英脉型、破碎带石英网脉带型、硫化物石英脉型、层间滑动构造带型、蚀变砾岩型和盆缘断裂角砾岩型等亚类。金矿成矿时期为早白垩世,成矿物质来源于强烈的壳幔相互作用,常具有绢英岩化、黄铁矿化、硅化、钾化等矿化蚀变,金矿体产出具有尖灭再现、分支复合、侧伏、斜列、叠瓦规律。岩浆热隆、流体活动、伸展拆离是导致胶东大规模金矿形成的三大关键要素;早白垩世壳幔同熔岩浆活动分凝和激活的围岩流体是金矿迁移、富集的载体;岩浆上隆产生的伸展拆离构造为金矿成矿提供了有利空间。据此,提出了焦家式金矿“热隆-伸展”成矿理论。焦家式金矿形成于早白垩世中国东部岩石圈大规模减薄阶段,受伸展构造系统控制。控矿构造沿倾向呈现陡缓相间的倾角变化规律,金矿主要沿断裂倾角变化的平缓部位和陡、缓转折部位富集,构成“阶梯式”分布型式。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.